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Sophie Molholm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessing the integrity of auditory processing and Sensory Memory in adults with cystinosis (CTNS gene mutations).
Orphanet journal of rare diseases, 2021Co-Authors: Ana A Francisco, Sophie Molholm, Alaina S Berruti, Frederick J Kaskel, John J FoxeAbstract:Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within tissues and organs, including the kidneys and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs, but therapeutic advances have led to substantially increased life expectancy, necessitating deeper understanding of its impact on neurocognitive function in adulthood. We previously demonstrated intact auditory Sensory processing, accompanied by mild Sensory Memory difficulties, in children and adolescents with cystinosis. We investigated whether further progressive decrements in these processes would be observed in adults with cystinosis, comparing high-density auditory-evoked potential (AEP) recordings from adults with cystinosis (N = 15; ages: 19-38 years) to those of age-matched controls (N = 17). We employed a duration oddball paradigm with different stimulation rates, in which participants passively listened to regularly occurring standard tones interspersed with infrequently occurring deviant tones. Analyses focused on AEP components reflecting auditory Sensory-perceptual processing (N1 and P2), Sensory Memory (mismatch negativity, MMN), and attentional orienting (P3a). Overall, adults with cystinosis produced highly similar Sensory-perceptual AEP responses to those observed in controls suggesting intact early auditory cortical processing. However, significantly increased P2 and P3a amplitudes and reduced MMN at slower stimulation rates were observed, suggesting mild-to-moderate changes in auditory Sensory Memory and attentional processing. While cognitive testing revealed lower scores on verbal IQ and perceptual reasoning in cystinosis, these did not correlate with the AEP measures. These neurophysiological data point to the emergence of subtle auditory processing deficits in early adulthood in cystinosis, warranting further investigation of Memory and attentional processes in this population, and of their consequences for perceptual and cognitive function.
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Assessing the integrity of auditory processing and Sensory Memory in adults with cystinosis (CTNS gene mutations)
2021Co-Authors: Sophie Molholm, Ana A Francisco, Alaina S Berruti, Frederick J Kaskel, John J FoxeAbstract:Abstract Background Cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disease, is characterized by cystine crystallization and accumulation within tissues and organs, including the kidneys and brain. Its impact on neural function appears mild relative to its effects on other organs, but therapeutic advances have led to substantially increased life expectancy, necessitating deeper understanding of its impact on neurocognitive function in adulthood. We previously demonstrated intact auditory Sensory processing, accompanied by mild Sensory Memory difficulties, in children and adolescents with cystinosis. Methods We investigated whether further progressive decrements in these processes would be observed in adults with cystinosis, comparing high-density auditory-evoked potential (AEP) recordings from adults with cystinosis (N = 15; ages: 19–38 years) to those of age-matched controls (N = 17). We employed a duration oddball paradigm with different stimulation rates, in which participants passively listened to regularly occurring standard tones interspersed with infrequently occurring deviant tones. Analyses focused on AEP components reflecting auditory Sensory-perceptual processing (N1 and P2), Sensory Memory (mismatch negativity, MMN), and attentional orienting (P3a). Results Overall, adults with cystinosis produced highly similar Sensory-perceptual AEP responses to those observed in controls suggesting intact early auditory cortical processing. However, significantly increased P2 and P3a amplitudes and reduced MMN at slower stimulation rates were observed, suggesting mild-to-moderate changes in auditory Sensory Memory and attentional processing. While cognitive testing revealed lower scores on verbal IQ and perceptual reasoning in cystinosis, these did not correlate with the AEP measures. Conclusions These neurophysiological data point to the emergence of subtle auditory processing deficits in early adulthood in cystinosis, warranting further investigation of Memory and attentional processes in this population, and of their consequences for perceptual and cognitive function.
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Impaired auditory Sensory Memory in Cystinosis despite typical Sensory processing: A high-density electrical mapping study of the mismatch negativity (MMN)
NeuroImage. Clinical, 2020Co-Authors: Sophie Molholm, Ana A Francisco, John J Foxe, Douwe J. HorsthuisAbstract:Abstract Cystinosis, a genetic rare disease characterized by cystine accumulation and crystallization, results in significant damage in a multitude of tissues and organs, such as the kidney, thyroid, eye, and brain. While Cystinosis’ impact on brain function is relatively mild compared to its effects on other organs, the increased lifespan of this population and thus potential for productive societal contributions have led to increased interest on the effects on brain function. Nevertheless, and despite some evidence of structural brain differences, the neural impact of the mutation is still not well characterized. Here, using a passive duration oddball paradigm (with different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), representing different levels of demand on Memory) and high-density electrophysiology, we tested basic auditory processing in a group of 22 children and adolescents diagnosed with Cystinosis (age range: 6-17 years old) and in neurotypical age-matched controls (N = 24). We examined whether the N1 and mismatch negativity (MMN) significantly differed between the groups and if those neural measures correlated with verbal and non-verbal IQ. Individuals diagnosed with Cystinosis presented similar N1 responses to their age-matched peers, indicating typical basic auditory processing in this population. However, whereas both groups showed similar MMN responses for the shortest (450 ms) SOA, suggesting intact change detection and Sensory Memory, individuals diagnosed with Cystinosis presented clearly reduced responses for the longer (900 ms and 1800 ms) SOAs. This could indicate reduced duration auditory Sensory Memory traces, and thus Sensory Memory impairment, in children and adolescents diagnosed with Cystinosis. Future work addressing other aspects of Sensory and working Memory is needed to understand the underlying bases of the differences described here, and their implication for higher order processing.
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Electrophysiological evidence for impaired auditory Sensory Memory in Cystinosis despite typical Sensory processing: An MMN investigation
2019Co-Authors: Sophie Molholm, Ana A Francisco, John J Foxe, Douwe J. HorsthuisAbstract:Abstract Cystinosis, a genetic rare disease characterized by cystine accumulation and crystallization, results in significant damage in a multitude of tissues and organs, such as the kidney, thyroid, eye, and brain. While Cystinosis’ impact on brain function is relatively mild compared to its effects on other organs, the increased lifespan of this population and thus potential for productive societal contributions have led to increased interest on the effects on brain function. Nevertheless, and despite some evidence of structural brain differences, the neural impact of the mutation is still not well characterized. Here, using a passive duration oddball paradigm (with different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), representing different levels of demand on Memory) and high-density electrophysiology, we tested basic auditory processing in a group of 22 children and adolescents diagnosed with Cystinosis (age range: 6-17 years old) and in neurotypical age-matched controls (N=24). We examined whether the N1 and mismatch negativity (MMN) significantly differed between the groups and if those neural measures correlated with verbal and non-verbal IQ. Individuals diagnosed with Cystinosis presented similar N1 responses to their age-matched peers, indicating typical basic auditory processing in this population. However, whereas both groups showed similar MMN responses for the shortest (450ms) SOA, suggesting intact change detection and Sensory Memory, individuals diagnosed with Cystinosis presented clearly reduced responses for the longer (900ms and 1800ms) SOAs. This could indicate reduced duration auditory Sensory Memory traces, and thus Sensory Memory impairment, in children and adolescents diagnosed with Cystinosis. Future work addressing other aspects of Sensory and working Memory is needed to understand the underlying bases of the differences described here, and their implication for higher order processing.
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auditory Sensory Memory span for duration is severely curtailed in females with rett syndrome
Translational Psychiatry, 2019Co-Authors: Tufikameni Brima, Sophie Molholm, Ciara J Molloy, Olga V Sysoeva, Eric Nicholas, Aleksandra Djukic, Edward G FreedmanAbstract:Rett syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene, is typified by profound cognitive impairment and severe language impairment, rendering it very difficult to accurately measure auditory processing capabilities behaviorally in this population. Here we leverage the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the event-related potential to measure the ability of RTT patients to decode and store occasional duration deviations in a stream of auditory stimuli. Sensory Memory for duration, crucial for speech comprehension, has not been studied in RTT. High-density electroencephalography was successfully recorded in 18 females with RTT and 27 age-matched typically developing (TD) controls (aged 6–22 years). Data from seven RTT and three TD participants were excluded for excessive noise. Stimuli were 1 kHz tones with a standard duration of 100 ms and deviant duration of 180 ms. To assess the sustainability of Sensory Memory, stimulus presentation rate was varied with stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 450, 900, and 1800 ms. MMNs with maximum negativity over fronto-central scalp and a latency of 220–230 ms were clearly evident for each presentation rate in the TD group, but only for the shortest SOA in the RTT group. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant group by SOA interaction. MMN amplitude correlated with age in the TD group only. MMN amplitude was not correlated with the Rett Syndrome Severity Scale. This study indicates that while RTT patients can decode deviations in auditory duration, the span of this Sensory Memory system is severely foreshortened, with likely implications for speech decoding abilities.
Carlos M. Gómez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Decay time of the auditory Sensory Memory trace during wakefulness and REM sleep
Psychophysiology, 2000Co-Authors: Mercedes Atienza, Jose L. Cantero, Carlos M. GómezAbstract:In a repetitive auditory stimulus sequence, deviant infrequent tones typically elicit a component of auditory event-related potentials termed mismatch negativity (MMN). The elicitation of MMN is assumed to reflect the existence of a Memory trace of the standard stimulus that has a decay time of about 10 s and is strengthened by repetition of the standards. The main aim of the present study was to test the decay time of the Sensory Memory trace during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep vs. wakefulness, as indexed by the MMN. Subjects were presented 10 tone trains, separated by 3, 6, or 9 s of silence, during waking and REM sleep. Each train consisted of 9 standards of 1000 Hz and 1 deviant of 2000 Hz that occurred at position 1, 2, 4, or 6. The waking deviants elicited a frontocentral negativity with a scalp topography equivalent to the MMN component. During REM sleep, the negative component showed the same scalp distribution only for the 3-s intertrain interval (ITI). In this brain state, the MMN amplitude was smaller and decreased with prolongation of the ITI. These results suggest a weaker Sensory Memory trace formation and a premature decay time of such a Memory trace during REM sleep as compared with wakefulness.
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The mismatch negativity component reveals the Sensory Memory during REM sleep in humans
Neuroscience letters, 1997Co-Authors: Mercedes Atienza, Jose L. Cantero, Carlos M. GómezAbstract:Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded during presentation of stimuli of 1000 Hz (standard) and 2000 Hz (deviant) in trains of 10 tone bursts (one deviant per train) in the wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep states. The constant inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was 600 ms and the trains were separated by 3 s of silence. The deviant tone occurring at the train start elicited a mismatch negativity component (MMN) in both arousal states, displaying a peak latency between 100 and 150 ms post-stimulation at fronto-central areas. These results suggest the existence of an auditory Memory trace (Sensory Memory) surviving for at least 3 s during REM sleep.
Alexander Pastukhov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Shape specificity of neural persistence for the kinetic-depth effect matches perceptual adaptation but not Sensory Memory.
Attention perception & psychophysics, 2020Co-Authors: Alexander Pastukhov, Kristina Burkel, Claus-christian CarbonAbstract:When multistable displays-stimuli that are compatible with several comparably likely perceptual interpretations-are presented intermittently, the perceptual state at the stimulus onset shows a complex dependence on the duration of the preceding blank interval. Specifically, perception is maximally destabilized for interruptions that are approximately 500 ms long, but it is stabilized by the use of shorter or longer blank intervals. This nonmonotonic dependence of perceptual stability on the blank interval duration raises questions about a number of history effects that are involved and about their nature, including the underlying neural representations. One way to characterize history effects is by looking at their specificity to the change of display properties. Here we measured the shape specificity for perception of the kinetic-depth effect when interruptions were brief (50 ms). For this time interval, perception is thought to be stabilized by neural persistence, a lingering trace of the prior neural activity. We found that perceptual stability depended on the shapes of the objects presented both before and after the break, but not on the similarity between the objects. These results matched earlier reports of the shape specificity of neural adaptation (destabilizing aftereffect for blanks 200-800 ms long). However, our results were markedly different from the shape specificity of Sensory Memory of multistable perception (a stabilizing effect for blanks > 800-1,000 ms). We concluded that whereas neural persistence and adaptation both act on the same motion-selective neural representation, Sensory Memory depends on another, possibly partially overlapping, shape-selective neural ensemble.
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perception and the strongest Sensory Memory trace of multi stable displays both form shortly after the stimulus onset
Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 2016Co-Authors: Alexander PastukhovAbstract:We investigated the relation between perception and Sensory Memory of multi-stable structure-from-motion displays. The latter is an implicit visual Memory that reflects a recent history of perceptual dominance and influences only the initial perception of multi-stable displays. First, we established the earliest time point when the direction of an illusory rotation can be reversed after the display onset (29–114 ms). Because our display manipulation did not bias perception towards a specific direction of illusory rotation but only signaled the change in motion, this means that the perceptual dominance was established no later than 29–114 ms after the stimulus onset. Second, we used orientation-selectivity of Sensory Memory to establish which display orientation produced the strongest Memory trace and when this orientation was presented during the preceding prime interval (80–140 ms). Surprisingly, both estimates point towards the time interval immediately after the display onset, indicating that both perception and Sensory Memory form at approximately the same time. This suggests a tighter integration between perception and Sensory Memory than previously thought, warrants a reconsideration of its role in visual perception, and indicates that Sensory Memory could be a unique behavioral correlate of the earlier perceptual inference that can be studied post hoc.
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Sensory Memory of illusory depth in structure-from-motion
Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 2014Co-Authors: Alexander Pastukhov, Jana Füllekrug, Anna Lissner, Jochen BraunAbstract:When multistable displays (stimuli consistent with two or more equally plausible perceptual interpretations) are presented intermittently, their perceptions are stabilized by Sensory Memory. Independent Memory traces are generated not only for different types of multistable displays (Maier, Wilke, Logothetis, & Leopold, Current Biology 13:1076–1085, 2003 ), but also for different ambiguous features of binocular rivalry (Pearson & Clifford, Journal of Vision 4:196–202, 2004 ). In the present study, we examined whether a similar independence of Sensory memories is observed in structure-from-motion (SFM), a multistable display with two ambiguous properties. In SFM, a 2-D planar motion creates a vivid impression of a rotating 3-D volume. Both the illusory rotation and illusory depth (i.e., how close parts of an object appear to the observer) of an SFM object are ambiguous. We dissociated the Sensory memories of these two ambiguous properties by using an intermittent presentation in combination with a forced-ambiguous-switch paradigm (Pastukhov, Vonau, & Braun, PLoS ONE 7:e37734, 2012 ). We demonstrated that the illusory depth of SFM generates a Sensory Memory trace that is independent from that of illusory rotation. Despite this independence, the specificities levels of the Sensory memories were identical for illusory depth and illusory rotation. The history effect was weakened by a change in the volumetric property of a shape (whether it was a hollow band or a filled drum volume), but not by changes in color or size. We discuss how these new results constrain models of Sensory Memory and SFM processing.
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Sensory Memory of structure-from-motion is shape-specific
Attention perception & psychophysics, 2013Co-Authors: Alexander Pastukhov, Jana Füllekrug, Jochen BraunAbstract:Perceptual priming can stabilize the phenomenal appearance of multistable visual displays (Leopold, Wilke, Maier, & Logothetis, Nature Neuroscience, 5, 605–609, 2002). Prior exposure to such displays induces a Sensory Memory of their appearance, which persists over long intervals and intervening stimulation, and which facilitates renewed perception of the same appearance. Here, we investigated perceptual priming for the apparent rotation in depth of ambiguous structure-from-motion (SFM) displays. Specifically, we generated SFM objects with different three-dimensional shapes and presented them in random order and with intervening blank periods. To assess perceptual priming, we established the probability that a perceived direction of rotation would persist between successive objects. In general, persistence was greatest between identical objects, intermediate between similar objects, and negligible between dissimilar objects. These results demonstrate unequivocally that Sensory Memory for apparent rotation is specific to three-dimensional shape, contrary to previous reports (e.g., Maier, Wilke, Logothetis, & Leopold, Current Biology, 13, 1076–1085, 2003). Because persistence did not depend on presentation order for any pair of objects, it provides a commutative measure for the similarity of object shapes. However, it is not clear exactly which features or aspects of object shape determine similarity. At least, we did not find simple, low-level features (such as volume overlap, heterogeneity, or rotational symmetry) that could have accounted for all observations. Accordingly, it seems that Sensory Memory of SFM (which underlies priming of ambiguous rotation) engages higher-level representations of object surface and shape.
Mercedes Atienza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Decay time of the auditory Sensory Memory trace during wakefulness and REM sleep
Psychophysiology, 2000Co-Authors: Mercedes Atienza, Jose L. Cantero, Carlos M. GómezAbstract:In a repetitive auditory stimulus sequence, deviant infrequent tones typically elicit a component of auditory event-related potentials termed mismatch negativity (MMN). The elicitation of MMN is assumed to reflect the existence of a Memory trace of the standard stimulus that has a decay time of about 10 s and is strengthened by repetition of the standards. The main aim of the present study was to test the decay time of the Sensory Memory trace during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep vs. wakefulness, as indexed by the MMN. Subjects were presented 10 tone trains, separated by 3, 6, or 9 s of silence, during waking and REM sleep. Each train consisted of 9 standards of 1000 Hz and 1 deviant of 2000 Hz that occurred at position 1, 2, 4, or 6. The waking deviants elicited a frontocentral negativity with a scalp topography equivalent to the MMN component. During REM sleep, the negative component showed the same scalp distribution only for the 3-s intertrain interval (ITI). In this brain state, the MMN amplitude was smaller and decreased with prolongation of the ITI. These results suggest a weaker Sensory Memory trace formation and a premature decay time of such a Memory trace during REM sleep as compared with wakefulness.
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The mismatch negativity component reveals the Sensory Memory during REM sleep in humans
Neuroscience letters, 1997Co-Authors: Mercedes Atienza, Jose L. Cantero, Carlos M. GómezAbstract:Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded during presentation of stimuli of 1000 Hz (standard) and 2000 Hz (deviant) in trains of 10 tone bursts (one deviant per train) in the wake and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep states. The constant inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was 600 ms and the trains were separated by 3 s of silence. The deviant tone occurring at the train start elicited a mismatch negativity component (MMN) in both arousal states, displaying a peak latency between 100 and 150 ms post-stimulation at fronto-central areas. These results suggest the existence of an auditory Memory trace (Sensory Memory) surviving for at least 3 s during REM sleep.
Risto Näätänen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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separate neural processing of timbre dimensions in auditory Sensory Memory
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2006Co-Authors: Anne Caclin, Marie-hélène Giard, Mari Tervaniemi, Risto Näätänen, Dominique Morlet, Elvira Brattico, Stephen McadamsAbstract:Timbre is a multidimensional perceptual attribute of complex tones that characterizes the identity of a sound source. Our study explores the representation in auditory Sensory Memory of three timbre dimensions (acoustically related to attack time, spectral centroid, and spectrum fine structure), using the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory event-related potential. MMN is elicited by a discriminable change in a sound sequence and reflects the detection of the discrepancy between the current stimulus and traces in auditory Sensory Memory. The stimuli used in the present study were carefully controlled synthetic tones. MMNs were recorded after changes along each of the three timbre dimensions and their combinations. Additivity of unidimensional MMNs and dipole modeling results suggest partially separate MMN generators for different timbre dimensions, reflecting their mainly separate processing in auditory Sensory Memory. The results expand to timbre dimensions a property of separation of the representation in Sensory Memory that has already been reported between basic perceptual attributes (pitch, loudness, duration, and location) of sound sources.
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Simultaneous storage of two complex temporal sound patterns in auditory Sensory Memory.
Neuroreport, 2002Co-Authors: Elvira Brattico, Petri Paavilainen, Risto Näätänen, István Winkler, Mari TervaniemiAbstract:We wished to determine whether multiple sound patterns can be simultaneously represented in the temporary auditory buffer (auditory Sensory Memory), when subjects have no task related to the sounds. To this end we used the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential, an electric brain response elicited when a frequent sound is infrequently replaced by a different sound. The MMN response is based on the presence of the auditory Sensory Memory trace of the frequent sounds, which exists whether or not these sounds are in the focus of the subject's attention. Subjects watching a movie were presented with sound sequences consisting of two frequent sound patterns, each formed of four different tones and an infrequent pattern consisting of the first two tones of one of the frequent sound pattern and the last two tones of the other frequent sound pattern. The infrequent sound pattern elicited an MMN, indicating that multiple sound patterns are formed at an early, largely automatic stage of auditory processing.
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The auditory Sensory Memory trace decays rapidlyin newborns
Scandinavian journal of psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Kimmo Alho, Marie Cheour, Rita Čėponiené, Paavo H.t. Leppänen, Teija Kujala, Martin Renlund, Vineta Fellman, Risto NäätänenAbstract:The present study investigated the temporal dynamics of auditory Sensory Memory in newborns as reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN), a preattentive electric change-detection response. MMN was obtained from 24 full-term healthy newborns who were either awake or asleep (quiet or active sleep) during the experiments. Stimuli were 1,000 Hz tones (standards) that were occasionally replaced by 1,100 Hz tones (deviants). The constant stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was, in separate blocks, either 450, 800, or 1,500 ms. A prominent MMN was obtained at the 800 ms SOA in all three sleep or waking states, whereas no MMN occurred at 450 and 1,500 ms SOAs. In view of the fact that in adults MMN is elicited even with a 10s SOA, these results imply that the time span of auditory Memory is considerably shorter in neonates than in adults and 8-12-year-old children.
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Mismatch negativity (MMN) as an index of auditory Sensory Memory deficit in cleft-palate and CATCH syndrome children.
Neuroreport, 1998Co-Authors: Marie Cheour, Marja-leena Haapanen, Rita Ceponiene, Jyri Hukki, Reijo Ranta, Risto NäätänenAbstract:Our recent study demonstrated with the brain's automatic change-detection response, the mismatch negativity (MMN) of the event-related potentials (ERPs), that the duration of auditory Sensory Memory is significantly shorter in school-age children with CATCH syndrome than in healthy age-matched controls. One of the characteristic symptoms of this syndrome, caused by a microdelection in chromosome 22, is cleft palate. The most common problems in these children, however, are learning difficulties and, according to our results, it is likely that these problems are not due to the dysmorphology of peripheral speech mechanisms only but are also caused by CNS dysfunctions. In the present study we show with MMN that auditory Sensory Memory is also shortened in school-age children with cleft palate but without the CATCH syndrome. It has been shown in previous studies with neuropsychological tests that although children with cleft palate have language and learning-related problems these difficulties are usually less severe than those of CATCH children. Likewise the present study demonstrates that the auditory Sensory Memory trace seems to decay more rapidly in CATCH children than in children with cleft palate.
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Separate Representation of Stimulus Frequency, Intensity, and Duration in Auditory Sensory Memory: An Event-Related Potential and Dipole-Model Analysis
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1995Co-Authors: M. H. Giard, K. Reinikainen, J. Lavikahen, F. Perrin, O. Bertrand, J. Pernier, Risto NäätänenAbstract:The present study analyzed the neural correlates of acoustic stimulus representation in echoic Sensory Memory. The neural traces of auditory Sensory Memory were indirectly studied by using the mismatch negativity (MMN), an event-related potential component elicited by a change in a repetitive sound. The MMN is assumed to reflect change detection in a comparison process between the Sensory input from a deviant stimulus and the neural representation of repetitive stimuli in echoic Memory. The scalp topographies of the MMNs elicited by pure tones deviating from standard tones by either frequency, intensity, or duration varied according to the type of stimulus deviance, indicating that the MMNs for different attributes originate, at least in part, from distinct neural populations in the auditory cortex. This result was supported by dipole-model analysis. If the MMN generator process occurs where the stimulus information is stored, these findings strongly suggest that the frequency, intensity, and duration of acoustic stimuli have a separate neural representation in Sensory Memory.
