The Experts below are selected from a list of 306 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
John E. Linz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Oxidative Stress-Related Transcription Factors in the Regulation of Secondary Metabolism
Toxins, 2013Co-Authors: Sung-yong Hong, Ludmila V. Roze, John E. LinzAbstract:There is extensive and unequivocal evidence that Secondary Metabolism in filamentous fungi and plants is associated with oxidative stress. In support of this idea, transcription factors related to oxidative stress response in yeast, plants, and fungi have been shown to participate in controlling Secondary Metabolism. Aflatoxin biosynthesis, one model of Secondary Metabolism, has been demonstrated to be triggered and intensified by reactive oxygen species buildup. An oxidative stress-related bZIP transcription factor AtfB is a key player in coordinate expression of antioxidant genes and genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Recent findings from our laboratory provide strong support for a regulatory network comprised of at least four transcription factors that bind in a highly coordinated and timely manner to promoters of the target genes and regulate their expression. In this review, we will focus on transcription factors involved in co-regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis with oxidative stress response in aspergilli, and we will discuss the relationship of known oxidative stress-associated transcription factors and Secondary Metabolism in other organisms. We will also talk about transcription factors that are involved in oxidative stress response, but have not yet been demonstrated to be affiliated with Secondary Metabolism. The data support the notion that Secondary Metabolism provides a Secondary line of defense in cellular response to oxidative stress.
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stress related transcription factor atfb integrates Secondary Metabolism with oxidative stress response in aspergilli
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2011Co-Authors: Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda, Josephine Wee, Deena Awad, John E. LinzAbstract:In filamentous fungi, several lines of experimental evidence indicate that Secondary Metabolism is triggered by oxidative stress; however, the functional and molecular mechanisms that mediate this association are unclear. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor AtfB, a member of the bZIP/CREB family, helps regulate conidial tolerance to oxidative stress. In this work, we investigated the role of AtfB in the connection between oxidative stress response and Secondary Metabolism in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus parasiticus. This well characterized model organism synthesizes the Secondary metabolite and carcinogen aflatoxin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with specific anti-AtfB demonstrated AtfB binding at promoters of seven genes in the aflatoxin gene cluster that carry CREs. Promoters lacking CREs did not show AtfB binding. The binding of AtfB to the promoters occurred under aflatoxin-inducing but not under aflatoxin-noninducing conditions and correlated with activation of transcription of the aflatoxin genes. Deletion of veA, a global regulator of Secondary Metabolism and development, nearly eliminated this binding. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis demonstrated that AtfB binds to the nor-1 (an early aflatoxin gene) promoter at a composite regulatory element that consists of highly similar, adjacent CRE1 and AP-1-like binding sites. The five nucleotides immediately upstream from CRE1, AGCC(G/C), are highly conserved in five aflatoxin promoters that demonstrate AtfB binding. We propose that AtfB is a key player in the regulatory circuit that integrates Secondary Metabolism and cellular response to oxidative stress.
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compartmentalization and molecular traffic in Secondary Metabolism a new understanding of established cellular processes
Fungal Genetics and Biology, 2011Co-Authors: Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda, John E. LinzAbstract:Great progress has been made in understanding the regulation of expression of genes involved in Secondary Metabolism. Less is known about the mechanisms that govern the spatial distribution of the enzymes, cofactors, and substrates that mediate catalysis of Secondary metabolites within the cell. Filamentous fungi in the genus Aspergillus synthesize an array of Secondary metabolites and provide useful systems to analyze the mechanisms that mediate the temporal and spatial regulation of Secondary Metabolism in eukaryotes. For example, aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. parasiticus has been studied intensively because this mycotoxin is highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in humans and animals. Using aflatoxin synthesis to illustrate key concepts, this review focuses on the mechanisms by which sub-cellular compartmentalization and intra-cellular molecular traffic contribute to the initiation and completion of Secondary Metabolism within the cell. We discuss the recent discovery of aflatoxisomes, specialized trafficking vesicles that participate in the compartmentalization of aflatoxin synthesis and export of the toxin to the cell exterior; this work provides a new and clearer understanding of how cells integrate Secondary Metabolism into basic cellular Metabolism via the intracellular trafficking machinery.
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compartmentalization and molecular traffic in Secondary Metabolism a new understanding of established cellular processes
Fungal Genetics and Biology, 2011Co-Authors: Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda, John E. LinzAbstract:Great progress has been made in understanding the regulation of expression of genes involved in Secondary Metabolism. Less is known about the mechanisms that govern the spatial distribution of the enzymes, cofactors, and substrates that mediate catalysis of Secondary metabolites within the cell. Filamentous fungi in the genus Aspergillus synthesize an array of Secondary metabolites and provide useful systems to analyze the mechanisms that mediate the temporal and spatial regulation of Secondary Metabolism in eukaryotes. For example, aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus has been studied intensively because this mycotoxin is highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in humans and animals. Using aflatoxin synthesis to illustrate key concepts, this review focuses on the mechanisms by which sub-cellular compartmentalization and intra-cellular molecular traffic contribute to the initiation and completion of Secondary Metabolism within the cell. We discuss the recent discovery of aflatoxisomes, specialized trafficking vesicles that participate in the compartmentalization of aflatoxin synthesis and export of the toxin to the cell exterior; this work provides a new and clearer understanding of how cells integrate Secondary Metabolism into basic cellular Metabolism via the intra-cellular trafficking machinery.
Nancy P Keller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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transcriptional regulatory elements in fungal Secondary Metabolism
Journal of Microbiology, 2011Co-Authors: Nancy P KellerAbstract:Filamentous fungi produce a variety of Secondary metabolites of diverse beneficial and detrimental activities to humankind. The genes required for a given Secondary metabolite are typically arranged in a gene cluster. There is considerable evidence that Secondary metabolite gene regulation is, in part, by transcriptional control through hierarchical levels of transcriptional regulatory elements involved in Secondary metabolite cluster regulation. Identification of elements regulating Secondary Metabolism could potentially provide a means of increasing production of beneficial metabolites, decreasing production of detrimental metabolites, aid in the identification of ‘silent’ natural products and also contribute to a broader understanding of molecular mechanisms by which Secondary metabolites are produced. This review summarizes regulation of Secondary Metabolism associated with transcriptional regulatory elements from a broad view as well as the tremendous advances in discovery of cryptic or novel Secondary metabolites by genomic mining.
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velb vea laea complex coordinates light signal with fungal development and Secondary Metabolism
Science, 2008Co-Authors: Özgür Bayram, Nancy P Keller, Sven Krappmann, Kerstin Helmstaedt, Oliver Valerius, Nak-jung Kwon, Min Ni, Susanna A Brausstromeyer, Jaehyuk YuAbstract:Differentiation and Secondary Metabolism are correlated processes in fungi that respond to light. In Aspergillus nidulans, light inhibits sexual reproduction as well as Secondary Metabolism. We identified the heterotrimeric velvet complex VelB/VeA/LaeA connecting light-responding developmental regulation and control of Secondary Metabolism. VeA, which is primarily expressed in the dark, physically interacts with VelB, which is expressed during sexual development. VeA bridges VelB to the nuclear master regulator of Secondary Metabolism, LaeA. Deletion of either velB or veA results in defects in both sexual fruiting-body formation and the production of Secondary metabolites.
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VelB/VeA/LaeA Complex Coordinates Light Signal with Fungal Development and Secondary Metabolism
Science (New York N.Y.), 2008Co-Authors: Özgür Bayram, Sven Krappmann, Jin Woo Bok, Kerstin Helmstaedt, Oliver Valerius, Susanna A. Braus-stromeyer, Nak-jung Kwon, Nancy P KellerAbstract:Differentiation and Secondary Metabolism are correlated processes in fungi that respond to light. In Aspergillus nidulans, light inhibits sexual reproduction as well as Secondary Metabolism. We identified the heterotrimeric velvet complex VelB/VeA/LaeA connecting light-responding developmental regulation and control of Secondary Metabolism. VeA, which is primarily expressed in the dark, physically interacts with VelB, which is expressed during sexual development. VeA bridges VelB to the nuclear master regulator of Secondary Metabolism, LaeA. Deletion of either velB or veA results in defects in both sexual fruiting-body formation and the production of Secondary metabolites.
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VelB/VeA/LaeA Complex CoordinatesLight Signal with Fungal Developmentand Secondary Metabolism
2008Co-Authors: Özgür Bayram, Sven Krappmann, Jin Woo Bok, Kerstin Helmstaedt, Oliver Valerius, Susanna A. Braus-stromeyer, Nak-jung Kwon, Nancy P KellerAbstract:Differentiation and Secondary Metabolism are correlated processes in fungi that respond to light. In Aspergillus nidulans , light inhibits sexual reproduction as well as Secondary Metabolism. We identified the heterotrimeric velvet complex VelB/VeA/LaeA connecting light-responding developmental regulation and control of Secondary Metabolism. VeA, which is primarily expressed in the dark, physically interacts with VelB, which is expressed during sexual development. VeA bridges VelB to the nuclear master regulator of Secondary Metabolism, LaeA. Deletion of either velB or veA results in defects in both sexual fruiting-body formation and the production of Secondary metabolites.
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Chapter ten Aspergillus nidulans as a model system to study Secondary Metabolism
Secondary Metabolism in Model Systems, 2004Co-Authors: Lori A. Maggio-hall, Thomas M. Hammond, Nancy P KellerAbstract:Summary and Future Studies In this review, we have summarized studies illustrating the strides that have been made in understanding Secondary Metabolism using A. nidulans as a model system. This organism produces many natural products including ST and PN and has been used as a heterologous host to study the biosynthesis of other natural products including lovastatin. Critical advances in our understanding of fungal Secondary Metabolism include the discovery of ST and PN biosynthetic gene clusters and the discovery of a G-protein/cAMP/protein kinase A mediated growth pathway in A. nidulans regulating Secondary Metabolism production. This later pathway coordinates both Secondary Metabolism and asexual development, similar in spirit, but certainly not in mechanism, to the γ-butyrolactone signaling systems that have been found to simultaneously regulate Secondary Metabolism and morphological differentiation in bacteria.101 The interwoven coregulation of these two processes may be unraveled through our discovery of LaeA, which plays no major role in development (Bok and Keller, unpublished results). The molecular details of LaeA regulation, found only in Secondary metabolite-producing fungi, is the subject of ongoing work in our lab. Where else will the future take this unique fungal model system? Another aspect of eukaryotic (fungal or plant) Secondary Metabolism that differs distinctively from that of bacterial Secondary Metabolism is the compartmentalization of biosynthetic precursors into various organelles. For example, the final step of PN biosynthesis (catalyzed by IAT) occurs in the peroxisome.102 Thus, naturally occurring PN side chains must be generated in or, like exogenously provided side chains, be transported into this organelle. The amino acid substrates of PN biosynthesis are sequestered in vacuoles, although ACVS is believed to be cytoplasmic. The synthesis of polyketides, including ST, Draws carbon from the heart of primary Metabolism (acetyl-CoA). The acetyl-CoA pool is deliberately divided between the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and peroxisomes to strike the proper balance between energy generation and requisite biosynthetic capabilities (i.e., gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis). How polyketide Secondary pathways fit into this network is not yet appreciated. Having only certain subpools of precursor molecules available for Secondary metabolic processes could represent an import level of regulation. Knowing which pool of a given metabolite is supplying a Secondary pathway could give us insights into how pools are coordinated and could create new opportunities for metabolic engineering. We expect future work on ST and PN biosynthesis in A. nidulans to elaborate more on this important interface between primary and Secondary Metabolism. The genome sequence of A. nidulans has recently been completed (http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/annotation/fungi/aspergillus/index.html) and will be a valuable tool for discovery in all aspects of the physiology of this fungus, including sedondary Metabolism. Genes required for a given Secondary metabolic pathway are invariably clustered in the genome. This is in contrast to other types of genes and likely reflects the importance of horizontal transfer in acquiring these pathways. Thus, genes of Secondary metabolic pathways can be predicted just as they are in bacterial genomes. Genes neighboring a PKS- or NRPS-encoding gene are likely required for the same pathway and can be analyzed for coregulation or, if the product of the pathway is known, by deletion analysis. Preliminary BLAST searches of the A. nidulans genome sequence suggest the existence of at least two-dozen polyketide pathways and about a dozen non-ribosomal peptide pathways. Despite this diversity only five of these compounds have been identified: ST, PN, the iron chelator ferricrocin,103 and the polyketides responsible for sexual and asexual spore pigmentation.104,105 A systematic approach could now be taken to delete putative Secondary pathway genes and look for alterations in basic physiology and in the production of extractable compounds. The impact of the deletion or overexpression of identified global regulators or individual pathways on the expression of all of the putative Secondary pathways could now be assessed with genome-wide transcriptional profiling. More than fifty years after Guido Pontecorvo and coworkers first championed the use of A. nidulans as a genetic model,106 the completed genome sequence has us primed for the next fifty years.
Ludmila V. Roze - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Oxidative Stress-Related Transcription Factors in the Regulation of Secondary Metabolism
Toxins, 2013Co-Authors: Sung-yong Hong, Ludmila V. Roze, John E. LinzAbstract:There is extensive and unequivocal evidence that Secondary Metabolism in filamentous fungi and plants is associated with oxidative stress. In support of this idea, transcription factors related to oxidative stress response in yeast, plants, and fungi have been shown to participate in controlling Secondary Metabolism. Aflatoxin biosynthesis, one model of Secondary Metabolism, has been demonstrated to be triggered and intensified by reactive oxygen species buildup. An oxidative stress-related bZIP transcription factor AtfB is a key player in coordinate expression of antioxidant genes and genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Recent findings from our laboratory provide strong support for a regulatory network comprised of at least four transcription factors that bind in a highly coordinated and timely manner to promoters of the target genes and regulate their expression. In this review, we will focus on transcription factors involved in co-regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis with oxidative stress response in aspergilli, and we will discuss the relationship of known oxidative stress-associated transcription factors and Secondary Metabolism in other organisms. We will also talk about transcription factors that are involved in oxidative stress response, but have not yet been demonstrated to be affiliated with Secondary Metabolism. The data support the notion that Secondary Metabolism provides a Secondary line of defense in cellular response to oxidative stress.
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stress related transcription factor atfb integrates Secondary Metabolism with oxidative stress response in aspergilli
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2011Co-Authors: Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda, Josephine Wee, Deena Awad, John E. LinzAbstract:In filamentous fungi, several lines of experimental evidence indicate that Secondary Metabolism is triggered by oxidative stress; however, the functional and molecular mechanisms that mediate this association are unclear. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor AtfB, a member of the bZIP/CREB family, helps regulate conidial tolerance to oxidative stress. In this work, we investigated the role of AtfB in the connection between oxidative stress response and Secondary Metabolism in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus parasiticus. This well characterized model organism synthesizes the Secondary metabolite and carcinogen aflatoxin. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with specific anti-AtfB demonstrated AtfB binding at promoters of seven genes in the aflatoxin gene cluster that carry CREs. Promoters lacking CREs did not show AtfB binding. The binding of AtfB to the promoters occurred under aflatoxin-inducing but not under aflatoxin-noninducing conditions and correlated with activation of transcription of the aflatoxin genes. Deletion of veA, a global regulator of Secondary Metabolism and development, nearly eliminated this binding. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis demonstrated that AtfB binds to the nor-1 (an early aflatoxin gene) promoter at a composite regulatory element that consists of highly similar, adjacent CRE1 and AP-1-like binding sites. The five nucleotides immediately upstream from CRE1, AGCC(G/C), are highly conserved in five aflatoxin promoters that demonstrate AtfB binding. We propose that AtfB is a key player in the regulatory circuit that integrates Secondary Metabolism and cellular response to oxidative stress.
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compartmentalization and molecular traffic in Secondary Metabolism a new understanding of established cellular processes
Fungal Genetics and Biology, 2011Co-Authors: Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda, John E. LinzAbstract:Great progress has been made in understanding the regulation of expression of genes involved in Secondary Metabolism. Less is known about the mechanisms that govern the spatial distribution of the enzymes, cofactors, and substrates that mediate catalysis of Secondary metabolites within the cell. Filamentous fungi in the genus Aspergillus synthesize an array of Secondary metabolites and provide useful systems to analyze the mechanisms that mediate the temporal and spatial regulation of Secondary Metabolism in eukaryotes. For example, aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. parasiticus has been studied intensively because this mycotoxin is highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in humans and animals. Using aflatoxin synthesis to illustrate key concepts, this review focuses on the mechanisms by which sub-cellular compartmentalization and intra-cellular molecular traffic contribute to the initiation and completion of Secondary Metabolism within the cell. We discuss the recent discovery of aflatoxisomes, specialized trafficking vesicles that participate in the compartmentalization of aflatoxin synthesis and export of the toxin to the cell exterior; this work provides a new and clearer understanding of how cells integrate Secondary Metabolism into basic cellular Metabolism via the intracellular trafficking machinery.
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compartmentalization and molecular traffic in Secondary Metabolism a new understanding of established cellular processes
Fungal Genetics and Biology, 2011Co-Authors: Ludmila V. Roze, Anindya Chanda, John E. LinzAbstract:Great progress has been made in understanding the regulation of expression of genes involved in Secondary Metabolism. Less is known about the mechanisms that govern the spatial distribution of the enzymes, cofactors, and substrates that mediate catalysis of Secondary metabolites within the cell. Filamentous fungi in the genus Aspergillus synthesize an array of Secondary metabolites and provide useful systems to analyze the mechanisms that mediate the temporal and spatial regulation of Secondary Metabolism in eukaryotes. For example, aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus has been studied intensively because this mycotoxin is highly toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic in humans and animals. Using aflatoxin synthesis to illustrate key concepts, this review focuses on the mechanisms by which sub-cellular compartmentalization and intra-cellular molecular traffic contribute to the initiation and completion of Secondary Metabolism within the cell. We discuss the recent discovery of aflatoxisomes, specialized trafficking vesicles that participate in the compartmentalization of aflatoxin synthesis and export of the toxin to the cell exterior; this work provides a new and clearer understanding of how cells integrate Secondary Metabolism into basic cellular Metabolism via the intra-cellular trafficking machinery.
Özgür Bayram - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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coordination of Secondary Metabolism and development in fungi the velvet family of regulatory proteins
Fems Microbiology Reviews, 2012Co-Authors: Özgür Bayram, Gerhard H BrausAbstract:Filamentous fungi produce a number of small bioactive molecules as part of their Secondary Metabolism ranging from benign antibiotics such as penicillin to threatening mycotoxins such as aflatoxin. Secondary Metabolism can be linked to fungal developmental programs in response to various abiotic or biotic external triggers. The velvet family of regulatory proteins plays a key role in coordinating Secondary Metabolism and differentiation processes such as asexual or sexual sporulation and sclerotia or fruiting body formation. The velvet family shares a protein domain that is present in most parts of the fungal kingdom from chytrids to basidiomycetes. Most of the current knowledge derives from the model Aspergillus nidulans where VeA, the founding member of the protein family, was discovered almost half a century ago. Different members of the velvet protein family interact with each other and the nonvelvet protein LaeA, primarily in the nucleus. LaeA is a methyltransferase-domain protein that functions as a regulator of Secondary Metabolism and development. A comprehensive picture of the molecular interplay between the velvet domain protein family, LaeA and other nuclear regulatory proteins in response to various signal transduction pathway starts to emerge from a jigsaw puzzle of several recent studies.
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VelB/VeA/LaeA Complex Coordinates Light Signal with Fungal Development and Secondary Metabolism
Science (New York N.Y.), 2008Co-Authors: Özgür Bayram, Sven Krappmann, Jin Woo Bok, Kerstin Helmstaedt, Oliver Valerius, Susanna A. Braus-stromeyer, Nak-jung Kwon, Nancy P KellerAbstract:Differentiation and Secondary Metabolism are correlated processes in fungi that respond to light. In Aspergillus nidulans, light inhibits sexual reproduction as well as Secondary Metabolism. We identified the heterotrimeric velvet complex VelB/VeA/LaeA connecting light-responding developmental regulation and control of Secondary Metabolism. VeA, which is primarily expressed in the dark, physically interacts with VelB, which is expressed during sexual development. VeA bridges VelB to the nuclear master regulator of Secondary Metabolism, LaeA. Deletion of either velB or veA results in defects in both sexual fruiting-body formation and the production of Secondary metabolites.
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velb vea laea complex coordinates light signal with fungal development and Secondary Metabolism
Science, 2008Co-Authors: Özgür Bayram, Nancy P Keller, Sven Krappmann, Kerstin Helmstaedt, Oliver Valerius, Nak-jung Kwon, Min Ni, Susanna A Brausstromeyer, Jaehyuk YuAbstract:Differentiation and Secondary Metabolism are correlated processes in fungi that respond to light. In Aspergillus nidulans, light inhibits sexual reproduction as well as Secondary Metabolism. We identified the heterotrimeric velvet complex VelB/VeA/LaeA connecting light-responding developmental regulation and control of Secondary Metabolism. VeA, which is primarily expressed in the dark, physically interacts with VelB, which is expressed during sexual development. VeA bridges VelB to the nuclear master regulator of Secondary Metabolism, LaeA. Deletion of either velB or veA results in defects in both sexual fruiting-body formation and the production of Secondary metabolites.
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VelB/VeA/LaeA Complex CoordinatesLight Signal with Fungal Developmentand Secondary Metabolism
2008Co-Authors: Özgür Bayram, Sven Krappmann, Jin Woo Bok, Kerstin Helmstaedt, Oliver Valerius, Susanna A. Braus-stromeyer, Nak-jung Kwon, Nancy P KellerAbstract:Differentiation and Secondary Metabolism are correlated processes in fungi that respond to light. In Aspergillus nidulans , light inhibits sexual reproduction as well as Secondary Metabolism. We identified the heterotrimeric velvet complex VelB/VeA/LaeA connecting light-responding developmental regulation and control of Secondary Metabolism. VeA, which is primarily expressed in the dark, physically interacts with VelB, which is expressed during sexual development. VeA bridges VelB to the nuclear master regulator of Secondary Metabolism, LaeA. Deletion of either velB or veA results in defects in both sexual fruiting-body formation and the production of Secondary metabolites.
Robert Verpoorte - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Secondary Metabolism in tobacco
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 2002Co-Authors: Laurentius H. Nugroho, Robert VerpoorteAbstract:Tobacco has been quite well studied phytochemically, more than 2500 compounds have been identified. Here, the Secondary Metabolism in tobacco will be reviewed in a biosynthetic perspective. Major groups of compounds which have extensively been studied are the isoprenoids, alkaloids, cinnamoylputrescines, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Their biosynthetic pathways and its regulation, and their occurrence in cell cultures and in intact plants will be discussed.
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metabolic engineering of plant Secondary Metabolism
2000Co-Authors: Robert Verpoorte, A W AlfermannAbstract:Details of Contributors. Preface. 1. Plant Secondary Metabolism R. Verpoorte. 2. General strategies R. Verpoorte, et al. 3. Agrobacterium, a natural metabolic engineer of plants P.J.J. Hooykaas. 4. Particle gun methodology as a tool in metabolic engineering M.J. Leech, et al. 5. Modulation of plant function and plant pathogens by antibody expression R. Fischer, et al. 6. Transcriptional regulators to modify Secondary Metabolism J. Memelink, et al. 7. Plant colour and fragrance K.M. Davies. 8. Metabolic engineering of condensed tannins and other phenolic pathways in forage and fodder crops M.P. Robbins, P. Morris. 9. Metabolic engineering of crops with the tryptophan decarboxylase of Catharanthus roseus V. De Luca. 10. Metabolic engineering of enzymes diverting amino acids into Secondary Metabolism J. Berlin, L. Fecker. 11. Modification of plant Secondary Metabolism by genetic engineering R. Hain, B. Grimmig. 12. Expression of the bacterial UBIC gene opens a new biosynthetic pathway in plants L. Heide. 13. Regulation of tropane alkaloid Metabolism in plants an plant cell cultures K.M. Oksman-Caldentey, R. Arroo.
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Proteomics in plant biotechnology and Secondary Metabolism research
Phytochemical Analysis, 2000Co-Authors: Denise I. Jacobs, Robert Van Der Heijden, Robert VerpoorteAbstract:Proteomics, the systematic analysis of (differentially) expressed proteins, is a tool for the identification of proteins involved in cellular processes. Proteomics has already been used for many different applications in plant sciences, including the study of proteins of biosynthetic pathways leading to Secondary metabolites. In Secondary Metabolism, many enzymes are involved, often working in close collaboration to catalyse cascades of reactions. Besides the enzymes, transport and regulatory proteins are also involved, which makes the proteome an essential topic for studying metabolic pathways. Proteomics technology is based on high-throughput techniques for the separation and identification of proteins, allowing an integral study of many proteins at the same time. For the separation of protein mixtures the most powerful technique available is two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: after separation, proteins can be subsequently identified by mass spectrometry (MS). The increasing amount of genome sequence data has to be followed by deciphering the function of the genes and proteins. Studying differential expression by proteomics is a complementary tool for functional analysis. In this review practical aspects and applications of proteomics in plant sciences, with particular emphasis on Secondary Metabolism, are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
