The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Mohammed Abdus Salam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Setting Research priorities to reduce global mortality from childhood pneumonia by 2015
PLOS Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Olivier Fontaine, Margaret Kosek, Shinjini Bhatnagar, Cynthia Boschipinto, Kit Yee Chan, Christopher Duggan, Homero Martinez, Hugo Ribeiro, Nigel Rollins, Mohammed Abdus SalamAbstract:Childhood diarrhoea still claims nearly 2 million lives each year and remains responsible for 18% of all child deaths [1,2]. Regardless of this, Research interest in this disease has been steadily decreasing after the development of cost-effective interventions in the 1980s [3]. In addition, the amount of available Research funds per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) are several orders of magnitude lower for diarrhoea when compared to some other diseases, such as autism or diabetes type 2 [4]. The UN's Millennium Development Goal #4 (MDG4) states that childhood mortality should be reduced by two thirds between 1990 and 2015 [5], but recent estimates show that the progress in mortality reduction has not accelerated in comparison to 30 years ago [2]. Therefore this MDG target is likely to be missed. However, the reduction of child deaths by two thirds could be achieved by 2015 if presently available cost-effective interventions were delivered to those who need them most, and if there were sufficient financial resources to ensure their delivery [6,7]. Why is greater progress not being achieved? One of the key reasons is lack of knowledge on how to implement existing cost-effective interventions and on how to achieve greater coverage of these interventions in low-resource Settings [8,9]. This gap in knowledge can only be filled by appropriately targeted Research. To assist donors in understanding the potential of different Research avenues to contribute to reducing the burden of disease and disability, the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) of the Global Forum for Health Research recently developed a methodology that allows systematic listing and transparent scoring of many competing Research options, thus exposing their strengths and weaknesses [10–12]. The Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH) of the World Health Organization is currently using the CHNRI methodology to develop Research priority issues on the major causes of child deaths. In this paper, we present the results of this Research priority-Setting process applied by CAH for childhood diarrhoea.
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Setting Research priorities to reduce global mortality from childhood pneumonia by 2015
PLOS Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Olivier Fontaine, Margaret Kosek, Shinjini Bhatnagar, Cynthia Boschipinto, Kit Yee Chan, Christopher Duggan, Homero Martinez, Hugo Ribeiro, Nigel Rollins, Mohammed Abdus SalamAbstract:Igor Rudan and colleagues report the results of their consensus building exercise that identified health Research priorities to help reduce child mortality from pneumonia.
Phillip A Gribble - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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neural excitability and joint laxity in chronic ankle instability coper and control groups
Journal of Athletic Training, 2016Co-Authors: Samantha Bowker, Masafumi Terada, Brian G Pietrosimone, Abbey C Thomas, Claire E Hiller, Phillip A GribbleAbstract:Context: Neuromuscular and mechanical deficiencies are commonly studied in participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Few investigators have attempted to comprehensively consider sensorimotor and mechanical differences among people with CAI, copers who did not present with prolonged dysfunctions after an initial ankle sprain, and a healthy control group. Objective: To determine if differences exist in spinal reflex excitability and ankle laxity among participants with CAI, copers, and healthy controls. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-seven participants with CAI, 30 participants categorized as copers, and 26 healthy control participants. Main Outcome Measure(s): We assessed spinal reflex excitability of the soleus using the Hoffmann reflex protocol. Participants' ankle laxity was measured with an instrumented ankle arthrometer. The maximum Hoffmann reflex : maximal muscle response ratio was calculated. Ankle laxity was measured as the...
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the immediate effects of an anterior to posterior talar mobilization on neural excitability dorsiflexion range of motion and dynamic balance in patients with chronic ankle instability
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 2014Co-Authors: Matthew S Harkey, Michelle M Mcleod, Ashley Van Scoit, Masafumi Terada, Michael A Tevald, Phillip A Gribble, Brian G PietrosimoneAbstract:Context: Altered neuromuscular function and decreased dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) have been observed in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Joint mobilizations are indicated for restoring DFROM and dynamic postural control, yet it remains unknown if a mobilization can alter neuromuscular excitability in muscles surrounding the ankle. Objective: To determine the immediate effects of a Maitland grade III anterior-to-posterior joint mobilization on spinal-reflex and corticospinal excitability in the fibularis longus (FL) and soleus (SOL), DFROM, and dynamic postural control. Design: Single-blinded randomized control trial. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients: 30 patients with CAI randomized into a mobilization (n = 15) or control (n = 15) group. Intervention: Maitland grade III anterior-to-posterior joint mobilization. Main Outcome Measures: Spinal-reflex excitability was measured with the Hoffmann reflex, while corticospinal excitability was evaluated with transcranial magnetic stimul...
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alterations in neuromuscular control at the knee in individuals with chronic ankle instability
Journal of Athletic Training, 2014Co-Authors: Masafumi Terada, Brian G Pietrosimone, Phillip A GribbleAbstract:Context: Few authors have assessed neuromuscular knee-stabilization strategies in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) during functional activities. Objective: To investigate the influence of CAI on neuromuscular characteristics around the knee during a stop-jump task. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants or Other Participants: A total of 19 participants with self-reported unilateral CAI and 19 healthy control participants volunteered for this study. Intervention(s): Participants performed double-legged, vertical stop-jump tasks onto a force plate, and we measured muscle activation around the knee of each limb. Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated the integrated electromyography for the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings, and lateral hamstrings muscles during the 100 ms before and after initial foot contacts with the force plate and normalized by the ensemble peak electromyographic value. Knee sagittal-plane kinematics were also ana...
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the effects of gender and fatigue on dynamic postural control
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 2009Co-Authors: Phillip A Gribble, Richard H Robinson, Jay Hertel, Craig R DenegarAbstract:Context: Deficits in static postural control related to fatigue have been investigated previously, but there is little evidence to link fatigue to performance measures of dynamic postural control. Objective: To investigate the effects of fatigue and gender on performance measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Design: Mixed-model design. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: 16 healthy young adults. Intervention: Subjects performed the SEBT before and after 4 different fatiguing conditions. Main Outcome Measures: The normalized reach distances and sagittal-plane kinematics of the knee and hip were recorded. Results: Fatigue produced deficits in normalized reach distances and decreased knee flexion in all 3 reaching directions. Overall, women were able to reach farther than men while simultaneously demonstrating a greater amount of knee flexion. Conclusions: Gender differences were observed during performance of the SEBT, with women demonstrating greater reach distances and knee flexion, ...
Joy E Lawn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Setting Research priorities to improve global newborn health and prevent stillbirths by 2025
Journal of Global Health, 2016Co-Authors: Sachiyo Yoshida, Jose Martines, Joy E Lawn, Stephen Wall, Joao Paulo Souza, Igor Rudan, Simon Cousens, Peter Aaby, Ishag AdamAbstract:In 2013, an estimated 2.8 million newborns died and 2.7 million were stillborn. A much greater number suffer from long term impairment associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and perinatal or infectious causes. With the approaching deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, there was a need to set the new Research priorities on newborns and stillbirth with a focus not only on survival but also on health, growth and development. We therefore carried out a systematic exercise to set newborn health Research priorities for 2013-2025.We used adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methods for this prioritization exercise. We identified and approached the 200 most productive Researchers and 400 program experts, and 132 of them submitted Research questions online. These were collated into a set of 205 Research questions, sent for scoring to the 600 identified experts, and were assessed and scored by 91 experts.Nine out of top ten identified priorities were in the domain of Research on improving delivery of known interventions, with simplified neonatal resuscitation program and clinical algorithms and improved skills of community health workers leading the list. The top 10 priorities in the domain of development were led by ideas on improved Kangaroo Mother Care at community level, how to improve the accuracy of diagnosis by community health workers, and perinatal audits. The 10 leading priorities for discovery Research focused on stable surfactant with novel modes of administration for preterm babies, ability to diagnose fetal distress and novel tocolytic agents to delay or stop preterm labour.These findings will assist both donors and Researchers in supporting and conducting Research to close the knowledge gaps for reducing neonatal mortality, morbidity and long term impairment. WHO, SNL and other partners will work to generate interest among key national stakeholders, governments, NGOs, and Research institutes in these priorities, while encouraging Research funders to support them. We will track Research funding, relevant requests for proposals and trial registers to monitor if the priorities identified by this exercise are being addressed.
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Setting Research priorities to improve global newborn health and prevent stillbirths by 2025
Journal of Global Health, 2016Co-Authors: Sachiyo Yoshida, Jose Martines, Joy E Lawn, Stephen Wall, Joao Paulo Souza, Igor Rudan, Simon Cousens, Peter Aaby, Ishag AdamAbstract:BACKGROUND: In 2013, an estimated 2.8 million newborns died and 2.7 million were stillborn. A much greater number suffer from long term impairment associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and perinatal or infectious causes. With the approaching deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, there was a need to set the new Research priorities on newborns and stillbirth with a focus not only on survival but also on health, growth and development. We therefore carried out a systematic exercise to set newborn health Research priorities for 2013-2025. METHODS: We used adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methods for this prioritization exercise. We identified and approached the 200 most productive Researchers and 400 program experts, and 132 of them submitted Research questions online. These were collated into a set of 205 Research questions, sent for scoring to the 600 identified experts, and were assessed and scored by 91 experts. RESULTS: Nine out of top ten identified priorities were in the domain of Research on improving delivery of known interventions, with simplified neonatal resuscitation program and clinical algorithms and improved skills of community health workers leading the list. The top 10 priorities in the domain of development were led by ideas on improved Kangaroo Mother Care at community level, how to improve the accuracy of diagnosis by community health workers, and perinatal audits. The 10 leading priorities for discovery Research focused on stable surfactant with novel modes of administration for preterm babies, ability to diagnose fetal distress and novel tocolytic agents to delay or stop preterm labour. CONCLUSION: These findings will assist both donors and Researchers in supporting and conducting Research to close the knowledge gaps for reducing neonatal mortality, morbidity and long term impairment. WHO, SNL and other partners will work to generate interest among key national stakeholders, governments, NGOs, and Research institutes in these priorities, while encouraging Research funders to support them. We will track Research funding, relevant requests for proposals and trial registers to monitor if the priorities identified by this exercise are being addressed.
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Setting Research priorities for preconception care in low and middle income countries aiming to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity
PLOS Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Sohni V Dean, Joy E Lawn, Igor Rudan, Fernando Althabe, Aimee Webb Girard, Christopher P Howson, Ana Langer, Maryelizabeth Reeve, Katherine C Teela, Mireille B ToledanoAbstract:Sohni Dean and colleagues report their CHNRI exercise that developed health Research priorities for effective pre-conception care in low- and middle-income countries. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
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Setting Research priorities to reduce global mortality from preterm birth and low birth weight by 2015
Journal of Global Health, 2012Co-Authors: Rajiv Bahl, Jose Martines, Joy E Lawn, Nita Bhandari, Zrinka Biloglav, Karen Edmond, Sharad D Iyengar, Michael S Kramer, Dharma S Manandhar, Rintaro MoriAbstract:The UN's Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) states that childhood mortality should be reduced by two thirds between 1990 and 2015, but assessments show that the progress in mortality reduction has been disappointing in some countries [1,2]. The main reason usually proposed to explain slow progress is insufficient knowledge on how to implement existing cost-effective interventions and achieve greater coverage of these interventions in low-resource Settings [3]. Generating this knowledge is a task for health Research that should aim to improve efficiency, effectiveness and equity in implementation of child survival interventions in low and middle-income countries. The most recent World Health Report published by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, entitled “No Health without Research”, has also focused on this issue [4,5]. Through this flagship report, the WHO tried to highlight the importance of health Research in reducing the burden of disease and disability in the world and “…to provide new ideas, innovative thinking, and pragmatic advice for member states on how to strengthen their own health Research systems” [5]. To assist policy makers and donors alike in understanding the potential of different Research avenues to contribute to reducing the burden of disease and disability, the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) recently developed a methodology that allows systematic listing and transparent scoring of many competing Research options, thus exposing their strengths and weaknesses [6-8]. The Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Development (MNCAHD) of the WHO has used this methodology to identify health Research priorities to tackle five major causes of child deaths, which are thought to underlie two-thirds of all child deaths globally [9]. The most recent estimate reported 8.8 million deaths in children younger than 5 years worldwide in the year 2008, and the main causes were pneumonia (18%), diarrhea (15%), preterm birth complications (12%), neonatal infections (10%) and birth asphyxia (9%) [9]. The results of the CHNRI process coordinated by the World Health Organization to identify Research priorities to reduce the mortality burden from childhood pneumonia, diarrhea, birth asphyxia and neonatal infections have already been published [10-13]. The cause “preterm birth complications”, which comprises the old causes “preterm birth” and “low birth weight” (PB/LBW), is on a continuous rise as a proportional cause of child deaths globally and it may become the leading cause over the next decade, as the importance of infectious diseases steadily decreases. Currently, PB/LBW are estimated to cause around 1 million deaths each year [9]. Unfortunately, Research interest and investments in preventing neonatal deaths from PB/LBW have not been commensurate with the importance of LBW as the leading child killer [14,15]. In this paper, we present the results of the CHNRI process to set Research priorities to reduce the mortality burden from PB/LBW within a context and time frame of the UN’s Millennium Development Goal 4.
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Setting Research priorities to reduce almost one million deaths from birth asphyxia by 2015
PLOS Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Joy E Lawn, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Rajiv Bahl, Staffan Bergstrom, Gary L Darmstadt, Matthew Ellis, Mike English, Jennifer J Kurinczuk, Anne C C Lee, Mario MerialdiAbstract:JEL is funded by Saving Newborn Lives/Save the Children through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. IR received support as a consultant of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative during the conduction of this study. There were no other sources of funding, and all coauthors (except IR) volunteered their time to conduct this study. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
Nigel T Cable - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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energy expenditure in adolescents playing new generation computer games
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Lee E F Graves, Gareth Stratton, Nicola D Ridgers, Nigel T CableAbstract:Objective To compare the energy expenditure of adolescents when playing sedentary and new generation active computer games. Design Cross sectional comparison of four computer games. Setting Research laboratories. Participants Six boys and fi ve girls aged 13-15 years. Procedure Participants were fi tted with a monitoring device validated to predict energy expenditure. They played four computer games for 15 minutes each. One of the games was sedentary (XBOX 360) and the other three were active (Wii Sports). Main outcome measure Predicted energy expenditure, compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Mean (standard deviation) predicted energy expenditure when playing Wii Sports bowling (190.6 (22.2) kJ/kg/min), tennis (202.5 (31.5) kJ/kg/min), and boxing (198.1 (33.9) kJ/kg/min) was signifi cantly greater than when playing sedentary games (125.5 (13.7) kJ/kg/min) (P<0.001). Predicted energy expenditure was at least 65.1 (95% confi dence interval 47.3 to 82.9) kJ/kg/min greater when playing active rather than sedentary games. Conclusions Playing new generation active computer games uses signifi cantly more energy than playing sedentary computer games but not as much energy as playing the sport itself. The energy used when playing active Wii Sports games was not of high enough intensity to contribute towards the recommended daily amount of exercise in children.
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comparison of energy expenditure in adolescents when playing new generation and sedentary computer games cross sectional study
BMJ, 2007Co-Authors: Lee E F Graves, Gareth Stratton, Nicola D Ridgers, Nigel T CableAbstract:Objective To compare the energy expenditure of adolescents when playing sedentary and new generation active computer games. Design Cross sectional comparison of four computer games. Setting Research laboratories. Participants Six boys and five girls aged 13-15 years. Procedure Participants were fitted with a monitoring device validated to predict energy expenditure. They played four computer games for 15 minutes each. One of the games was sedentary (XBOX 360) and the other three were active (Wii Sports). Main outcome measure Predicted energy expenditure, compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results Mean (standard deviation) predicted energy expenditure when playing Wii Sports bowling (190.6 (22.2) kJ/kg/min), tennis (202.5 (31.5) kJ/kg/min), and boxing (198.1 (33.9) kJ/kg/min) was significantly greater than when playing sedentary games (125.5 (13.7) kJ/kg/min) (P Conclusions Playing new generation active computer games uses significantly more energy than playing sedentary computer games but not as much energy as playing the sport itself. The energy used when playing active Wii Sports games was not of high enough intensity to contribute towards the recommended daily amount of exercise in children.
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comparison of energy expenditure in adolescents when playing new generation and sedentary computer games cross sectional study
BMJ, 2007Co-Authors: Lee E F Graves, Nicola D Ridgers, Gareth Stratto, Nigel T CableAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To compare the energy expenditure of adolescents when playing sedentary and new generation active computer games. DESIGN: Cross sectional comparison of four computer games. Setting: Research laboratories. PARTICIPANTS: Six boys and five girls aged 13-15 years. Procedure Participants were fitted with a monitoring device validated to predict energy expenditure. They played four computer games for 15 minutes each. One of the games was sedentary (XBOX 360) and the other three were active (Wii Sports). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Predicted energy expenditure, compared using repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Mean (standard deviation) predicted energy expenditure when playing Wii Sports bowling (190.6 (22.2) kJ/kg/min), tennis (202.5 (31.5) kJ/kg/min), and boxing (198.1 (33.9) kJ/kg/min) was significantly greater than when playing sedentary games (125.5 (13.7) kJ/kg/min) (P<0.001). Predicted energy expenditure was at least 65.1 (95% confidence interval 47.3 to 82.9) kJ/kg/min greater when playing active rather than sedentary games. CONCLUSIONS: Playing new generation active computer games uses significantly more energy than playing sedentary computer games but not as much energy as playing the sport itself. The energy used when playing active Wii Sports games was not of high enough intensity to contribute towards the recommended daily amount of exercise in children.
Masafumi Terada - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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neural excitability and joint laxity in chronic ankle instability coper and control groups
Journal of Athletic Training, 2016Co-Authors: Samantha Bowker, Masafumi Terada, Brian G Pietrosimone, Abbey C Thomas, Claire E Hiller, Phillip A GribbleAbstract:Context: Neuromuscular and mechanical deficiencies are commonly studied in participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Few investigators have attempted to comprehensively consider sensorimotor and mechanical differences among people with CAI, copers who did not present with prolonged dysfunctions after an initial ankle sprain, and a healthy control group. Objective: To determine if differences exist in spinal reflex excitability and ankle laxity among participants with CAI, copers, and healthy controls. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-seven participants with CAI, 30 participants categorized as copers, and 26 healthy control participants. Main Outcome Measure(s): We assessed spinal reflex excitability of the soleus using the Hoffmann reflex protocol. Participants' ankle laxity was measured with an instrumented ankle arthrometer. The maximum Hoffmann reflex : maximal muscle response ratio was calculated. Ankle laxity was measured as the...
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the immediate effects of an anterior to posterior talar mobilization on neural excitability dorsiflexion range of motion and dynamic balance in patients with chronic ankle instability
Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 2014Co-Authors: Matthew S Harkey, Michelle M Mcleod, Ashley Van Scoit, Masafumi Terada, Michael A Tevald, Phillip A Gribble, Brian G PietrosimoneAbstract:Context: Altered neuromuscular function and decreased dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) have been observed in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Joint mobilizations are indicated for restoring DFROM and dynamic postural control, yet it remains unknown if a mobilization can alter neuromuscular excitability in muscles surrounding the ankle. Objective: To determine the immediate effects of a Maitland grade III anterior-to-posterior joint mobilization on spinal-reflex and corticospinal excitability in the fibularis longus (FL) and soleus (SOL), DFROM, and dynamic postural control. Design: Single-blinded randomized control trial. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients: 30 patients with CAI randomized into a mobilization (n = 15) or control (n = 15) group. Intervention: Maitland grade III anterior-to-posterior joint mobilization. Main Outcome Measures: Spinal-reflex excitability was measured with the Hoffmann reflex, while corticospinal excitability was evaluated with transcranial magnetic stimul...
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alterations in neuromuscular control at the knee in individuals with chronic ankle instability
Journal of Athletic Training, 2014Co-Authors: Masafumi Terada, Brian G Pietrosimone, Phillip A GribbleAbstract:Context: Few authors have assessed neuromuscular knee-stabilization strategies in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) during functional activities. Objective: To investigate the influence of CAI on neuromuscular characteristics around the knee during a stop-jump task. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants or Other Participants: A total of 19 participants with self-reported unilateral CAI and 19 healthy control participants volunteered for this study. Intervention(s): Participants performed double-legged, vertical stop-jump tasks onto a force plate, and we measured muscle activation around the knee of each limb. Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated the integrated electromyography for the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, medial hamstrings, and lateral hamstrings muscles during the 100 ms before and after initial foot contacts with the force plate and normalized by the ensemble peak electromyographic value. Knee sagittal-plane kinematics were also ana...