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Jimmy Saunders - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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differences in the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations of the distal Sesamoid Bone in the horse as evaluated by computed tomography compared with radiography
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Sarah Claerhoudt, Hendrikjan Bergman, H Van Der Veen, Luc Duchateau, Els Raes, Jimmy SaundersAbstract:Reasons for performing study: Distal border synovial invaginations of the distal Sesamoid Bone are radiographically assessed during the selection process of horses admitted as breeding stallions or in purchase examinations. Nowadays, many moderately or some deeply penetrating proximally enlarged synovial invaginations are considered as moderate or severe radiographic findings. Objective: To measure the difference between and agreement of the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations on radiography vs. computed tomography (CT). It was hypothesised that the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations would be better evaluable on CT compared with radiography. Methods: Computed tomography scans and 3 dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (DPr-PaDiO) radiographs were obtained on 50 cadaver forefeet from 25 Warmblood horses. Computed tomography was assumed to be the gold standard. The number, shape and depth of penetration of distal border synovial invaginations into the distal Sesamoid Bone were evaluated with both methods, and the comparison of their measurements was statistically described. Results: A statistically significant mean difference for number of distal synovial invaginations between CT and all 3 DPr-PaDiO projections was found and was approximately equal to 2, meaning that CT permits visualisation of an average of 2 more invaginations than radiography. In none of the cases did radiography have a higher number observed than CT. A large variation in the difference of measurements for depth of penetration against their mean difference between CT and the 3 radiographic projections was seen. Radiography underestimated the depth of invaginations, and more so when these were deeper. There was no statistically significant mean difference found between the techniques for depth. A moderate to good agreement between measurements on CT and the three DPr-PaDiO projections for shape was seen, in which the D55°Pr-PaDiO projection showed the best agreement. A high specificity (90-99%) and low sensitivity (65%) for all projections for shape were found. Conclusions and potential relevance: Radiography differs considerably from CT concerning the morphology of distal navicular border synovial invaginations. For the evaluation of the number, depth and shape of distal synovial invaginations in the distal Sesamoid Bone, radiography shows only partially the morphology seen on CT.
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morphology of distal border synovial invaginations of the equine distal Sesamoid Bone comparison between computed tomography and a hoof specific radiographic projection
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2012Co-Authors: Sarah Claerhoudt, H Van Der Veen, Luc Duchateau, Els Raes, Katrien Vanderperren, Hendrik Bergman, Jimmy SaundersAbstract:Objectives: To compare the difference and agreement of the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations on a dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (DPr-PaDiO) projection with hoof-specific angle versus computed tomography. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) images and a DPr-PaDiO radiographic projection with hoof-specific angle were obtained on 50 cadaveric forefeet from 25 Warmblood horses. Computed tomography was assumed to be the gold standard. The number, shape and depth of penetration of distal border synovial invaginations into the distal Sesamoid Bone were evaluated with both methods, and the comparison of their measurements was statistically described. Results: Significantly more invaginations were seen on CT compared to radiography, with an observed average difference of 1.2. In none of the cases did radiography have a higher number than that observed with CT. No statistically significant difference for depth between CT and the DPr-PaDiO projection was seen, however, there was quite a large variation of the actual difference of measurements against their mean found. Radiography was underestimated when high mean values applied. The agreement between both modalities for shape was moderate to good. A very high specificity of the specific DPr-PaDiO projection for shape was found (97%). Clinical significance: The radiographic projection with hoof-specific angle differs significantly from CT concerning the number and depth of the distal border synovial invaginations. Therefore, this specific view may not be considered useful in the evaluation of these invaginations.
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computed tomographic morphology of the synovial invaginations of the distal Sesamoid Bone of the horse
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2011Co-Authors: Sarah Claerhoudt, H Van Der Veen, Els Raes, Erik H J Bergman, Katrien Vanderperren, Jimmy SaundersAbstract:The morphological features of the distal border synovial invaginations (SI) of the distal Sesamoid Bone (DSB) in horses were described by the use of computed tomography (CT). Transverse CT images were obtained on 50 cadaver forefeet from 25 Warmblood horses. Dorsal and sagittal planes were reformatted. The CT images allowed the evaluation of the number, shape, depth of penetration and direction of the SI into the Bone. The total number of SI was 295 (mean 5.9). The number of invaginations in a particular DSB ranged from 3 (n = 3), 4 (n = 6), 5 (n = 11), 6 (n = 12), 7 (n = 13), 8 (n = 3), 9 (n = 1) to 11 (n = 1). The shape of the SI was 'conical' (n = 118), 'linear' (n = 109), 'lollipop' (n = 38) or 'branched' (n = 30). Penetration of the SI into the DSB was 'mild' in 195 cases, 'moderate' in 67 cases and 'deep' in 33 cases. The SI ran in a 'straight', 'dorsoproximal' and 'palmaroproximal' direction in 187, 28 and 80 cases, respectively. In only six DSBs, all SI ran in the same direction. The images obtained in this study may serve as reference for the radiographic evaluation of these SI.
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comminuted fracture of the distal Sesamoid Bone and distal rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon
Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 2005Co-Authors: Michel Hoegaerts, Frederik Pille, Tom De Clercq, Ian C Fulton, Jimmy SaundersAbstract:A 10-year-old show jumper was evaluated for an acute severe lameness (grade 4 of 5) of the right foreleg. During weight bearing, the toe of the affected limb rotated dorsally suggesting rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). Upon radiographic examination of the hoof, a severe erosion at the flexor surface and a parasagittal fracture of the distal Sesamoid Bone were found. Ultrasonographic examination confirmed rupture of the DDFT. These findings were confirmed on post-mortem examination. Prior to the acute lameness, the horse was treated with corticosteroid injections into the podotrochlear bursa. Repeated intra-bursal injections of corticosteroids as a possible cause for DDFT rupture are discussed as well as the possible association between a degenerative distal Sesamoid Bone, a distal Sesamoid Bone fracture and a DDFT rupture.
Susan M Stover - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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subchondral focal osteopenia associated with proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture in thoroughbred racehorses
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Sarah K Shaffer, Tanya C Garcia, David P Fyhrie, Francisco A Uzal, Susan M StoverAbstract:BACKGROUND Proximal Sesamoid Bone (PSB) fracture is the most common fatal injury in Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses in the United States. Epidemiological and pathological evidence indicates PSB fracture is likely the acute culmination of a chronic stress-related process. However, the aetiopathogenesis of PSB fracture is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To characterise Bone abnormalities that precede PSB fracture. STUDY DESIGN Two retrospective case-control groups of PSBs from TB racehorses with, and without, unilateral biaxial PSB fracture. METHODS Proximal Sesamoid Bones were harvested post-mortem from TB racehorses subjected to euthanasia for unilateral biaxial PSB fracture (cases) or causes unrelated to PSB fracture (controls) while racing or training. The fractured medial PSB (FX-PSB) and contralateral intact medial PSB (CLI-PSB) from racehorses that sustained PSB fracture, and an intact medial PSB (CTRL-PSB) from racehorses that did not have a PSB fracture were collected as case and control specimens. Study 1 distributions of morphological features were compared among case and control groups using visual examination, photographs, radiographs and histology of whole PSBs and serial sagittal sections (10 FX-PSB, 10 CLI-PSB and 10 CTRL-PSB). Study 2 local Bone volume fraction and mineral densities were compared among case and control PSBs using microcomputed tomography (9 FX-PSB, 9 CLI-PSB and 9 CTRL-PSB). RESULTS A focal subchondral lesion characterised by colocalised focal discoloration, radiolucency, osteopenia, low tissue mineral density and a surrounding region of dense cancellous Bone was identified in most case horses but not in controls. This subchondral lesion was found in a slightly abaxial mid-body location and was bilaterally present in most case horses. MAIN LIMITATIONS The post-mortem samples may not represent the spectrum of abnormalities that occur throughout the development of the subchondral lesion. Lateral PSBs were not examined, so their contribution to biaxial PSB fracture pathogenesis is unknown. CONCLUSION Abaxial subchondral lesions are consistent with pre-existing injury and likely associated with PSB fracture.
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risk factors for proximal Sesamoid Bone fractures associated with exercise history and horseshoe characteristics in thoroughbred racehorses
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2007Co-Authors: Lucy A Anthenill, Susan M Stover, Ian A Gardner, Ashley E HillAbstract:Objective—To assess individual and combined associations of high-speed exercise and horseshoe characteristics with risk of forelimb proximal Sesamoid Bone fractures and proximal Sesamoid Bone midbody fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses. Animals—269 deceased Thoroughbred racehorses. Procedures—A case-control study design was used to compare 121 horses with a fracture of at least 1 of 4 forelimb proximal Sesamoid Bones (75 horses had a midbody fracture) and 148 horses without a forelimb proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate potential risk factors for association with proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture. Results—Compared with horses that died without proximal Sesamoid Bone fractures, horses that died with proximal Sesamoid Bone fractures were more likely to be sexually intact males, spend more time in active trainingand racing, complete more events, train and race longer since their last layup, have higher exercise intensities during th...
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a biomechanical comparison of headless tapered variable pitch compression and ao cortical Bone screws for fixation of a simulated midbody transverse fracture of the proximal Sesamoid Bone in horses
Veterinary Surgery, 2004Co-Authors: Alison L Eddy, Susan M Stover, Larry D Galuppo, Kenneth T Taylor, David G JensenAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To compare mechanical properties and failure characteristics of 2 methods of fixation for repair of a transverse, midbody fracture of the proximal Sesamoid Bone (PSB): 4.5-mm AO cortical Bone screw (AO) placed in lag fashion and 4/5-mm Acutrak (AT) self-compressing screw. STUDY DESIGN: An in vitro biomechanical evaluation of intact forelimb preparations and forelimb preparations with a simulated midbody PSB fracture stabilized by a Bone screw. SAMPLE POPULATION: Sixteen paired and 8 unilateral cadaveric equine forelimbs. METHODS: A midbody transverse osteotomy was created in the medial PSB of bilateral forelimbs of 8 equine cadavers. The osteotomized PSB in 1 forelimb from each cadaver was repaired with an AO screw. The osteotomized PSB in each contralateral limb was repaired with an AT screw. Eight unilateral intact control limbs were also studied. Mechanical properties were determined from axial compression, single cycle to failure, load-deformation curves. Failure characteristics were determined by evaluation of video images and radiographs. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between repair groups. Both AO and AT groups had significantly lower mechanical properties than intact limbs except for stiffness. CONCLUSION: AO and AT constructs were mechanically comparable when used to stabilize a simulated midbody fracture of the medial PSB. Both constructs were mechanically inferior to intact limbs. Clinical Relevance- The AT screw should be considered for clinical use because of the potential for less soft tissue impingement and superior biocompatibility compared with the stainless-steel AO screw. However, postoperative external coaptation is necessary to augment initial fracture stability for either fixation method, and to maintain a standing metacarpophalangeal joint dorsiflexion angle between 150 degrees and 155 degrees.
Heidi L Reesink - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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can quantitative computed tomography detect Bone morphological changes associated with catastrophic proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture in thoroughbred racehorses
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2019Co-Authors: Erin N Cresswell, S P Mcdonough, Scott Palmer, Christopher J Hernandez, Heidi L ReesinkAbstract:BACKGROUND: Fracture of the proximal Sesamoid Bones continues to be the most common fatal musculoskeletal injury in US racehorses. Identifying factors that influence fracture risk could lead to screening techniques to reduce catastrophic injury rates and improve animal welfare. OBJECTIVES: To identify morphological differences between proximal Sesamoid Bones of the contralateral limb of fracture and control horses and assess the feasibility of computed tomography (CT) to detect traits associated with proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture. We hypothesised that horses with proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture would have greater Bone density. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional cadaver morphological study. METHODS: Proximal Sesamoid Bone morphology was measured using high-resolution micro-CT images from 16 Thoroughbred racehorses (eight fracture, eight control) euthanised on New York racetracks. Nominal logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic curves were created to assess the ability of CT-derived morphological traits to accurately classify fracture horses vs. controls. RESULTS: Bone volume fraction was greater in the fracture group (90.39 ± 1.76%) as compared to controls (87.20 ± 2.79%, P<0.0001). Bone volume fraction, Bone width, trabecular thickness and degree of anisotropy were significantly different between fracture and control horses. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that a combined model that incorporates Bone volume fraction and width can identify fracture from control horses with an area under the curve of 0.938, indicating high accuracy at classifying fracture horses from controls. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The number of horses per group is small, although the total number of Sesamoids imaged is reasonable (n = 62). In vivo CT at the resolution performed in this study is currently unattainable; however, density and width could be measured with quantitative CT. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in proximal Sesamoid Bone morphology were identified between fracture and control horses. As improved technology becomes accessible, quantitative CT could potentially be used as a clinical imaging technique to estimate proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture risk in Thoroughbred racehorses.
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Can quantitative computed tomography detect Bone morphological changes associated with catastrophic proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses
Equine veterinary journal, 2018Co-Authors: Erin N Cresswell, S P Mcdonough, Scott Palmer, Christopher J Hernandez, Heidi L ReesinkAbstract:BACKGROUND Fracture of the proximal Sesamoid Bones continues to be the most common fatal musculoskeletal injury in US racehorses. Identifying factors that influence fracture risk could lead to screening techniques to reduce catastrophic injury rates and improve animal welfare. OBJECTIVES To identify morphological differences between proximal Sesamoid Bones of the contralateral limb of fracture and control horses and assess the feasibility of computed tomography (CT) to detect traits associated with proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture. We hypothesised that horses with proximal Sesamoid Bone fracture would have greater Bone density. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional cadaver morphological study. METHODS Proximal Sesamoid Bone morphology was measured using high-resolution micro-CT images from 16 Thoroughbred racehorses (eight fracture, eight control) euthanised on New York racetracks. Nominal logistic regression models and receiver operating characteristic curves were created to assess the ability of CT-derived morphological traits to accurately classify fracture horses vs. controls. RESULTS Bone volume fraction was greater in the fracture group (90.39 ± 1.76%) as compared to controls (87.20 ± 2.79%, P
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foal fractures osteochondral fragmentation proximal Sesamoid Bone fractures Sesamoiditis and distal phalanx fractures
Veterinary Clinics of North America-equine Practice, 2017Co-Authors: Heidi L ReesinkAbstract:Osteochondral fragmentation of the fetlocks is common in foals. Foals are also susceptible to fractures of the proximal Sesamoid Bones and distal phalanx. Non–long Bone fractures, including proximal Sesamoid Bone and distal phalanx fractures, are more likely to heal via bony union and carry a better prognosis in foals compared with adults. Surgery is rarely indicated for the treatment of proximal Sesamoid Bone and distal phalanx fractures in foals. Arthroscopy may be appropriate for certain types of osteochondral fragmentation of the fetlocks. Although the prognosis for fracture healing is better for foals than adults, an early, accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are likely to improve the cosmetic appearance and functional outcome in foals.
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Foal Fractures: Osteochondral Fragmentation, Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fractures/Sesamoiditis, and Distal Phalanx Fractures.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice, 2017Co-Authors: Heidi L ReesinkAbstract:Osteochondral fragmentation of the fetlocks is common in foals. Foals are also susceptible to fractures of the proximal Sesamoid Bones and distal phalanx. Non–long Bone fractures, including proximal Sesamoid Bone and distal phalanx fractures, are more likely to heal via bony union and carry a better prognosis in foals compared with adults. Surgery is rarely indicated for the treatment of proximal Sesamoid Bone and distal phalanx fractures in foals. Arthroscopy may be appropriate for certain types of osteochondral fragmentation of the fetlocks. Although the prognosis for fracture healing is better for foals than adults, an early, accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are likely to improve the cosmetic appearance and functional outcome in foals.
Anthony M. J. Bull - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Human biological variation in Sesamoid Bone prevalence: the curious case of the fabella.
Journal of Anatomy, 2019Co-Authors: Michael A. Berthaume, Anthony M. J. BullAbstract:The fabella is a Sesamoid Bone located in the gastrocnemius behind the lateral femoral condyle. In humans, fabellae are 3.5 times more common today than they were 100 years ago, with prevalence rates varying between and within populations. In particular, fabellae have been assumed to be more common in Asians than non‐Asians, equally common in men and women, potentially more common in older individuals, and bilateral cases (one per knee) appear to be more common than unilateral ones. The roles of genetic and environmental factors in this phenotypic variation have been hypothesized, but not rigorously investigated. Given its clinical and evolutionary significance (i.e. being associated with several knee ailments, causing medical issues on its own, interfering with medical devices, and being less common in humans than in other mammals), it is important comprehensively to understand prevalence rate variation, and the roles of genetics and environmental factors in that variation. To address these questions, we performed a meta‐analysis on data from studies published from 1875 to 2018 to investigate possible variation in sexual dimorphic (n = 22 studies, 7911 knees), ontogenetic (n = 10 studies, 4391 knees), and global (n = 65 studies, 21 626 knees) fabella prevalence rates. In addition, we investigated what proportion of cases are bilateral (n = 37 studies, 900 individuals), and among unilateral cases (n = 20 studies, 204 individuals), if fabellae are more common in the left or right knee. Our results show that, today, fabellae are 2.47–2.60% more common in men than women, and prevalence rates increase ontogenetically in old age (i.e. 70 years old), implying that fabellae can ossify early (i.e. 12 years old) or late in life. Approximately 72.94% of cases are bilateral, and among unilateral ones, fabellae are equally common in right and left knees. There is marked regional variation in fabella prevalence rates, with rates being highest in Asia, followed by Oceania, South America, Europe, Middle East, and North America, and lowest in Africa. Worldwide, an average of 36.80% of knees has ossified fabellae detectable by dissection. These results imply that, while the ability to form a fabella may be genetically controlled, the mechanisms that trigger fabella ossification may be environmentally controlled. What these environmental factors are, can only be speculated.
Sarah Claerhoudt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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differences in the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations of the distal Sesamoid Bone in the horse as evaluated by computed tomography compared with radiography
Equine Veterinary Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Sarah Claerhoudt, Hendrikjan Bergman, H Van Der Veen, Luc Duchateau, Els Raes, Jimmy SaundersAbstract:Reasons for performing study: Distal border synovial invaginations of the distal Sesamoid Bone are radiographically assessed during the selection process of horses admitted as breeding stallions or in purchase examinations. Nowadays, many moderately or some deeply penetrating proximally enlarged synovial invaginations are considered as moderate or severe radiographic findings. Objective: To measure the difference between and agreement of the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations on radiography vs. computed tomography (CT). It was hypothesised that the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations would be better evaluable on CT compared with radiography. Methods: Computed tomography scans and 3 dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (DPr-PaDiO) radiographs were obtained on 50 cadaver forefeet from 25 Warmblood horses. Computed tomography was assumed to be the gold standard. The number, shape and depth of penetration of distal border synovial invaginations into the distal Sesamoid Bone were evaluated with both methods, and the comparison of their measurements was statistically described. Results: A statistically significant mean difference for number of distal synovial invaginations between CT and all 3 DPr-PaDiO projections was found and was approximately equal to 2, meaning that CT permits visualisation of an average of 2 more invaginations than radiography. In none of the cases did radiography have a higher number observed than CT. A large variation in the difference of measurements for depth of penetration against their mean difference between CT and the 3 radiographic projections was seen. Radiography underestimated the depth of invaginations, and more so when these were deeper. There was no statistically significant mean difference found between the techniques for depth. A moderate to good agreement between measurements on CT and the three DPr-PaDiO projections for shape was seen, in which the D55°Pr-PaDiO projection showed the best agreement. A high specificity (90-99%) and low sensitivity (65%) for all projections for shape were found. Conclusions and potential relevance: Radiography differs considerably from CT concerning the morphology of distal navicular border synovial invaginations. For the evaluation of the number, depth and shape of distal synovial invaginations in the distal Sesamoid Bone, radiography shows only partially the morphology seen on CT.
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morphology of distal border synovial invaginations of the equine distal Sesamoid Bone comparison between computed tomography and a hoof specific radiographic projection
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2012Co-Authors: Sarah Claerhoudt, H Van Der Veen, Luc Duchateau, Els Raes, Katrien Vanderperren, Hendrik Bergman, Jimmy SaundersAbstract:Objectives: To compare the difference and agreement of the morphology of distal border synovial invaginations on a dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (DPr-PaDiO) projection with hoof-specific angle versus computed tomography. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) images and a DPr-PaDiO radiographic projection with hoof-specific angle were obtained on 50 cadaveric forefeet from 25 Warmblood horses. Computed tomography was assumed to be the gold standard. The number, shape and depth of penetration of distal border synovial invaginations into the distal Sesamoid Bone were evaluated with both methods, and the comparison of their measurements was statistically described. Results: Significantly more invaginations were seen on CT compared to radiography, with an observed average difference of 1.2. In none of the cases did radiography have a higher number than that observed with CT. No statistically significant difference for depth between CT and the DPr-PaDiO projection was seen, however, there was quite a large variation of the actual difference of measurements against their mean found. Radiography was underestimated when high mean values applied. The agreement between both modalities for shape was moderate to good. A very high specificity of the specific DPr-PaDiO projection for shape was found (97%). Clinical significance: The radiographic projection with hoof-specific angle differs significantly from CT concerning the number and depth of the distal border synovial invaginations. Therefore, this specific view may not be considered useful in the evaluation of these invaginations.
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computed tomographic morphology of the synovial invaginations of the distal Sesamoid Bone of the horse
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2011Co-Authors: Sarah Claerhoudt, H Van Der Veen, Els Raes, Erik H J Bergman, Katrien Vanderperren, Jimmy SaundersAbstract:The morphological features of the distal border synovial invaginations (SI) of the distal Sesamoid Bone (DSB) in horses were described by the use of computed tomography (CT). Transverse CT images were obtained on 50 cadaver forefeet from 25 Warmblood horses. Dorsal and sagittal planes were reformatted. The CT images allowed the evaluation of the number, shape, depth of penetration and direction of the SI into the Bone. The total number of SI was 295 (mean 5.9). The number of invaginations in a particular DSB ranged from 3 (n = 3), 4 (n = 6), 5 (n = 11), 6 (n = 12), 7 (n = 13), 8 (n = 3), 9 (n = 1) to 11 (n = 1). The shape of the SI was 'conical' (n = 118), 'linear' (n = 109), 'lollipop' (n = 38) or 'branched' (n = 30). Penetration of the SI into the DSB was 'mild' in 195 cases, 'moderate' in 67 cases and 'deep' in 33 cases. The SI ran in a 'straight', 'dorsoproximal' and 'palmaroproximal' direction in 187, 28 and 80 cases, respectively. In only six DSBs, all SI ran in the same direction. The images obtained in this study may serve as reference for the radiographic evaluation of these SI.