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Gregorovičová Martina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Význam jednotlivých složek repelentní sekrece Graphosoma lineatum vůči různým druhům predátorů
Univerzita Karlova Přírodovědecká fakulta, 2016Co-Authors: Gregorovičová MartinaAbstract:The chemical defence of Heteroptera is based on the repellent secretion that is very complex and consists of dozens chemical compounds. Heteroptera have good ability to produce/store large amounts of chemical components. The repellent secretion of Graphosoma lineatum is composed of many chemicals, such as short-chained aldehydes, which may signal the unpalatability of the bug to its potential predators or be directly toxic for them. The thesis is aimed at the major components of defensive secretion of Graphosoma lineatum - aldehydes - as well as the whole metathoracic Scent-Glands secretion of Graphosoma lineatum. The aversive reactions of four selected predators were evaluated: (1) leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius); (2) green lizard (Lacerta viridis); (3) great tit (Parus major) and (4) blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). The following major compounds of the repellent secretion were tested: (1) the mixture of three aldehydes: (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-oct-2-enal, (E)-dec-2-enal; (2) the mixture of three aldehydes and tridecane; (3) oxoaldehyde: (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal; (4) extracted metathoracic Scent-Glands secretion of Graphosoma lineatum adults; (5) hexane as a non-polar solvent and (6) pyrazine: 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine in experiments with leopard geckos as a positive control for excluding the...The chemical defence of Heteroptera is based on the repellent secretion that is very complex and consists of dozens chemical compounds. Heteroptera have good ability to produce/store large amounts of chemical components. The repellent secretion of Graphosoma lineatum is composed of many chemicals, such as short-chained aldehydes, which may signal the unpalatability of the bug to its potential predators or be directly toxic for them. The thesis is aimed at the major components of defensive secretion of Graphosoma lineatum - aldehydes - as well as the whole metathoracic Scent-Glands secretion of Graphosoma lineatum. The aversive reactions of four selected predators were evaluated: (1) leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius); (2) green lizard (Lacerta viridis); (3) great tit (Parus major) and (4) blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). The following major compounds of the repellent secretion were tested: (1) the mixture of three aldehydes: (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-oct-2-enal, (E)-dec-2-enal; (2) the mixture of three aldehydes and tridecane; (3) oxoaldehyde: (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal; (4) extracted metathoracic Scent-Glands secretion of Graphosoma lineatum adults; (5) hexane as a non-polar solvent and (6) pyrazine: 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine in experiments with leopard geckos as a positive control for excluding the...Department of ZoologyKatedra zoologiePřírodovědecká fakultaFaculty of Scienc
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Role of individual chemical compounds of repellent secretion of Graphosoma lineatum towards different predator species
2016Co-Authors: Gregorovičová MartinaAbstract:The chemical defence of Heteroptera is based on the repellent secretion that is very complex and consists of dozens chemical compounds. Heteroptera have good ability to produce/store large amounts of chemical components. The repellent secretion of Graphosoma lineatum is composed of many chemicals, such as short-chained aldehydes, which may signal the unpalatability of the bug to its potential predators or be directly toxic for them. The thesis is aimed at the major components of defensive secretion of Graphosoma lineatum - aldehydes - as well as the whole metathoracic Scent-Glands secretion of Graphosoma lineatum. The aversive reactions of four selected predators were evaluated: (1) leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius); (2) green lizard (Lacerta viridis); (3) great tit (Parus major) and (4) blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). The following major compounds of the repellent secretion were tested: (1) the mixture of three aldehydes: (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-oct-2-enal, (E)-dec-2-enal; (2) the mixture of three aldehydes and tridecane; (3) oxoaldehyde: (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal; (4) extracted metathoracic Scent-Glands secretion of Graphosoma lineatum adults; (5) hexane as a non-polar solvent and (6) pyrazine: 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine in experiments with leopard geckos as a positive control for excluding the..
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Význam jednotlivých složek repelentní sekrece Graphosoma lineatum vůči různým druhům predátorů.
Univerzita Karlova Přírodovědecká fakulta, 2015Co-Authors: Gregorovičová MartinaAbstract:The chemical defence of Heteroptera is based on the repellent secretion that is very complex and consists of dozens chemical compounds. Heteroptera have good ability to produce/store large amounts of chemical components. The repellent secretion of Graphosoma lineatum is composed of many chemicals, such as short-chained aldehydes, which may signal the unpalatability of the bug to its potential predators or be directly toxic for them. The thesis is aimed at the major components of defensive secretion of Graphosoma lineatum - aldehydes - as well as the whole metathoracic Scent-Glands secretion of Graphosoma lineatum. The aversive reactions of four selected predators were evaluated: (1) leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius); (2) green lizard (Lacerta viridis); (3) great tit (Parus major) and (4) blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). The following major compounds of the repellent secretion were tested: (1) the mixture of three aldehydes: (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-oct-2-enal, (E)-dec-2-enal; (2) the mixture of three aldehydes and tridecane; (3) oxoaldehyde: (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal; (4) extracted metathoracic Scent-Glands secretion of Graphosoma lineatum adults; (5) hexane as a non-polar solvent and (6) pyrazine: 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine in experiments with leopard geckos as a positive control for excluding the...Skupina ploštice (Heteroptera) má vynikající schopnost produkovat/uchovávat velké množství chemických látek, jež tvo í základ jejich komplexní repelentní sekrece. Mezi nejlépe prostudované repelentní sekrece pat í sekrece Graphosoma lineatum skládající se z mnoha složek, které mohou p sobit jako iritanty nebo p ímo jako toxiny. Mezi hlavní chemické složky sekrece pat í aldehydy s krátkými et zci. Diserta ní práce se zam uje na hlavní chemické složky této repelentní sekrece - aldehydy - stejn jako na extrahovanou sekreci metathorakálních pachových žláz Graphosoma lineatum. Celkem byly testovány aversivní reakce ty vybraných druh predátor : (1) gekon ík no ní (Eublepharis macularius); (2) ješt rka zelená (Lacerta viridis); (3) sýkora ko adra (Parus major) a (4) sýkora mod inka (Cyanistes caeruleus). Vybrané druhy predátor byly konfrontovány s majoritními složkami obranné sekrece Graphosoma lineatum: (1) sm s t í aldehyd : (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-oct-2-enal, (E)-dec-2-enal; (2) sm s t chto t í aldehyd obohacená o tridekan; (3) oxoaldehyd: (E)-4-oxohex-2-enal; (4) extrahovaná sekrece metathorakálních pachových žláz dosp lé Graphosoma lineatum; (5) hexan, jakožto nepolární rozpoušt dlo a (6) pyrazín: 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazín u experiment s gekon íky no ními jako pozitivní kontrola k vylou ení efektu...Department of ZoologyKatedra zoologieFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult
Thomas M Schmidt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013Co-Authors: Kevin R Theis, Aaron P Wagner, Arvind Venkataraman, Jacquelyn A Dycus, Keith D Koonter, Emily N Schmittmatzen, Kay E Holekamp, Thomas M SchmidtAbstract:All animals harbor beneficial microbes. One way these microbes can benefit their animal hosts is by increasing the diversity and efficacy of communication signals available to the hosts. The fermentation hypothesis for mammalian chemical communication posits that bacteria in the Scent Glands of mammals generate odorous metabolites used by their hosts for communication and that variation in host chemical signals is a product of underlying variation in the bacterial communities inhabiting the Scent Glands. An effective test of this hypothesis would require accurate surveys of the bacterial communities in mammals’ Scent Glands and complementary data on the odorant profiles of Scent secretions—both of which have been historically lacking. Here we use next-generation sequencing to survey deeply the bacterial communities in the Scent Glands of wild spotted and striped hyenas. We show that these communities are dominated by fermentative bacteria and that the structures of these communities covary with the volatile fatty acid profiles of Scent secretions in both hyena species. The bacterial and volatile fatty acid profiles of secretions differ between spotted and striped hyenas, and both profiles vary with sex and reproductive state among spotted hyenas within a single social group. Our results strongly support the fermentation hypothesis for chemical communication, suggesting that symbiotic bacteria underlie species-specific odors in both spotted and striped hyenas and further underlie sex and reproductive state-specific odors among spotted hyenas. We anticipate that the fermentation hypothesis for chemical communication will prove broadly applicable among Scent-marking mammals as others use the technical and analytical approaches used here.
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evidence for a bacterial mechanism for group specific social odors among hyenas
Scientific Reports, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin R Theis, Thomas M Schmidt, Kay E HolekampAbstract:Symbiotic microbes can benefit their animal hosts by enhancing the diversity of communication signals available to them. The fermentation hypothesis for chemical recognition posits that 1) fermentative bacteria in specialized mammalian Scent Glands generate odorants that mammals co-opt to communicate with one another and 2) that variation in Scent gland odors is due to underlying variation in the structure of bacterial communities within Scent Glands. For example, group-specific social odors are suggested to be due to members of the same social group harboring more similar bacterial communities in their Scent Glands than do members of different social groups. We used 16S rRNA gene surveys to show that 1) the Scent secretions of spotted hyenas are densely populated by fermentative bacteria whose closest relatives are well-documented odor producers and that 2) these bacterial communities are more similar among hyenas from the same social group than among those from different groups.
Kay E Holekamp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013Co-Authors: Kevin R Theis, Aaron P Wagner, Arvind Venkataraman, Jacquelyn A Dycus, Keith D Koonter, Emily N Schmittmatzen, Kay E Holekamp, Thomas M SchmidtAbstract:All animals harbor beneficial microbes. One way these microbes can benefit their animal hosts is by increasing the diversity and efficacy of communication signals available to the hosts. The fermentation hypothesis for mammalian chemical communication posits that bacteria in the Scent Glands of mammals generate odorous metabolites used by their hosts for communication and that variation in host chemical signals is a product of underlying variation in the bacterial communities inhabiting the Scent Glands. An effective test of this hypothesis would require accurate surveys of the bacterial communities in mammals’ Scent Glands and complementary data on the odorant profiles of Scent secretions—both of which have been historically lacking. Here we use next-generation sequencing to survey deeply the bacterial communities in the Scent Glands of wild spotted and striped hyenas. We show that these communities are dominated by fermentative bacteria and that the structures of these communities covary with the volatile fatty acid profiles of Scent secretions in both hyena species. The bacterial and volatile fatty acid profiles of secretions differ between spotted and striped hyenas, and both profiles vary with sex and reproductive state among spotted hyenas within a single social group. Our results strongly support the fermentation hypothesis for chemical communication, suggesting that symbiotic bacteria underlie species-specific odors in both spotted and striped hyenas and further underlie sex and reproductive state-specific odors among spotted hyenas. We anticipate that the fermentation hypothesis for chemical communication will prove broadly applicable among Scent-marking mammals as others use the technical and analytical approaches used here.
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evidence for a bacterial mechanism for group specific social odors among hyenas
Scientific Reports, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin R Theis, Thomas M Schmidt, Kay E HolekampAbstract:Symbiotic microbes can benefit their animal hosts by enhancing the diversity of communication signals available to them. The fermentation hypothesis for chemical recognition posits that 1) fermentative bacteria in specialized mammalian Scent Glands generate odorants that mammals co-opt to communicate with one another and 2) that variation in Scent gland odors is due to underlying variation in the structure of bacterial communities within Scent Glands. For example, group-specific social odors are suggested to be due to members of the same social group harboring more similar bacterial communities in their Scent Glands than do members of different social groups. We used 16S rRNA gene surveys to show that 1) the Scent secretions of spotted hyenas are densely populated by fermentative bacteria whose closest relatives are well-documented odor producers and that 2) these bacterial communities are more similar among hyenas from the same social group than among those from different groups.
Kevin R Theis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013Co-Authors: Kevin R Theis, Aaron P Wagner, Arvind Venkataraman, Jacquelyn A Dycus, Keith D Koonter, Emily N Schmittmatzen, Kay E Holekamp, Thomas M SchmidtAbstract:All animals harbor beneficial microbes. One way these microbes can benefit their animal hosts is by increasing the diversity and efficacy of communication signals available to the hosts. The fermentation hypothesis for mammalian chemical communication posits that bacteria in the Scent Glands of mammals generate odorous metabolites used by their hosts for communication and that variation in host chemical signals is a product of underlying variation in the bacterial communities inhabiting the Scent Glands. An effective test of this hypothesis would require accurate surveys of the bacterial communities in mammals’ Scent Glands and complementary data on the odorant profiles of Scent secretions—both of which have been historically lacking. Here we use next-generation sequencing to survey deeply the bacterial communities in the Scent Glands of wild spotted and striped hyenas. We show that these communities are dominated by fermentative bacteria and that the structures of these communities covary with the volatile fatty acid profiles of Scent secretions in both hyena species. The bacterial and volatile fatty acid profiles of secretions differ between spotted and striped hyenas, and both profiles vary with sex and reproductive state among spotted hyenas within a single social group. Our results strongly support the fermentation hypothesis for chemical communication, suggesting that symbiotic bacteria underlie species-specific odors in both spotted and striped hyenas and further underlie sex and reproductive state-specific odors among spotted hyenas. We anticipate that the fermentation hypothesis for chemical communication will prove broadly applicable among Scent-marking mammals as others use the technical and analytical approaches used here.
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evidence for a bacterial mechanism for group specific social odors among hyenas
Scientific Reports, 2012Co-Authors: Kevin R Theis, Thomas M Schmidt, Kay E HolekampAbstract:Symbiotic microbes can benefit their animal hosts by enhancing the diversity of communication signals available to them. The fermentation hypothesis for chemical recognition posits that 1) fermentative bacteria in specialized mammalian Scent Glands generate odorants that mammals co-opt to communicate with one another and 2) that variation in Scent gland odors is due to underlying variation in the structure of bacterial communities within Scent Glands. For example, group-specific social odors are suggested to be due to members of the same social group harboring more similar bacterial communities in their Scent Glands than do members of different social groups. We used 16S rRNA gene surveys to show that 1) the Scent secretions of spotted hyenas are densely populated by fermentative bacteria whose closest relatives are well-documented odor producers and that 2) these bacterial communities are more similar among hyenas from the same social group than among those from different groups.
Günther Raspotnig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Methyl-ketones in the Scent Glands of Opiliones: a chemical trait of cyphophthalmi retrieved in the dyspnoan Nemastoma triste
Chemoecology, 2018Co-Authors: Miriam Schaider, Hans-jörg Leis, Tone Novak, Christian Komposch, Günther RaspotnigAbstract:The homologous and phylogenetically old Scent Glands of harvestmen—also called defensive or repugnatorial Glands—represent an ideal system for a model reconstruction of the evolutionary history of exocrine secretion chemistry (“phylogenetic chemosystematics”). While the secretions of Laniatores (mainly phenols, benzoquinones), Cyphophthalmi (naphthoquinones, chloro-naphthoquinones, methyl-ketones) and some Eupnoi (naphthoquinones, ethyl-ketones) are fairly well studied, one open question refers to the still largely enigmatic Scent gland chemistry of representatives of the suborder Dyspnoi and the relation of dyspnoan chemistry to the remaining suborders. We here report on the secretion of a nemastomatid Dyspnoi, Nemastoma triste, which is composed of straight-chain methyl-ketones (heptan-2-one, nonan-2-one, 6-tridecen-2-one, 8-tridecen-2-one), methyl-branched methyl-ketones (5-methyl-heptan-2-one, 6-methyl-nonan-2-one), naphthoquinones (1,4-naphthoquinone, 6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) and chloro-naphthoquinones (4-chloro-1,2-naphthoquinone, 4-chloro-6-methyl-1,2-naphthoquinone). Chemically, the secretions of N. triste are remarkably reminiScent of those found in Cyphophthalmi. While naphthoquinones are widely distributed across the Scent gland secretions of harvestmen (all suborders except Laniatores), methyl-ketones and chloro-naphthoquinones arise as linking elements between cyphophthalmid and dyspnoan Scent gland chemistry.
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Benzoquinones from Scent Glands of phalangiid harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones, Eupnoi): a lesson from Rilaena triangularis
Chemoecology, 2015Co-Authors: Günther Raspotnig, Miriam Schaider, Petra Föttinger, Verena Leutgeb, Christian KomposchAbstract:In case of disturbance, the phalangiine harvestman Rilaena triangularis (Eupnoi, Phalangiidae) emits a directed jet from large prosomal Scent (“defensive”) Glands. The pungent-smelling secretion was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and found to contain mainly 1,4-benzoquinone along with 1,4-naphthoquinone and caprylic (=octanoic) acid. While various alkylated benzoquinones are characteristic for the Scent gland secretions of many grassatorean Laniatores, this is the first incidence of benzoquinone-based chemical defense in palpatorean harvestmen.
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chemosystematics in the opiliones arachnida a comment on the evolutionary history of alkylphenols and benzoquinones in the Scent gland secretions of laniatores
Cladistics, 2015Co-Authors: Günther Raspotnig, Michaela Bodner, Sylvia Schaffer, Stephan Koblmuller, Axel L Schonhofer, Ivo KaramanAbstract:Large prosomal Scent Glands constitute a major synapomorphic character of the arachnid order Opiliones. These Glands produce a variety of chemicals very specific to opilionid taxa of different taxonomic levels, and thus represent a model system to investigate the evolutionary traits in exocrine secretion chemistry across a phylogenetically old group of animals. The chemically best-studied opilionid group is certainly Laniatores, and currently available chemical data allow first hypotheses linking the phylogeny of this group to the evolution of major chemical classes of secretion chemistry. Such hypotheses are essential to decide upon a best-fitting explanation of the distribution of Scent-gland secretion compounds across extant laniatorean taxa, and hence represent a key toward a well-founded opilionid chemosystematics.
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On the enigmatic Scent Glands of dyspnoan harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): first evidence for the production of volatile secretions
Chemoecology, 2014Co-Authors: Günther Raspotnig, Miriam Schaider, Hans-jörg Leis, Edith Stabentheiner, Ivo KaramanAbstract:While considerable knowledge on the chemistry of the Scent gland secretions from the opilionid suborders Laniatores and Cyphophthalmi has been compiled, it is the Palpatores (Eupnoi and Dyspnoi) where chemical data are scarce. In particular, the Dyspnoi have remained nearly unstudied, mainly due to their reported general reluctance to release secretions as well as to the phenomenon of production of insoluble—and inaccessible—solid secretion. We here show that at least certain nemastomatid Dyspnoi, namely all three species of genus Carinostoma , indeed produce a volatile secretion, comprising octan-3-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and acetophenone in species-specific combinations. In all Carinostoma spp., these volatiles are embedded in a semi-volatile, naphthoquinone matrix (mainly 1,4-naphthoquinone and 6-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone). In detail, acetophenone and traces of naphthoquinones characterize the secretions of Carinostoma carinatum . A mixture of octan-3-one, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and large amounts of naphthoquinones were found in C. elegans , and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one together with small amounts of naphthoquinones in the secretions of C. ornatum . So far, exclusively naphthoquinones had been reported from a single dyspnoan hitherto studied, Paranemastoma quadripunctatum .
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Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in the Scent Gland Secretions of European Cladonychiid Harvestmen
2013Co-Authors: Opiliones Laniatores Travunioidea, Miriam Schaider, Ivo Karaman, Günther Raspotnig, Christian Komposch, Petra FöttingerAbstract:# The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The exocrine secretions from prominently developed prosomal Scent Glands in four species of the European laniatorean harvestman genus Holoscotolemon (Laniatores, Travunioidea, Cladonychiidae) were analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. Two major alkaloidal compounds were detected: Nicotine accounted for more than 97 % of the secretion in Holoscotolemon jaqueti and H. oreophilum, whereas the chemically related nicotinoid alkaloid anabaseine was the major compound in H. lessiniense. In addition, a series of minor nitrogen-containing components was found, namely 3-(1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)-pyridine and anabasine, in H. jaqueti and H. oreophilum, and anabasine together with 2,3′-bipyridyl in H. lessiniense. By contrast, extracts of adult H. unicolor did not show any components. In one juvenile specimen of H. unicolor, however, lo
