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Shelley F. Walton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Host immune responses to the itch mite, Sarcoptes Scabiei, in humans.
Parasites & vectors, 2017Co-Authors: Sajad A. Bhat, Kate E. Mounsey, Xiaosong Liu, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:Scabies is a parasitic disease due to infestation of skin by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes Scabiei. Scabies is a major public health problem and endemic in resource poor communities worldwide affecting over 100 million people. Associated bacterial infections cause substantial morbidity, and in severe cases can lead to renal and cardiac diseases. Mite infestation of the skin causes localised cutaneous inflammation, pruritus, skin lesions, and allergic and inflammatory responses are mounted by the host against the mite and its products. Our current understanding of the immune and inflammatory responses associated with the clinical manifestations in scabies is far outweighed by the significant global impact of the disease. This review aims to provide a better understanding of human immune responses to S. Scabiei in ordinary and crusted scabies phenotypes.
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In Vitro Efficacy of Moxidectin versus Ivermectin against Sarcoptes Scabiei
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2017Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Shelley F. Walton, Ashlee Innes, Skye Cash-deans, James S. MccarthyAbstract:Moxidectin is under consideration for development as a treatment for human scabies. As some arthropods show decreased sensitivity to moxidectin relative to ivermectin, it was important to assess this for Sarcoptes Scabiei. In vitro assays showed that the concentration of moxidectin required to kill 50% of mites was lower than that of ivermectin (0.5 μM versus 1.8 μM at 24 h; P < 0.0001). This finding provides further support for moxidectin as a candidate for the treatment of human scabies.
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increased allergic immune response to Sarcoptes Scabiei antigens in crusted versus ordinary scabies
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2010Co-Authors: Shelley F. Walton, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, David J. Kemp, Susan J Pizzutto, Amy Slender, Linda T Viberg, Belinda J Hales, Jennifer M RollandAbstract:Scabies, a parasitic skin infestation by the burrowing “itch” mite Sarcoptes Scabiei, causes significant health problems for children and adults worldwide. Crusted scabies is a particularly severe form of scabies in which mites multiply into the millions, causing extensive skin crusting. The symptoms and signs of scabies suggest host immunity to the scabies mite, but the specific resistant response in humans remains largely uncharacterized. We used 4 scabies mite recombinant proteins with sequence homology to extensively studied house dust mite allergens to investigate a differential immune response between ordinary scabies and the debilitating crusted form of the disease. Subjects with either disease form showed serum IgE against recombinant S. Scabiei cysteine and serine proteases and apolipoprotein, whereas naive subjects showed minimal IgE reactivity. Significantly (P
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Molecular characterisation of a pH-gated chloride channel from Sarcoptes Scabiei
Invertebrate Neuroscience, 2007Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, Joseph A. Dent, James Mccarthy, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:Reports of ivermectin resistance in scabies mites raise concerns regarding the sustainability of mass intervention programs for scabies worldwide and for the treatment of crusted scabies. Ligand gated ion channels (LGICs) are the primary targets of ivermectin in invertebrates. We report the molecular characterisation of SsCl—a novel LGIC from Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis . While SsCl shows sequence similarity to other LGICs, phylogenetic analysis does not suggest strong homology to conventional glutamate, histamine or GABA gated channels. Instead, it is most similar to Drosophila pH-sensitive and group 1 clades. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, SsCl forms a homomeric, pH-gated chloride channel that is irreversibly activated by ivermectin. These results provide the first confirmation that this group of LGIC exists in arachnids, and suggest that SsCl may be an in vivo target of ivermectin in S. Scabiei.
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Identification of ABC transporters in Sarcoptes Scabiei
Parasitology, 2006Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, James S. Mccarthy, Deborah C. Holt, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:We have identified and partially sequenced 8 ABC transporters from an EST dataset of Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis, the causative agent of scabies. Analysis confirmed that most of the known ABC subfamilies are represented in the EST dataset including several members of the multidrug resistance protein subfamily (ABC-C). Although P-glycoprotein (ABC-B) sequences were not found in the EST dataset, a partial P-glycoprotein sequence was subsequently obtained using a degenerate PCR strategy and library screening. Thus a total of 9 potential S. Scabiei ABC transporters representing the subfamilies A, B, C, E, F and H have been identified. Ivermectin is currently used in the treatment of hyper-infested (crusted) scabies, and has also been identified as a potentially effective acaricide for mass treatment programmes in scabies-endemic communities. The observation of clinical and in vitro ivermectin resistance in 2 crusted scabies patients who received multiple treatments has raised serious concerns regarding the sustainability of such programmes. One possible mechanism for ivermectin resistance is through ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein. This work forms an important foundation for further studies to elucidate the potential role of ABC transporters in ivermectin resistance of S. Scabiei.
Kate E. Mounsey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Host immune responses to the itch mite, Sarcoptes Scabiei, in humans.
Parasites & vectors, 2017Co-Authors: Sajad A. Bhat, Kate E. Mounsey, Xiaosong Liu, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:Scabies is a parasitic disease due to infestation of skin by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes Scabiei. Scabies is a major public health problem and endemic in resource poor communities worldwide affecting over 100 million people. Associated bacterial infections cause substantial morbidity, and in severe cases can lead to renal and cardiac diseases. Mite infestation of the skin causes localised cutaneous inflammation, pruritus, skin lesions, and allergic and inflammatory responses are mounted by the host against the mite and its products. Our current understanding of the immune and inflammatory responses associated with the clinical manifestations in scabies is far outweighed by the significant global impact of the disease. This review aims to provide a better understanding of human immune responses to S. Scabiei in ordinary and crusted scabies phenotypes.
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In Vitro Efficacy of Moxidectin versus Ivermectin against Sarcoptes Scabiei
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2017Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Shelley F. Walton, Ashlee Innes, Skye Cash-deans, James S. MccarthyAbstract:Moxidectin is under consideration for development as a treatment for human scabies. As some arthropods show decreased sensitivity to moxidectin relative to ivermectin, it was important to assess this for Sarcoptes Scabiei. In vitro assays showed that the concentration of moxidectin required to kill 50% of mites was lower than that of ivermectin (0.5 μM versus 1.8 μM at 24 h; P < 0.0001). This finding provides further support for moxidectin as a candidate for the treatment of human scabies.
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Molecular characterisation of a pH-gated chloride channel from Sarcoptes Scabiei
Invertebrate Neuroscience, 2007Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, Joseph A. Dent, James Mccarthy, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:Reports of ivermectin resistance in scabies mites raise concerns regarding the sustainability of mass intervention programs for scabies worldwide and for the treatment of crusted scabies. Ligand gated ion channels (LGICs) are the primary targets of ivermectin in invertebrates. We report the molecular characterisation of SsCl—a novel LGIC from Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis . While SsCl shows sequence similarity to other LGICs, phylogenetic analysis does not suggest strong homology to conventional glutamate, histamine or GABA gated channels. Instead, it is most similar to Drosophila pH-sensitive and group 1 clades. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, SsCl forms a homomeric, pH-gated chloride channel that is irreversibly activated by ivermectin. These results provide the first confirmation that this group of LGIC exists in arachnids, and suggest that SsCl may be an in vivo target of ivermectin in S. Scabiei.
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Identification of ABC transporters in Sarcoptes Scabiei
Parasitology, 2006Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, James S. Mccarthy, Deborah C. Holt, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:We have identified and partially sequenced 8 ABC transporters from an EST dataset of Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis, the causative agent of scabies. Analysis confirmed that most of the known ABC subfamilies are represented in the EST dataset including several members of the multidrug resistance protein subfamily (ABC-C). Although P-glycoprotein (ABC-B) sequences were not found in the EST dataset, a partial P-glycoprotein sequence was subsequently obtained using a degenerate PCR strategy and library screening. Thus a total of 9 potential S. Scabiei ABC transporters representing the subfamilies A, B, C, E, F and H have been identified. Ivermectin is currently used in the treatment of hyper-infested (crusted) scabies, and has also been identified as a potentially effective acaricide for mass treatment programmes in scabies-endemic communities. The observation of clinical and in vitro ivermectin resistance in 2 crusted scabies patients who received multiple treatments has raised serious concerns regarding the sustainability of such programmes. One possible mechanism for ivermectin resistance is through ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein. This work forms an important foundation for further studies to elucidate the potential role of ABC transporters in ivermectin resistance of S. Scabiei.
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Analysis of Sarcoptes Scabiei finds no evidence of infection with Wolbachia.
International journal for parasitology, 2004Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, Krista Fischer, David J. Kemp, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:The endosymbiont Wolbachia has been detected in a range of filarial nematodes and parasitic mites and is known to affect host reproductive compatibility and potentially evolutionary processes. PCR of Wolbachia surface protein (wsp), ftsZ and 16SrRNA genes from individual Sarcoptes Scabiei mites obtained from a series of individual hosts, and database searches of an S. Scabiei var. hominis EST library failed to detect Wolbachia genes. Therefore, Wolbachia appears not to be involved in the genetic subdivision observed between varieties of host-associated S. Scabiei or, involved in the inflammatory disease pathogenesis of scabies unlike its activity in filarial infection.
Larry G. Arlian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A review of Sarcoptes Scabiei: past, present and future.
Parasites & vectors, 2017Co-Authors: Larry G. Arlian, Marjorie S. MorganAbstract:The disease scabies is one of the earliest diseases of humans for which the cause was known. It is caused by the mite, Sarcoptes Scabiei, that burrows in the epidermis of the skin of humans and many other mammals. This mite was previously known as Acarus Scabiei DeGeer, 1778 before the genus Sarcoptes was established (Latreille 1802) and it became S. Scabiei. Research during the last 40 years has tremendously increased insight into the mite’s biology, parasite-host interactions, and the mechanisms it uses to evade the host’s defenses. This review highlights some of the major advancements of our knowledge of the mite’s biology, genome, proteome, and immunomodulating abilities all of which provide a basis for control of the disease. Advances toward the development of a diagnostic blood test to detect a scabies infection and a vaccine to protect susceptible populations from becoming infected, or at least limiting the transmission of the disease, are also presented.
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Sarcoptes Scabiei: genomics to proteomics to biology.
Parasites & vectors, 2016Co-Authors: Larry G. Arlian, Marjorie S. Morgan, S. Dean RiderAbstract:The common scabies mite, Sarcoptes Scabiei is a cosmopolitan parasite of humans and other mammals. An annotated genome of Sarcoptes Scabiei var. canis has been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and VectorBase and a proteomic analysis of proteins in extracts of mite bodies and eggs from this strain has been reported. Here we mined the data to identify predicted proteins that are known to be involved in specific biological processes in other animals. We identified predicted proteins that are associated with immunomodulation of the host defense system, and biological processes of the mite including oxygen procurement and aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, sensory reception and locating a host, neuronal transmission, stressors (heat shock proteins), molting, movement, nutrient procurement and digestion, and excretion and water balance. We used these data to speculate that certain biological processes may occur in scabies mites. This analysis helps understand the biology of Sarcoptes Scabiei var. canis and adds to the data already available in NCBI and VectorBase.
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Response of Human Skin Equivalents to Sarcoptes Scabiei
Journal of medical entomology, 2010Co-Authors: Marjorie S. Morgan, Larry G. ArlianAbstract:ABSTRACT Studies have shown that molecules in an extract made from bodies of the ectoparasitic mite, Sarcoptes Scabiei De Geer, modulate cytokine secretion from cultured human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. In vivo, in the parasitized skin, these cells interact with each other by contact and cytokine mediators and with the matrix in which they reside. Therefore, these cell types may function differently together than they do separately. In this study, we used a human skin equivalent (HSE) model to investigate the influence of cellular interactions between keratinocytes and fibroblasts when the cells were exposed to active/burrowing scabies mites, mite products, and mite extracts. The HSE consisted of an epidermis of stratified stratum corneum, living keratinocytes, and basal cells above a dermis of fibroblasts in a collagen matrix. HSEs were inoculated on the surface or in the culture medium, and their cytokine secretions on the skin surface and into the culture medium were determined by enzyme-linked imm...
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Presence of host immunoglobulin in the gut of Sarcoptes Scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae).
Journal of medical entomology, 2006Co-Authors: Christine M. Rapp, Marjorie S. Morgan, Larry G. ArlianAbstract:Sarcoptes Scabiei (De Geer) mites burrow in the nonliving stratum corneum of the epidermis of their mammalian hosts. These mites ingest extracellular fluid (serum) that seeps into the burrow from the lower vascular dermis. A strong host antibody response occurs when mites die in the skin. This suggests internal immunogenic proteins are released into the host at this time. Vaccination with internal antigens may be an approach to protect against this mite if host antibody to internal antigens that regulate key physiological processes is ingested along with serum. Our study clearly showed that scabies mites ingest host immunoglobulin as evidenced by the localization of fluorescent-labeled antibody to host immunoglobulin in the anterior midgut and esophagus of fresh mites removed from the host. This is the first study that demonstrates that this nonblood-feeding ectoparasitic mite ingests host antibody while feeding on tissue fluid that seeps into the stratum corneum.
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Immunologic cross-reactivity among various strains of Sarcoptes Scabiei.
The Journal of parasitology, 1996Co-Authors: Larry G. Arlian, Marjorie S. Morgan, James J. ArendsAbstract:Varieties of Sarcoptes Scabiei from different hosts are highly host specific but they are morphologically indistin- guishable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunologic cross-reactivity among several varieties of scabies mites using serum from a human scabies patient and from several other species of infested hosts. Homologous and heterologous crossed- immunoelectrophoretic (CIE) analysis of extracts prepared from var. canis (dog) and var. suis (pig) mites yielded very similar antigen profiles. Serum from a human patient infested with var. hominis had circulating IgE that bound to antigens present in extracts prepared from each animal mite variety. Antigen homology was further confirmed by fused peaks on tandem CIE. Additionally, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/immunoblot analysis showed that the 2 extracts contained proteins that bound antibody in serum from a var. suis-infested pig, a var. canis-infested dog, var. canis-infested rabbits, and a var. hominis-infested human. The results of this study clearly indicate that different varieties of scabies mites, though host specific, introduce some immunologically cross-reactive molecules into the host. However, each serum from the 4 scabies-infested hosts also contained antibody that was specific for proteins in extract from only 1 variety of mite. These data indicated that each variety of scabies introduced some unique molecules into the host, each strain produced some similar molecules, or both, but different hosts responded immunologically to different sets of these. Sarcoptes Scabiei from different hosts exhibit little or no mor- phologic differences (Fain, 1968, 1978), but biological evidence indicates that they are physiologically different and host specific
Bart J. Currie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genomic resources and draft assemblies of the human and porcine varieties of scabies mites, Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis and var. suis
GigaScience, 2016Co-Authors: Ehtesham Mofiz, Bart J. Currie, Katja Fischer, Deborah C. Holt, Torsten Seemann, Anthony T. PapenfussAbstract:Background The scabies mite, Sarcoptes Scabiei, is a parasitic arachnid and cause of the infectious skin disease scabies in humans and mange in other animal species. Scabies infections are a major health problem, particularly in remote Indigenous communities in Australia, where secondary group A streptococcal and Staphylococcus aureus infections of scabies sores are thought to drive the high rate of rheumatic heart disease and chronic kidney disease.
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increased allergic immune response to Sarcoptes Scabiei antigens in crusted versus ordinary scabies
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2010Co-Authors: Shelley F. Walton, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, David J. Kemp, Susan J Pizzutto, Amy Slender, Linda T Viberg, Belinda J Hales, Jennifer M RollandAbstract:Scabies, a parasitic skin infestation by the burrowing “itch” mite Sarcoptes Scabiei, causes significant health problems for children and adults worldwide. Crusted scabies is a particularly severe form of scabies in which mites multiply into the millions, causing extensive skin crusting. The symptoms and signs of scabies suggest host immunity to the scabies mite, but the specific resistant response in humans remains largely uncharacterized. We used 4 scabies mite recombinant proteins with sequence homology to extensively studied house dust mite allergens to investigate a differential immune response between ordinary scabies and the debilitating crusted form of the disease. Subjects with either disease form showed serum IgE against recombinant S. Scabiei cysteine and serine proteases and apolipoprotein, whereas naive subjects showed minimal IgE reactivity. Significantly (P
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Molecular characterisation of a pH-gated chloride channel from Sarcoptes Scabiei
Invertebrate Neuroscience, 2007Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, Joseph A. Dent, James Mccarthy, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:Reports of ivermectin resistance in scabies mites raise concerns regarding the sustainability of mass intervention programs for scabies worldwide and for the treatment of crusted scabies. Ligand gated ion channels (LGICs) are the primary targets of ivermectin in invertebrates. We report the molecular characterisation of SsCl—a novel LGIC from Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis . While SsCl shows sequence similarity to other LGICs, phylogenetic analysis does not suggest strong homology to conventional glutamate, histamine or GABA gated channels. Instead, it is most similar to Drosophila pH-sensitive and group 1 clades. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, SsCl forms a homomeric, pH-gated chloride channel that is irreversibly activated by ivermectin. These results provide the first confirmation that this group of LGIC exists in arachnids, and suggest that SsCl may be an in vivo target of ivermectin in S. Scabiei.
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Analysis of Sarcoptes Scabiei finds no evidence of infection with Wolbachia.
International journal for parasitology, 2004Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, Krista Fischer, David J. Kemp, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:The endosymbiont Wolbachia has been detected in a range of filarial nematodes and parasitic mites and is known to affect host reproductive compatibility and potentially evolutionary processes. PCR of Wolbachia surface protein (wsp), ftsZ and 16SrRNA genes from individual Sarcoptes Scabiei mites obtained from a series of individual hosts, and database searches of an S. Scabiei var. hominis EST library failed to detect Wolbachia genes. Therefore, Wolbachia appears not to be involved in the genetic subdivision observed between varieties of host-associated S. Scabiei or, involved in the inflammatory disease pathogenesis of scabies unlike its activity in filarial infection.
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Ivermectin for Sarcoptes Scabiei hyperinfestation
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1998Co-Authors: Sarah Huffam, Bart J. CurrieAbstract:Abstract Objectives: Crusted (Norwegian) scabies is an unusual variant of scabies caused by hyperinfestation with Sarcoptes Scabiei . It has high morbidity, and secondary bacterial skin sepsis may result in life-threatening bacteremia. An open label study of oral ivermectin was carried out in patients with crusted scabies refractory to topical therapy. Methods: Patients with refractory crusted scabies were prescribed oral ivermectin, one to three doses of 200 μg/kg at 14-day intervals, combined with topical scabicide and keratolytic therapy. Results: Of the 20 patients who received ivermectin, 8 had a complete initial clinical response, a partial response was achieved in 9, and minimal improvement occurred in 3. Three doses of ivermectin were curative for 8 of 10 cases, but recurrence of scabies from presumed reinfestation occurred in at least half of these. Conclusion: The authors conclude that ivermectin is effective for crusted scabies; however, multiple doses may be required to achieve a cure, and recurrence 6 or more weeks after completing treatment is common.
Deborah C. Holt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genomic resources and draft assemblies of the human and porcine varieties of scabies mites, Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis and var. suis
GigaScience, 2016Co-Authors: Ehtesham Mofiz, Bart J. Currie, Katja Fischer, Deborah C. Holt, Torsten Seemann, Anthony T. PapenfussAbstract:Background The scabies mite, Sarcoptes Scabiei, is a parasitic arachnid and cause of the infectious skin disease scabies in humans and mange in other animal species. Scabies infections are a major health problem, particularly in remote Indigenous communities in Australia, where secondary group A streptococcal and Staphylococcus aureus infections of scabies sores are thought to drive the high rate of rheumatic heart disease and chronic kidney disease.
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increased allergic immune response to Sarcoptes Scabiei antigens in crusted versus ordinary scabies
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 2010Co-Authors: Shelley F. Walton, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, David J. Kemp, Susan J Pizzutto, Amy Slender, Linda T Viberg, Belinda J Hales, Jennifer M RollandAbstract:Scabies, a parasitic skin infestation by the burrowing “itch” mite Sarcoptes Scabiei, causes significant health problems for children and adults worldwide. Crusted scabies is a particularly severe form of scabies in which mites multiply into the millions, causing extensive skin crusting. The symptoms and signs of scabies suggest host immunity to the scabies mite, but the specific resistant response in humans remains largely uncharacterized. We used 4 scabies mite recombinant proteins with sequence homology to extensively studied house dust mite allergens to investigate a differential immune response between ordinary scabies and the debilitating crusted form of the disease. Subjects with either disease form showed serum IgE against recombinant S. Scabiei cysteine and serine proteases and apolipoprotein, whereas naive subjects showed minimal IgE reactivity. Significantly (P
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Molecular characterisation of a pH-gated chloride channel from Sarcoptes Scabiei
Invertebrate Neuroscience, 2007Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, Joseph A. Dent, James Mccarthy, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:Reports of ivermectin resistance in scabies mites raise concerns regarding the sustainability of mass intervention programs for scabies worldwide and for the treatment of crusted scabies. Ligand gated ion channels (LGICs) are the primary targets of ivermectin in invertebrates. We report the molecular characterisation of SsCl—a novel LGIC from Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis . While SsCl shows sequence similarity to other LGICs, phylogenetic analysis does not suggest strong homology to conventional glutamate, histamine or GABA gated channels. Instead, it is most similar to Drosophila pH-sensitive and group 1 clades. When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, SsCl forms a homomeric, pH-gated chloride channel that is irreversibly activated by ivermectin. These results provide the first confirmation that this group of LGIC exists in arachnids, and suggest that SsCl may be an in vivo target of ivermectin in S. Scabiei.
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Identification of ABC transporters in Sarcoptes Scabiei
Parasitology, 2006Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, James S. Mccarthy, Deborah C. Holt, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:We have identified and partially sequenced 8 ABC transporters from an EST dataset of Sarcoptes Scabiei var. hominis, the causative agent of scabies. Analysis confirmed that most of the known ABC subfamilies are represented in the EST dataset including several members of the multidrug resistance protein subfamily (ABC-C). Although P-glycoprotein (ABC-B) sequences were not found in the EST dataset, a partial P-glycoprotein sequence was subsequently obtained using a degenerate PCR strategy and library screening. Thus a total of 9 potential S. Scabiei ABC transporters representing the subfamilies A, B, C, E, F and H have been identified. Ivermectin is currently used in the treatment of hyper-infested (crusted) scabies, and has also been identified as a potentially effective acaricide for mass treatment programmes in scabies-endemic communities. The observation of clinical and in vitro ivermectin resistance in 2 crusted scabies patients who received multiple treatments has raised serious concerns regarding the sustainability of such programmes. One possible mechanism for ivermectin resistance is through ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein. This work forms an important foundation for further studies to elucidate the potential role of ABC transporters in ivermectin resistance of S. Scabiei.
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Analysis of Sarcoptes Scabiei finds no evidence of infection with Wolbachia.
International journal for parasitology, 2004Co-Authors: Kate E. Mounsey, Bart J. Currie, Deborah C. Holt, Krista Fischer, David J. Kemp, Shelley F. WaltonAbstract:The endosymbiont Wolbachia has been detected in a range of filarial nematodes and parasitic mites and is known to affect host reproductive compatibility and potentially evolutionary processes. PCR of Wolbachia surface protein (wsp), ftsZ and 16SrRNA genes from individual Sarcoptes Scabiei mites obtained from a series of individual hosts, and database searches of an S. Scabiei var. hominis EST library failed to detect Wolbachia genes. Therefore, Wolbachia appears not to be involved in the genetic subdivision observed between varieties of host-associated S. Scabiei or, involved in the inflammatory disease pathogenesis of scabies unlike its activity in filarial infection.
