Sexual Violence

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Ragnhild Nordas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • conflict related Sexual Violence
    Annual Review of Political Science, 2021
    Co-Authors: Ragnhild Nordas, Dara Kay Cohen
    Abstract:

    This article reviews the remarkable growth in empirical literature in political science on wartime Sexual Violence against civilians, including rape, Sexual slavery, forced marriage, and other form...

  • artisanal mining conflict and Sexual Violence in eastern drc
    The Extractive Industries and Society, 2016
    Co-Authors: Siri Aas Rustad, Gudrun Ostby, Ragnhild Nordas
    Abstract:

    Abstract The natural resource abundance of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has featured in policy debates as the prime example of ‘conflict minerals’ driving conflict-related Sexual Violence. This narrative has dominated how the conflict in the eastern part of the country has been portrayed in the media and by high-level policy-makers. Despite increased attention to research on mining and gender, systematic analyses of the links between mining, conflict, and Sexual Violence are scarce. This paper contributes to filling this gap by exploring how artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) and Sexual Violence are related in Eastern DRC. We combine new subnational data on the geographical location of ASM sites with detailed survey data from the 2013/2014 Demographic and Health survey of women aged 15–49 on their exposure to Sexual Violence committed by their intimate partners and by others (non-partners). The results indicate that women living in close proximity to ASM are indeed more likely to experience Sexual Violence of both types, although the effect is stronger for non-partner Sexual Violence. In the Kivus and Maniema, the risk of experiencing non-partner Sexual is particularly high for women that live close to a mine with the presence of an armed actor.

  • Sexual Violence in armed conflict introducing the svac dataset 1989 2009
    Journal of Peace Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Dara Kay Cohen, Ragnhild Nordas
    Abstract:

    Which armed groups have perpetrated Sexual Violence in recent conflicts? This article presents patterns from the new Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) dataset. The dataset, coded from the three most widely used sources in the quantitative human rights literature, covers 129 active conflicts, and the 625 armed actors involved in these conflicts, during the period 1989-2009. The unit of observation is the conflict-actor-year, allowing for detailed analysis of the patterns of perpetration of Sexual Violence for each conflict actor. The dataset captures six dimensions of Sexual Violence: prevalence, perpetrators, victims, forms, location, and timing. In addition to active conflict-years, the dataset also includes reports of Sexual Violence committed by conflict actors in the five years post-conflict. We use the data to trace variation in reported conflict-related Sexual Violence over time, space, and actor type, and outline the dataset's potential utility for scholars. Among the insights offered are that the prevalence of Sexual Violence varies dramatically by perpe- trator group, suggesting that Sexual violations are common - but not ubiquitous. In addition, we find that state mili- taries are more likely to be reported as perpetrators of Sexual Violence than either rebel groups or militias. Finally, reports of Sexual Violence continue into the post-conflict period, sometimes at very high levels. The data may be helpful both to scholars and policymakers for better understanding the patterns of Sexual Violence, its causes, and its consequences.

Dara Kay Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • conflict related Sexual Violence
    Annual Review of Political Science, 2021
    Co-Authors: Ragnhild Nordas, Dara Kay Cohen
    Abstract:

    This article reviews the remarkable growth in empirical literature in political science on wartime Sexual Violence against civilians, including rape, Sexual slavery, forced marriage, and other form...

  • Sexual Violence in armed conflict introducing the svac dataset 1989 2009
    Journal of Peace Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Dara Kay Cohen, Ragnhild Nordas
    Abstract:

    Which armed groups have perpetrated Sexual Violence in recent conflicts? This article presents patterns from the new Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) dataset. The dataset, coded from the three most widely used sources in the quantitative human rights literature, covers 129 active conflicts, and the 625 armed actors involved in these conflicts, during the period 1989-2009. The unit of observation is the conflict-actor-year, allowing for detailed analysis of the patterns of perpetration of Sexual Violence for each conflict actor. The dataset captures six dimensions of Sexual Violence: prevalence, perpetrators, victims, forms, location, and timing. In addition to active conflict-years, the dataset also includes reports of Sexual Violence committed by conflict actors in the five years post-conflict. We use the data to trace variation in reported conflict-related Sexual Violence over time, space, and actor type, and outline the dataset's potential utility for scholars. Among the insights offered are that the prevalence of Sexual Violence varies dramatically by perpe- trator group, suggesting that Sexual violations are common - but not ubiquitous. In addition, we find that state mili- taries are more likely to be reported as perpetrators of Sexual Violence than either rebel groups or militias. Finally, reports of Sexual Violence continue into the post-conflict period, sometimes at very high levels. The data may be helpful both to scholars and policymakers for better understanding the patterns of Sexual Violence, its causes, and its consequences.

Chris Dolan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • has patriarchy been stealing the feminists clothes conflict related Sexual Violence and un security council resolutions
    IDS Bulletin, 2014
    Co-Authors: Chris Dolan
    Abstract:

    The UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 2106, in June 2013, and the declaration on preventing Sexual Violence in conflict adopted by G8 in London, in April 2013, signal a possible paradigm shift in how the international community can do ‘gender’, particularly in the arena of conflict‐related Sexual Violence. Whilst UNSCR 1325 and its successors succeeded in drawing greater attention and funding to the particular needs of some women, they failed in comprehensively responding to the phenomenon of conflict‐related Sexual Violence. This is largely due to a systematic reluctance to confront the reality of conflict‐related Sexual Violence against men and boys, coupled with an active complicity in silencing that reality in what effectively reverted to a patriarchal discourse dressed up in feminist clothing. A new and unashamedly gender‐inclusive resolution is required if gender‐based Violence (GBV) interventions are to be released from the stifling grip of a patriarchal mode of ‘doing gender’.

Kathleen C. Basile - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Sexual Violence in sport american medical society for sports medicine position statement
    British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2020
    Co-Authors: Jennifer Scott Koontz, Kristin E. Abbott, Cindy Miller Aron, Kathleen C. Basile, Chad T. Carlson, Cindy J. Chang, Alex B. Diamond, Margo Mountjoy, Sheila A. Dugan
    Abstract:

    The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) convened a group of experts to develop a Position Statement addressing the problem of Sexual Violence in sport. The AMSSM Sexual Violence in Sport Task Force held a series of meetings over 7 months, beginning in July 2019. Following a literature review, the Task Force used an iterative process and expert consensus to finalise the Position Statement. The objective of this Position Statement is to raise awareness of this critical issue among sports medicine physicians and to declare a commitment to engage in collaborative, multidisciplinary solutions to reduce Sexual Violence in sport.

  • characterizing Sexual Violence victimization in youth 2012 national intimate partner and Sexual Violence survey
    American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2018
    Co-Authors: Melissa T Merrick, Kathleen C. Basile, Xinjian Zhang, Sharon G Smith, Marciejo Kresnow
    Abstract:

    Introduction Youth Sexual Violence victimization is an urgent public health concern that can lead to a variety of health problems and increased risk for victimization during adulthood. Examining the characteristics of early victimization and their association with subsequent victimization during adulthood may help strengthen primary prevention efforts. Methods Data are from the 2012 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey. Prevalence estimates were computed in 2017 for rape and made to Sexually penetrate, their subtypes, as well as proportions among victims by type of perpetrator. Chi-square tests of association were conducted between youth Sexual Violence victimization and the same experiences in adulthood. Results Approximately 10 million U.S. females (8.4%) experienced completed or attempted rape and 1.9 million U.S. males (1.6%) were made to penetrate someone during youth. Most victims knew their perpetrators. Being raped or made to penetrate during youth was associated with increased likelihood of such victimization in adulthood. Conclusions Females and males experience youth Sexual Violence victimization at alarming rates. Primary prevention efforts with youth are critical to prevent early victimization, subsequent victimization in adulthood, and the mental and physical health consequences associated with Sexual Violence victimization.

  • prevalence and characteristics of Sexual Violence stalking and intimate partner Violence victimization national intimate partner and Sexual Violence survey united states 2011
    Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries (Washington D.C. : 2002), 2014
    Co-Authors: Matthew J Breiding, Stephen G Smith, Kathleen C. Basile, Mikel L Walters, Jieru Chen, Melissa T Merrick
    Abstract:

    Problem/Condition: Sexual Violence, stalking, and intimate partner Violence are public health problems known to have a negative impact on millions of persons in the United States each year, not only by way of immediate harm but also through negative long-term health impacts. Before implementation of the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) in 2010, the most recent detailed national data on the public health burden from these forms of Violence were obtained from the National Violence against Women Survey conducted during 1995-1996. This report examines Sexual Violence, stalking, and intimate partner Violence victimization using data from 2011. The report describes the overall prevalence of Sexual Violence, stalking, and intimate partner Violence victimization; racial/ethnic variation in prevalence; how types of perpetrators vary by Violence type; and the age at which victimization typically begins. For intimate partner Violence, the report also examines a range of negative impacts experienced as a result of victimization, including the need for services. Reporting Period: January-December, 2011. Description of System: NISVS is a national random-digit-dial telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized English- and Spanish-speaking U.S. population aged ≥18 years. NISVS gathers data on experiences of Sexual Violence, stalking, and intimate partner Violence among adult women and men in the United States by using a dual-frame sampling strategy that includes both landline and cellular telephones. The survey was conducted in 50 states and the District of Columbia; in 2011, the second year of NISVS data collection, 12,727 interviews were completed, and 1,428 interviews were partially completed. RESULTS: In the United States, an estimated 19.3% of women and 1.7% of men have been raped during their lifetimes; an estimated 1.6% of women reported that they were raped in the 12 months preceding the survey. The case count for men reporting rape in the preceding 12 months was too small to produce a statistically reliable prevalence estimate. An estimated 43.9% of women and 23.4% of men experienced other forms of Sexual Violence during their lifetimes, including being made to penetrate, Sexual coercion, unwanted Sexual contact, and noncontact unwanted Sexual experiences. The percentages of women and men who experienced these other forms of Sexual Violence victimization in the 12 months preceding the survey were an estimated 5.5% and 5.1%, respectively. An estimated 15.2% of women and 5.7% of men have been a victim of stalking during their lifetimes. An estimated 4.2% of women and 2.1% of men were stalked in the 12 months preceding the survey. With respect to Sexual Violence and stalking, female victims reported predominantly male perpetrators, whereas for male victims, the sex of the perpetrator varied by the specific form of Violence examined. Male rape victims predominantly had male perpetrators, but other forms of Sexual Violence experienced by men were either perpetrated predominantly by women (i.e., being made to penetrate and Sexual coercion) or split more evenly among male and female perpetrators (i.e., unwanted Sexual contact and noncontact unwanted Sexual experiences). In addition, male stalking victims also reported a more even mix of males and females who had perpetrated stalking against them. The lifetime and 12-month prevalences of rape by an intimate partner for women were an estimated 8.8% and 0.8%, respectively; an estimated 0.5% of men experienced rape by an intimate partner during their lifetimes, although the case count for men reporting rape by an intimate partner in the preceding 12 months was too small to produce a statistically reliable prevalence estimate. An estimated 15.8% of women and 9.5% of men experienced other forms of Sexual Violence by an intimate partner during their lifetimes, whereas an estimated 2.1% of both men and women experienced these forms of Sexual Violence by a partner in the 12 months before taking the survey. Severe physical Violence by an intimate partner (including acts such as being hit with something hard, being kicked or beaten, or being burned on purpose) was experienced by an estimated 22.3% of women and 14.0% of men during their lifetimes and by an estimated 2.3% of women and 2.1% of men in the 12 months before taking the survey. Finally, the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of stalking by an intimate partner for women was an estimated 9.2% and 2.4%, respectively, while the lifetime and 12-month prevalence for men was an estimated 2.5% and 0.8%, respectively. Many victims of Sexual Violence, stalking, and intimate partner Violence were first victimized at a young age. Among female victims of completed rape, an estimated 78.7% were first raped before age 25 years (40.4% before age 18 years). Among male victims who were made to penetrate a perpetrator, an estimated 71.0% were victimized before age 25 years (21.3% before age 18 years). In addition, an estimated 53.8% of female stalking victims and 47.7% of male stalking victims were first stalked before age 25 years (16.3% of female victims and 20.5% of male victims before age 18 years). Finally, among victims of contact Sexual Violence, physical Violence, or stalking by an intimate partner, an estimated 71.1% of women and 58.2% of men first experienced these or other forms of intimate partner Violence before age 25 years (23.2% of female victims and 14.1% of male victims before age 18 years). INTERPRETATION: A substantial proportion of U.S. female and male adults have experienced some form of Sexual Violence, stalking, or intimate partner Violence at least once during their lifetimes, and the sex of perpetrators varied by the specific form of Violence examined. In addition, a substantial number of U.S. adults experienced Sexual Violence, stalking, or intimate partner Violence during the 12 months preceding the 2011 survey. Consistent with previous studies, the overall pattern of results suggest that women, in particular, are heavily impacted over their lifetime. However, the results also indicate that many men experience Sexual Violence, stalking, and, in particular, physical Violence by an intimate partner. Because of the broad range of short- and long-term consequences known to be associated with these forms of Violence, the public health burden of Sexual Violence, stalking, and intimate partner Violence is substantial. RESULTS suggest that these forms of Violence frequently are experienced at an early age because a majority of victims experienced their first victimization before age 25 years, with a substantial proportion experiencing victimization in childhood or adolescence. Public Health Action: Because a substantial proportion of Sexual Violence, stalking, and intimate partner Violence is experienced at a young age, primary prevention of these forms of Violence must begin early. Prevention efforts should take into consideration that female Sexual Violence and stalking victimization is perpetrated predominately by men and that a substantial proportion of male Sexual Violence and stalking victimization (including rape, unwanted Sexual contact, noncontact unwanted Sexual experiences, and stalking) also is perpetrated by men. CDC seeks to prevent these forms of Violence with strategies that address known risk factors for perpetration and by changing social norms and behaviors by using bystander and other prevention strategies. In addition, primary prevention of intimate partner Violence is focused on the promotion of healthy relationship behaviors and other protective factors, with the goal of helping adolescents develop these positive behaviors before their first relationships. The early promotion of healthy relationships while behaviors are still relatively modifiable makes it more likely that young persons can avoid Violence in their relationships. Language: en

  • Sexual Violence victimization of women prevalence characteristics and the role of public health and prevention
    American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 2011
    Co-Authors: Kathleen C. Basile, Stephen G Smith
    Abstract:

    Sexual Violence is a serious public health problem with devastating health-related consequences. In this article, the authors review the prevalence, characteristics, vulnerability factors for, and impacts of Sexual Violence victimization for women. Some key factors are reviewed that have been shown to increase vulnerability for victimization, including certain demographic characteristics, previous victimization, and use of drugs or alcohol. The impacts of rape and other Sexual Violence are described, including physical and Sexual health; psychological, social, and societal impacts; as well as impact on risky health behaviors. The authors conclude with a discussion of the public health approach to Sexual Violence, primary prevention, the relevance of Sexual Violence research for health care practitioners, and recommendations for health care practice.

Ilse Derluyn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the mediating role of stigmatization in the mental health of adolescent victims of Sexual Violence in eastern congo
    Child Abuse & Neglect, 2014
    Co-Authors: An Verelst, M De Schryver, L De Haene, Eric Broekaert, Ilse Derluyn
    Abstract:

    This study aims to explore the factors that explain the mental sequelae of war-related Sexual Violence and focuses in particular on the role of stigmatization. Drawing on a large-scale quantitative survey undertaken in the war-affected region of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, we analyze how stigmatization mediates the mental health impact of Sexual Violence on adolescent girls who were victims of rape. Twenty-two secondary schools were randomly selected out of a stratified sample in Bunia, Eastern Congo. In a cross-sectional, population-based survey, 1,305 school-going adolescent girls aged 11-23 completed self-report measures assessing war-related traumatic events, experiences of Sexual Violence, stigmatization, and mental health symptoms. Of the 1,305 participants, 38.2% (n=499) reported experiences of Sexual Violence. Victims of Sexual Violence reported more war-related traumatic events and more stigmatization experiences. Several hierarchical regression analyses examined the mediating impact of stigmatization on the relationship between Sexual Violence and mental health outcomes, thereby controlling for sociodemographics (age, parental availability, and socioeconomic status) and war-related traumatic exposure. Our findings show that this stigmatization largely explains the mental health impact of Sexual Violence, in particular, on adolescent girls' reported symptoms of depression (full mediation) and posttraumatic stress (avoidance and total PTSD: full mediation; hyperarousal: partial (40%) mediation). No evidence of mediation by stigmatization was found for symptoms of anxiety and intrusion. Stigmatization plays thus an important role in shaping the mental sequelae of Sexual Violence, a finding with major consequences for clinical practice. Language: en