The Experts below are selected from a list of 3564 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
James N. Huckins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
comparison of the uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides by Semipermeable Membrane devices and caged fish carassius carassius in taihu lake china
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Shengbiao Huang, Zijian Wang, James N. HuckinsAbstract:Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides-(OCPs) by triolein-containing Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) and by crucian carp (Carassius carassius) was studied in Taihu Lake, a shallow, freshwater lake in China. Crucian carp and SPMDs were deployed side by side for 32 d. The first-order uptake rate constants of individual PAHs and OCPs for the, two matrices were calculated and compared to relate the amounts of chemicals accumulated by the matrices to dissolved water concentrations. On a wet-weight basis, total concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp fillets averaged 49.5 and 13.6 ng/g, respectively, after the 32-d exposure, whereas concentrations in whole SPMDs averaged 716.9 and 62.3 ng/g, respectively. The uptake rate constants of PAHs and OCPs by SPMDs averaged seven- and fivefold higher, respectively, than those for crucian carp; however, the patterns of uptake rate constants derived from test chemical concentrations in the crucian carp and SPMDs were similar. Although equilibrium was not reached for some PAHs and OCPs during the 32-d exposure period, a reasonably good correlation between the concentration factors (CFs) and octanol/water partition coefficient (K-OW) values of PAHs and OCPs in SPMDs (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) was observed when potential sorption to dissolved organic carbon was taken into account. Similar efforts to correlate the CFs and K-OW values of PAHs and OCPs in crucian carp (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) were less successful, likely because of PAH metabolism by finfish. Overall, the present results suggest that SPMDs may serve as a surrogate for contaminant monitoring with fish in freshwater lake environments.
-
field based evaluation of Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds as passive air samplers of polyaromatic hydrocarbons pahs
Atmospheric Environment, 2004Co-Authors: M E Bartkow, James N. Huckins, Jochen F MullerAbstract:Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) have been used as passive air samplers of semivolatile organic compounds in a range of studies. However, due to a lack of calibration data for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), SPMD data have not been used to estimate air concentrations of target PAHs. In this study, SPMDs were deployed for 32 days at two sites in a major metropolitan area in Australia. High-volume active sampling systems (HiVol) were co-deployed at both sites. Using the HiVol air concentration data from one site, SPMD sampling rates were measured for 12 US EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs and then these values were used to determine air concentrations at the second site from SPMD concentrations. Air concentrations were also measured at the second site with co-deployed HiVols to validate the SPMD results. PAHs mostly associated with the vapour phase (Fluorene to Pyrene) dominated both the HiVol and passive air samples. Reproducibility between replicate passive samplers was satisfactory (CV < 20%) for the majority of compounds. Sampling rates ranged between 0.6 and 6.1 m(3) d(-1). SPMD-based air concentrations were calculated at the second site for each compound using these sampling rates and the differences between SPMD-derived air concentrations and those measured using a HiVol were, on average, within a factor of 1.5. The dominant processes for the uptake of PAHs by SPMDs were also assessed. Using the SPMD method described herein, estimates of particulate sorbed airborne PAHs with five rings or greater were within 1.8-fold of HiVol measured values. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
-
review of the background and application of triolein containing Semipermeable Membrane devices in aquatic environmental study
Aquatic Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: Zijian Wang, James N. HuckinsAbstract:This paper briefly reviews research on passive in situ samplers for aquatic environments but focuses on the development and application of the triolein-containing Semipermeable Membrane device in aquatic environmental monitoring. Special attention is paid to the calibration of the devices, quality control issues, and its potential uses in environmental assessments of aquatic contaminants. Also, the suitability of the technique for incorporation with selected bioassays is examined.
-
development of the permeability performance reference compound approach for in situ calibration of Semipermeable Membrane devices
Environmental Science & Technology, 2002Co-Authors: James N. Huckins, Jimmie D. Petty, Jon A Lebo, Kees Booij, Walter L Cranor, Fernanda V Almeida, David A Alvarez, Randal C Clark, Betty Y B MogensenAbstract:Permeability/performance reference compounds (PRCs) are analytically noninterfering organic compounds with moderate to high fugacity from Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) that are added to the lipid prior to Membrane enclosure. Assuming that isotropic exchange kinetics (IEK) apply and that SPMD−water partition coefficients are known, measurement of PRC dissipation rate constants during SPMD field exposures and laboratory calibration studies permits the calculation of an exposure adjustment factor (EAF). In theory, PRC-derived EAF ratios reflect changes in SPMD sampling rates (relative to laboratory data) due to differences in exposure temperature, Membrane biofouling, and flow velocity−turbulence at the Membrane surface. Thus, the PRC approach should allow for more accurate estimates of target solute/vapor concentrations in an exposure medium. Under some exposure conditions, the impact of environmental variables on SPMD sampling rates may approach an order of magnitude. The results of this study sug...
-
an approach for assessment of water quality using Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds and bioindicator tests
Chemosphere, 2000Co-Authors: Jimmie D. Petty, James N. Huckins, Walter L Cranor, S B Jones, J T Parris, T B Mctague, Terence P BoyleAbstract:As an integral part of our continued development of water quality assessment approaches, we combined integrative sampling, instrumental analysis of widely occurring anthropogenic contaminants, and the application of a suite of bioindicator tests as a specific part of a broader survey of ecological conditions, species diversity, and habitat quality in the Santa Cruz River in Arizona, USA. Lipid-containing Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) were employed to sequester waterborne hydrophobic chemicals. Instrumental analysis and a suite of bioindicator tests were used to determine the presence and potential toxicological relevance of mixtures of bioavailable chemicals in two major water sources of the Santa Cruz River. The SPMDs were deployed at two sites; the effluent weir of the International Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWWTP) and the Nogales Wash. Both of these systems empty into the Santa Cruz River and the IWWTP effluent is a potential source of water for a constructed wetland complex. Analysis of the SPMD sample extracts revealed the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The bioindicator tests demonstrated increased liver enzyme activity, perturbation of neurotransmitter systems and potential endocrine disrupting effects (vitellogenin induction) in fish exposed to the extracts. With increasing global demands on limited water resources, the approach described herein provides an assessment paradigm applicable to determining the quality of water in a broad range of aquatic systems.
Jimmie D. Petty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
development of the permeability performance reference compound approach for in situ calibration of Semipermeable Membrane devices
Environmental Science & Technology, 2002Co-Authors: James N. Huckins, Jimmie D. Petty, Jon A Lebo, Kees Booij, Walter L Cranor, Fernanda V Almeida, David A Alvarez, Randal C Clark, Betty Y B MogensenAbstract:Permeability/performance reference compounds (PRCs) are analytically noninterfering organic compounds with moderate to high fugacity from Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) that are added to the lipid prior to Membrane enclosure. Assuming that isotropic exchange kinetics (IEK) apply and that SPMD−water partition coefficients are known, measurement of PRC dissipation rate constants during SPMD field exposures and laboratory calibration studies permits the calculation of an exposure adjustment factor (EAF). In theory, PRC-derived EAF ratios reflect changes in SPMD sampling rates (relative to laboratory data) due to differences in exposure temperature, Membrane biofouling, and flow velocity−turbulence at the Membrane surface. Thus, the PRC approach should allow for more accurate estimates of target solute/vapor concentrations in an exposure medium. Under some exposure conditions, the impact of environmental variables on SPMD sampling rates may approach an order of magnitude. The results of this study sug...
-
an approach for assessment of water quality using Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds and bioindicator tests
Chemosphere, 2000Co-Authors: Jimmie D. Petty, James N. Huckins, Walter L Cranor, S B Jones, J T Parris, T B Mctague, Terence P BoyleAbstract:As an integral part of our continued development of water quality assessment approaches, we combined integrative sampling, instrumental analysis of widely occurring anthropogenic contaminants, and the application of a suite of bioindicator tests as a specific part of a broader survey of ecological conditions, species diversity, and habitat quality in the Santa Cruz River in Arizona, USA. Lipid-containing Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) were employed to sequester waterborne hydrophobic chemicals. Instrumental analysis and a suite of bioindicator tests were used to determine the presence and potential toxicological relevance of mixtures of bioavailable chemicals in two major water sources of the Santa Cruz River. The SPMDs were deployed at two sites; the effluent weir of the International Wastewater Treatment Plant (IWWTP) and the Nogales Wash. Both of these systems empty into the Santa Cruz River and the IWWTP effluent is a potential source of water for a constructed wetland complex. Analysis of the SPMD sample extracts revealed the presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The bioindicator tests demonstrated increased liver enzyme activity, perturbation of neurotransmitter systems and potential endocrine disrupting effects (vitellogenin induction) in fish exposed to the extracts. With increasing global demands on limited water resources, the approach described herein provides an assessment paradigm applicable to determining the quality of water in a broad range of aquatic systems.
-
considerations involved with the use of Semipermeable Membrane devices for monitoring environmental contaminants
Journal of Chromatography A, 2000Co-Authors: Jimmie D. Petty, James N. Huckins, Jon A Lebo, Robert W Gale, Carl E Orazio, John C Meadows, Kathy R Echols, Walter L CranorAbstract:Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) are used with increasing frequency, and throughout the world as samplers of organic contaminants. The devices can be used to detect a variety of lipophilic chemicals in water, sediment/soil, and air. SPMDs are designed to sample nonpolar, hydrophobic chemicals. The maximum concentration factor achievable for a particular chemical is proportional to its octanol-water partition coefficient. Techniques used for cleanup of SPMD extracts for targeted analytes and for general screening by full-scan mass spectrometry do not differ greatly from techniques used for extracts of other matrices. However, SPMD extracts contain potential interferences that are specific to the Membrane-lipid matrix. Procedures have been developed or modified to alleviate these potential interferences. The SPMD approach has been demonstrated to be applicable to sequestering and analyzing a wide array of environmental contaminants including organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, selected organophosphate pesticides and pyrethroid insecticides, and other nonpolar organic chemicals. We present herein an overview of effective procedural steps for analyzing exposed SPMDs for trace to ultra-trace levels of contaminants sequestered from environmental matrices.
-
determination of uptake kinetics sampling rates by lipid containing Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs in water
Environmental Science & Technology, 1999Co-Authors: James N. Huckins, Jimmie D. Petty, Jon A Lebo, Carl E Orazio, Randal C Clark, Virginia L Gibson, William R Gala, Kathy R EcholsAbstract:The use of lipid-containing Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) is becoming commonplace, but very little sampling rate data are available for the estimation of ambient contaminant concentrations from analyte levels in exposed SPMDs. We determined the aqueous sampling rates (Rss; expressed as effective volumes of water extracted daily) of the standard (commercially available design) 1-g triolein SPMD for 15 of the priority pollutant (PP) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at multiple temperatures and concentrations. Under the experimental conditions of this study, recovery-corrected Rs values for PP PAHs ranged from ≈1.0 to 8.0 L/d. These values would be expected to be influenced by significant changes (relative to this study) in water temperature, degree of biofouling, and current velocity-turbulence. Included in this paper is a discussion of the effects of temperature and octanol−water partition coefficient (Kow); the impacts of biofouling and hydrodynamics are reported separately. Overall, SPMDs...
-
evaluation of lipid containing Semipermeable Membrane devices for monitoring organochlorine contaminants in the upper mississippi river
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1995Co-Authors: Geoffrey S Ellis, Jimmie D. Petty, James N. Huckins, Colleen E Rostad, Christopher J Schmitt, Patrick MaccarthyAbstract:Organochlorine contaminants sequestered in lipid-containing Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) were compared to those found in tangential-flow ultrafilter permeates as part of a pilot study at 10 sites in the Upper Mississippi River system. Caged and feral fish from three primary sites were also analyzed for comparison. Concentrated organochlorine (OC) compounds were readily extracted from the SPMDs by dialysis into hexane, and samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Fish and water samples were processed by conventional methods. Reasonable agreement was found between analyte SPMD-derived water concentrations and measured values of ultrafilter permeates; however, concentrations of the same analytes in caged fish did not appear to be proportional to water concentrations derived from SPMDs and ultrafilter permeates. The greatest number of OC compounds was detected in SPMDs; fewer were detected in caged fish and feral fish.
Christopher Harman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
small but different effect of fouling on the uptake rates of Semipermeable Membrane devices and polar organic chemical integrative samplers
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Christopher Harman, Olav Boyum, Kevin V Thomas, Merete GrungAbstract:Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMD) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were exposed to a cocktail of organic chemicals using a flow-through system. Samplers were removed and analyzed every 7 d over a four-week period in order to determine sampling rates (R(s)) for individual compounds. Prior to laboratory exposure, half of the samplers were allowed to foul naturally for six weeks, in order to examine differences in uptake due to fouling. The amount of fouling ranged from 0.2 to 2.8 g dry weight/dm(2) for POCIS and 0.1 to 1.4 g dry weight/dm(2) for SPMDs, and the pattern of accumulation was also different between them. The R(s) values were determined by fitting curves to time course uptake data and also by using performance reference compounds (PRCs) for SPMDs. Sampling rates ranged from 2.7 to 14.2 L/d for SPMDs and 0.01 to 0.27 L/d for POCIS. Fouled SPMDs showed a reduction in R(s) (< 20%) for all but one compound, and there was a similar reduction in the release of PRCs. However, PRC-predicted R(s) values were overall somewhat higher than those from fitted curves. Uptake of alkylated phenols in POCIS was generally higher (up to 55%) in fouled samplers. The reason for this is not known, but is possibly due to some reduction in interactions with the Membrane in fouled samplers. There was no overall pattern in the relationship of sampling rate differences with log K(OW) or over time for either sampler. Release of compounds from POCIS after a drop in exposure water concentrations provides some encouragement for the application of a PRC approach to polar passive samplers.
-
uptake rates of alkylphenols pahs and carbazoles in Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds and polar organic chemical integrative samplers pocis
Chemosphere, 2008Co-Authors: Christopher Harman, Olav Boyum, Knut Erik Tollefsen, Kevin V Thomas, Merete GrungAbstract:Abstract Passive sampling devices provide a useful contribution to the monitoring of contaminants in the aquatic environment. However, calibration data needed for the calculation of water concentrations from sampler accumulations are restricted to a limited number of compound classes. Thus uptake of a range of alkylated phenols (AP), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and carbazoles was determined for Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) using a flow through exposure system. Sampling rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.26 l d −1 for POCIS and 0.02 to 13.83 l d −1 for SPMDs. Observed SPMD uptake was also compared to that predicted by an empirical model including the use of performance reference compounds (PRCs). Predicted sampling rates did not differ by more than a factor of 1.3 from experimental values for PAH, providing further evidence that the PRC approach can be successfully used to determine in situ sampling rates for these compounds. Experimental sampling rates for AP in SPMDs were, however, much lower than predicted. This discrepancy was too large to be explained by small uncertainties in the calibration system or in the calculations. Based on these data we conclude that while hydrophobic AP are accumulated by SPMDs their partitioning cannot be predicted from their log K ow using current methods. Due to this lower than expected uptake, sampling rates were only higher in SPMDs than POCIS in the range of log K ow > 5.0. Simultaneous deployment of both sampler types allows the study of compounds with a broad range of physicochemical properties.
-
uptake of some selected aquatic pollutants in Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds and the polar organic chemical integrative sampler pocis
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2008Co-Authors: Christopher Harman, Olav Boyum, Knut Erik Tollefsen, Kevin V Thomas, Merete GrungAbstract:The uptake characteristics of Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCISs) were examined for mono, di and tributyltin, triphenyltin, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, PCBs 77 and 153, PBDE 47, lindane, triclosan and DDT. Exposure in a flow through system continued for 28 days with samplers removed every 7 days in order to study the relevant uptake kinetics. Uptake remained linear for POCISs with sampling rates (Rs) of up to 0.2 L d−1. For SPMDs uptake varied from linear to approaching equilibrium with Rs values of up to 14 L d−1. 7 out of 9 results for SPMDs could be explained by an empirical model (nonylphenol and lindane were exceptions). None of the four organo-tin compounds studied were detected in POCISs and only tributyltin was accumulated significantly by SPMDs. The establishment of these sampling rates allows the calculation of time weighted water concentrations for several important contaminants. Using presented methods, sampling rates and exposure conditions, theoretical detection limits for selected compounds by SPMDs were between 11–68 pg L−1, which is well below the environment quality standard proposed for those compounds that are included in the European Water Framework Directive.
Merete Grung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
small but different effect of fouling on the uptake rates of Semipermeable Membrane devices and polar organic chemical integrative samplers
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Christopher Harman, Olav Boyum, Kevin V Thomas, Merete GrungAbstract:Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMD) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were exposed to a cocktail of organic chemicals using a flow-through system. Samplers were removed and analyzed every 7 d over a four-week period in order to determine sampling rates (R(s)) for individual compounds. Prior to laboratory exposure, half of the samplers were allowed to foul naturally for six weeks, in order to examine differences in uptake due to fouling. The amount of fouling ranged from 0.2 to 2.8 g dry weight/dm(2) for POCIS and 0.1 to 1.4 g dry weight/dm(2) for SPMDs, and the pattern of accumulation was also different between them. The R(s) values were determined by fitting curves to time course uptake data and also by using performance reference compounds (PRCs) for SPMDs. Sampling rates ranged from 2.7 to 14.2 L/d for SPMDs and 0.01 to 0.27 L/d for POCIS. Fouled SPMDs showed a reduction in R(s) (< 20%) for all but one compound, and there was a similar reduction in the release of PRCs. However, PRC-predicted R(s) values were overall somewhat higher than those from fitted curves. Uptake of alkylated phenols in POCIS was generally higher (up to 55%) in fouled samplers. The reason for this is not known, but is possibly due to some reduction in interactions with the Membrane in fouled samplers. There was no overall pattern in the relationship of sampling rate differences with log K(OW) or over time for either sampler. Release of compounds from POCIS after a drop in exposure water concentrations provides some encouragement for the application of a PRC approach to polar passive samplers.
-
uptake rates of alkylphenols pahs and carbazoles in Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds and polar organic chemical integrative samplers pocis
Chemosphere, 2008Co-Authors: Christopher Harman, Olav Boyum, Knut Erik Tollefsen, Kevin V Thomas, Merete GrungAbstract:Abstract Passive sampling devices provide a useful contribution to the monitoring of contaminants in the aquatic environment. However, calibration data needed for the calculation of water concentrations from sampler accumulations are restricted to a limited number of compound classes. Thus uptake of a range of alkylated phenols (AP), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and carbazoles was determined for Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) using a flow through exposure system. Sampling rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.26 l d −1 for POCIS and 0.02 to 13.83 l d −1 for SPMDs. Observed SPMD uptake was also compared to that predicted by an empirical model including the use of performance reference compounds (PRCs). Predicted sampling rates did not differ by more than a factor of 1.3 from experimental values for PAH, providing further evidence that the PRC approach can be successfully used to determine in situ sampling rates for these compounds. Experimental sampling rates for AP in SPMDs were, however, much lower than predicted. This discrepancy was too large to be explained by small uncertainties in the calibration system or in the calculations. Based on these data we conclude that while hydrophobic AP are accumulated by SPMDs their partitioning cannot be predicted from their log K ow using current methods. Due to this lower than expected uptake, sampling rates were only higher in SPMDs than POCIS in the range of log K ow > 5.0. Simultaneous deployment of both sampler types allows the study of compounds with a broad range of physicochemical properties.
-
uptake of some selected aquatic pollutants in Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds and the polar organic chemical integrative sampler pocis
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2008Co-Authors: Christopher Harman, Olav Boyum, Knut Erik Tollefsen, Kevin V Thomas, Merete GrungAbstract:The uptake characteristics of Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCISs) were examined for mono, di and tributyltin, triphenyltin, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, PCBs 77 and 153, PBDE 47, lindane, triclosan and DDT. Exposure in a flow through system continued for 28 days with samplers removed every 7 days in order to study the relevant uptake kinetics. Uptake remained linear for POCISs with sampling rates (Rs) of up to 0.2 L d−1. For SPMDs uptake varied from linear to approaching equilibrium with Rs values of up to 14 L d−1. 7 out of 9 results for SPMDs could be explained by an empirical model (nonylphenol and lindane were exceptions). None of the four organo-tin compounds studied were detected in POCISs and only tributyltin was accumulated significantly by SPMDs. The establishment of these sampling rates allows the calculation of time weighted water concentrations for several important contaminants. Using presented methods, sampling rates and exposure conditions, theoretical detection limits for selected compounds by SPMDs were between 11–68 pg L−1, which is well below the environment quality standard proposed for those compounds that are included in the European Water Framework Directive.
Kees Booij - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Little effect of excessive biofouling on the uptake of organic contaminants by Semipermeable Membrane devices.
Chemosphere, 2006Co-Authors: Kees Booij, Ronald Van Bommel, Anchélique Mets, Rob DekkerAbstract:Abstract The effects of water flow rate and antifouling agents on the extent of biofouling and on the uptake of non-polar organic contaminants by Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) were studied during four field experiments in the Western Wadden Sea. Biofouling densities on the sampler surface ranged from 0.3 to 16 g dry weight dm −2 . Water sampling rates were estimated from the dissipation rates of performance reference compounds (PRCs). The antifouling agents Irgarol and capsaicin (33 mg per ml triolein) had no noticeable effect on the extent of fouling, and caused only a 5–10% increase in the absorbed amounts. Enhanced flow rates had only a minimal effect on the amount of biofouling, but caused the water sampling rates to increase by a factor of 1.2–2. Increases in PRC-derived sampling rates were reflected by increases in the absorbed amounts for compounds that were in the linear uptake stage of the sampling process. The results imply (1) that extreme biofouling does not always result in reduced sampling rates, (2) that extreme biofouling does not preclude the existence of flow effects on the sampling rates, and (3) that differences in uptake rates are quantitatively reflected by the dissipation rates of PRCs.
-
environmental monitoring of hydrophobic organic contaminants the case of mussels versus Semipermeable Membrane devices
Environmental Science & Technology, 2006Co-Authors: Kees Booij, Foppe Smedes, Evaline M Van Weerlee, Pieter J C HonkoopAbstract:Concentrations of hydrophobic chemicals in mussels and Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) from nine studies published over the past decade, amended with new data obtained in the Scheldt−North Sea area, were assessed to understand the similarities and differences between these sampling matrixes. A model was developed to describe the concentration ratios, using literature values of elimination rate constants and steady-state accumulation factors of both samplers as key parameters. The model could successfully describe the results of seven studies. Differences in concentration ratios among these studies were related to the variability of mussel bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and water sampling rates of SPMDs. For two studies, the model could only describe the data by adopting unrealistically high water sampling rates, and for one study there were not enough data to test the model. We argue that SPMDs will generally yield more reliable estimates of exposure concentrations than mussels, because in situ BAF...
-
assessment of bioavailable pah pcb and ocp concentrations in water using Semipermeable Membrane devices spmds sediments and caged carp
Chemosphere, 2004Co-Authors: Frank Verweij, Kees Booij, Karel Satumalay, Natascha Van Der Molen, Ron Van Der OostAbstract:Bioavailable water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were assessed at several freshwater sites in and around the city of Amsterdam. Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were caged for 4 weeks at 10 sites, together with Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs). In addition, sediment samples were taken at each site. SPMDs and sediments were analysed for PAHs, PCBs and OCPs. Carp muscle tissues were analysed for PCBs and OCP, while PAH metabolites were assessed in fish bile. Contaminant concentrations in the water phase were estimated using three different methods: 1. Using fish tissue concentrations and literature bioconcentration factors (BCFs), 2. Using SPMD levels and a kinetic SPMD uptake model, and 3. Using sediment levels and literature sorption coefficients (Kocs). Since PAH accumulation in fish is not considered an accurate indicator of PAH exposure, calculated aqueous PAH concentrations from SPMD data were compared with semiquantitatively determined biliary PAH metabolite levels. Contaminant concentrations in the water phase estimated with fish data (Cwfish) and SPMD data (Cwspmd) were more in line for compounds with lower Kow than for compounds with higher Kow values. This indicates that the assumption of fish–water sorption equilibrium was not valid. At most sites, sediment-based water levels (Cwsed) were comparable with the Cwspmd, although large differences were observed at certain sites. A significant correlation was observed between biliary PAH metabolite levels in fish and aqueous PAH concentrations estimated with SPMD data, suggesting that both methods may be accurate indicators of PAH exposure in aquatic ecosystems.
-
temperature dependent uptake rates of nonpolar organic compounds by Semipermeable Membrane devices and low density polyethylene Membranes
Environmental Science & Technology, 2003Co-Authors: Kees Booij, Hanne E Hofmans, Coen V Fischer, Evaline M Van WeerleeAbstract:The effect of temperature on sampling rates and sampler−water partition coefficients of Semipermeable Membrane devices (SPMDs) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) strips was studied in an experimental setup under controlled flow conditions. Aqueous concentrations of chlorobenzenes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were maintained by continuous circulation of the water over a generator column. Sampling rates for standard design SPMDs (460 cm2) were in the range of 20−200 L d-1. No significant differences were observed between sampling rates of SPMDs and LDPE strips, but the latter samplers reached equilibrium faster because of their smaller sorption capacity. Sampling rates at 30 °C were higher than at 2 °C by a factor of about 3. Sampling rate modeling indicated boundary layer-controlled uptake for compounds with log octanol−water partition coefficients smaller than 4.4 and aqueous boundary-layer controlled uptake for more hydrophobic compounds. SPMD−water partition c...
-
spiking of performance reference compounds in low density polyethylene and silicone passive water samplers
Chemosphere, 2002Co-Authors: Kees Booij, Foppe Smedes, Evaline M Van WeerleeAbstract:A method for spiking performance reference compounds (PRCs) into low density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone polymers is described. This method is based on equilibration of the polymers in aqueous/methanolic solutions of PRCs. Equilibration times range from minutes to hours for perdeuterated polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with a hydrophobicity in the range 3.9
