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Michael A Quilliam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • development of certified reference materials for diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning toxins part 2 Shellfish matrix materials
    2016
    Co-Authors: Pearse Mccarron, Kelley Reeves, Sabrina D Giddings, Daniel G Beach, Michael A Quilliam
    Abstract:

    Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogs, dinophysistoxins-1 (DTX1) and -2 (DTX2) are lipophilic biotoxins produced by marine algae that can accumulate in Shellfish and cause the human illness known as diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP). Regulatory testing of Shellfish is required to protect consumers and the seafood industry. Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential for the development, validation, and quality control of analytical methods, and thus play an important role in toxin monitoring. This paper summarizes work on research and development of Shellfish tissue reference materials for OA and DTXs. Preliminary work established the appropriate conditions for production of Shellfish tissue CRMs for OA and DTXs. Source materials, including naturally incurred Shellfish tissue and cultured algae, were screened for their DSP toxins. This preliminary work informed planning and production of a wet mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue homogenate matrix CRM. The homogeneity and stability of the CRM were evaluated and found to be fit-for-purpose. Extraction and LC-tandem MS methods were developed to accurately certify the concentrations of OA, DTX1, and DTX2 using a combination of standard addition and matrix-matched calibration to compensate for matrix effects in electrospray ionization. The concentration of domoic acid was also certified. Uncertainties were assigned following standards and guidelines from the International Organization for Standardization. The presence of other toxins in the CRM was also assessed and information values are reported for OA and DTX acyl esters.

  • lc ms ms analysis of diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning dsp toxins okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin analogues and other lipophilic toxins
    2011
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Michael A Quilliam
    Abstract:

    Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a severe gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of Shellfish contaminated with DSP toxins that are originally produced by toxic dinoflagellates. Based on their structures, DSP toxins were initially classified into three groups, okadaic acid (OA)/dinophysistoxin (DTX) analogues, pectenotoxins (PTXs), and yessotoxins (YTXs). Because PTXs and YTXs have been subsequently shown to have no diarrhetic activities, PTXs and YTXs have recently been eliminated from the definition of DSP toxins. Mouse bioassay (MBA), which is the official testing method of DSP in Japan and many countries, also detects PTXs and YTXs, and thus alternative testing methods detecting only OA/DTX analogues are required in DSP monitoring. Electrospray ionization (ESI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a very powerful tool for the detection, identification and quantification of DSP and other lipophilic toxins. In the present review, application of ESI LC-MS techniques to the analysis of each toxin group is described.

  • lc ms ms analysis of diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning dsp toxins okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin analogues and other lipophilic toxins
    2011
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Michael A Quilliam
    Abstract:

    Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a severe gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of Shellfish contaminated with DSP toxins that are originally produced by toxic dinoflagellates. Based on their structures, DSP toxins were initially classified into three groups, okadaic acid (OA)/dinophysistoxin (DTX) analogues, pectenotoxins (PTXs), and yessotoxins (YTXs). Because PTXs and YTXs have been subsequently shown to have no diarrhetic activities, PTXs and YTXs have recently been eliminated from the definition of DSP toxins. Mouse bioassay (MBA), which is the official testing method of DSP in Japan and many countries, also detects PTXs and YTXs, and thus alternative testing methods detecting only OA/DTX analogues are required in DSP monitoring. Electrospray ionization (ESI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a very powerful tool for the detection, identification and quantification of DSP and other lipophilic toxins. In the present review, application of ESI LC-MS techniques to the analysis of each toxin group is described.

  • Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins
    2005
    Co-Authors: Carmela Dell'aversano, Philipp Hess, Michael A Quilliam
    Abstract:

    Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was examined for the separation of paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins using the stationary phase TSK-gel Amide-80®. The parameters tested included type of organic modifier and percentage in the mobile phase, buffer concentration, pH, flow rate and column temperature. Using mass spectrometric (MS) detection, the HILIC column allowed the determination of all the major PSP toxins in one 30 min analysis with a high degree of selectivity and sensitivity. The high percentage of organic modifier in the mobile phase and the omission of ion pairing reagents, both favored in HILIC, provided limits of detection (LOD) in the range 50-1000 nM in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode on a single quadrupole LC-MS system. LOD in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode on a sensitive triple quadrupole system were as low as 5-30 nM. Excellent linearity of response was observed.

  • detection of new 7 o acyl derivatives of diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning toxins by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
    1992
    Co-Authors: J C Marr, Michael A Quilliam, Stephen Pleasance, Jeffrey L C Wright
    Abstract:

    A novel method for the detection of acylated diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning toxins is reported. Direct determination of these compounds is possible using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion-spray mass spectrometry. An extract, purified from the digestive glands of toxic mussels (Mytilus edulis) contaminated with okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, and a recently reported analog, dinophysistoxin-2, was also shown to contain small amounts of dinophysistoxin-3, a mixture of 7-O-acyl ester derivatives of dinophysistoxin-1. In addition, acyl ester derivatives of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 were also detected by direct LC-MS analysis and confirmed by analysis of their hydrolysis products. This is the first report of the detection of other naturally occurring 7-O-acyl esters similar to dinophysistoxin-3.

Toshiyuki Suzuki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • lc ms ms analysis of diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning dsp toxins okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin analogues and other lipophilic toxins
    2011
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Michael A Quilliam
    Abstract:

    Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a severe gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of Shellfish contaminated with DSP toxins that are originally produced by toxic dinoflagellates. Based on their structures, DSP toxins were initially classified into three groups, okadaic acid (OA)/dinophysistoxin (DTX) analogues, pectenotoxins (PTXs), and yessotoxins (YTXs). Because PTXs and YTXs have been subsequently shown to have no diarrhetic activities, PTXs and YTXs have recently been eliminated from the definition of DSP toxins. Mouse bioassay (MBA), which is the official testing method of DSP in Japan and many countries, also detects PTXs and YTXs, and thus alternative testing methods detecting only OA/DTX analogues are required in DSP monitoring. Electrospray ionization (ESI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a very powerful tool for the detection, identification and quantification of DSP and other lipophilic toxins. In the present review, application of ESI LC-MS techniques to the analysis of each toxin group is described.

  • lc ms ms analysis of diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning dsp toxins okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin analogues and other lipophilic toxins
    2011
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Michael A Quilliam
    Abstract:

    Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a severe gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of Shellfish contaminated with DSP toxins that are originally produced by toxic dinoflagellates. Based on their structures, DSP toxins were initially classified into three groups, okadaic acid (OA)/dinophysistoxin (DTX) analogues, pectenotoxins (PTXs), and yessotoxins (YTXs). Because PTXs and YTXs have been subsequently shown to have no diarrhetic activities, PTXs and YTXs have recently been eliminated from the definition of DSP toxins. Mouse bioassay (MBA), which is the official testing method of DSP in Japan and many countries, also detects PTXs and YTXs, and thus alternative testing methods detecting only OA/DTX analogues are required in DSP monitoring. Electrospray ionization (ESI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a very powerful tool for the detection, identification and quantification of DSP and other lipophilic toxins. In the present review, application of ESI LC-MS techniques to the analysis of each toxin group is described.

  • quantification of lipophilic toxins associated with diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning in japanese bivalves by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and comparison with mouse bioassay
    2005
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Taketo Jin, Yuri Shirota, Tadashi Mitsuya, Yutaka Okumura, Takashi Kamiyama
    Abstract:

    Quantification of lipophilic toxins in bivalves associated with diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning was investigated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Using a C8-silica reversed phase column and a mobile phase of aqueous acetonitrile containing 2 mM ammonium formate and 50 mM formic acid, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, 7-O-palmitoyldinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxin-1, pectenotoxin-2, pectenotoxin-6, pectenotoxin-2 seco-acid, yessotoxin, and 45-hydroxyyessotoxin in bivalves were quantified by LC-MS in the negative mode. When the crude 90% methanol extracts were analyzed by LC-MS, there were no significant effects from bivalve matrices on the quantification of toxins. More than 200 bivalve samples collected from various production areas in Japan were analyzed by LC-MS. Pectenotoxin-6 and dinophysistoxin-1 were the dominant toxins in scallops and mussels, respectively. Yessotoxin and 45-hydroxyyessotoxin were also detected in both species. Comparison of the quantitative results obtained for these bivalve samples between LC-MS and mouse bioassay indicates that LC-MS is suitable for routine monitoring of lipophilic toxins in Japanese bivalves.

  • paralytic Shellfish Poisoning psp toxin profiles and short term detoxification kinetics in mussels mytilus galloprovincialis fed with the toxic dinoflagellate alexandrium tamarense
    2003
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Yasukatsu Oshima, Kazuhiko Ichimi, Takashi Kamiyama
    Abstract:

    Abstract Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) were experimentally contaminated with paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins by being fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense , and changes in toxin content and specific composition during the decontamination period were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Toxins excreted by the mussels into the seawater were also recovered using an activated charcoal column and analyzed by HPLC. The predominant toxins in A. tamarense , mussels, and seawater were the N -sulfocarbamoyl-11-hydrosulfate toxins (C1,2) and carbamate gonyautoxins-1,4 (GTX1,4). There were no remarkable differences in the relative proportions of the predominant toxins within A. tamarense , mussels and seawater. Because the relative proportion of the various toxin analogues excreted by the mussels was similar to that within their tissues during detoxification, it appeared that the selective release of particular toxins by the mussels was unlikely. The total amount of toxin lost from mussels was nearly equal to that which was found dissolved in the seawater, suggesting that, at least the early stages of mussel detoxification, most losses can be accounted for by excretion.

  • liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning toxins okadaic acid dinophysistoxin 1 and pectenotoxin 6 in bivalves
    2000
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Takeshi Yasumoto
    Abstract:

    Determination of diarrhetic Shellfish-Poisoning (DSP) toxins, okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and pectenotoxin-6 (PTX6) was carried out by liquid chromatography (LC) followed by on-line atmospheric pressure electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric (ESI-MS) detection with a heated capillary interface. Mass spectra of authentic OA, DTXI and PTX6 standards exhibited abundant [M-H] at m/z 803, 817 and 887, respectively. Linearity of peak area obtained by selected-ion monitoring (SIM) for [M-H]- of each toxin was confirmed over a wide range of concentrations from 10 pg to 30 ng. LC-ESI-MS analysis of OA, DTX1 and PTX6 in scallops and mussels, collected at the same site (Mutsu Bay, Japan), was carried out. Scallops and mussels collected at the same site showed different toxin profiles. Although PTX6 was detected from scallops, it was not detected from mussels.

Takeshi Yasumoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Takashi Kamiyama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • quantification of lipophilic toxins associated with diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning in japanese bivalves by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and comparison with mouse bioassay
    2005
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Taketo Jin, Yuri Shirota, Tadashi Mitsuya, Yutaka Okumura, Takashi Kamiyama
    Abstract:

    Quantification of lipophilic toxins in bivalves associated with diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning was investigated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Using a C8-silica reversed phase column and a mobile phase of aqueous acetonitrile containing 2 mM ammonium formate and 50 mM formic acid, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, 7-O-palmitoyldinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxin-1, pectenotoxin-2, pectenotoxin-6, pectenotoxin-2 seco-acid, yessotoxin, and 45-hydroxyyessotoxin in bivalves were quantified by LC-MS in the negative mode. When the crude 90% methanol extracts were analyzed by LC-MS, there were no significant effects from bivalve matrices on the quantification of toxins. More than 200 bivalve samples collected from various production areas in Japan were analyzed by LC-MS. Pectenotoxin-6 and dinophysistoxin-1 were the dominant toxins in scallops and mussels, respectively. Yessotoxin and 45-hydroxyyessotoxin were also detected in both species. Comparison of the quantitative results obtained for these bivalve samples between LC-MS and mouse bioassay indicates that LC-MS is suitable for routine monitoring of lipophilic toxins in Japanese bivalves.

  • paralytic Shellfish Poisoning psp toxin profiles and short term detoxification kinetics in mussels mytilus galloprovincialis fed with the toxic dinoflagellate alexandrium tamarense
    2003
    Co-Authors: Toshiyuki Suzuki, Yasukatsu Oshima, Kazuhiko Ichimi, Takashi Kamiyama
    Abstract:

    Abstract Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis ) were experimentally contaminated with paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins by being fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense , and changes in toxin content and specific composition during the decontamination period were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Toxins excreted by the mussels into the seawater were also recovered using an activated charcoal column and analyzed by HPLC. The predominant toxins in A. tamarense , mussels, and seawater were the N -sulfocarbamoyl-11-hydrosulfate toxins (C1,2) and carbamate gonyautoxins-1,4 (GTX1,4). There were no remarkable differences in the relative proportions of the predominant toxins within A. tamarense , mussels and seawater. Because the relative proportion of the various toxin analogues excreted by the mussels was similar to that within their tissues during detoxification, it appeared that the selective release of particular toxins by the mussels was unlikely. The total amount of toxin lost from mussels was nearly equal to that which was found dissolved in the seawater, suggesting that, at least the early stages of mussel detoxification, most losses can be accounted for by excretion.

Lorraine Mcintyre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • formation of a volunteer harmful algal bloom network in british columbia canada following an outbreak of diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning
    2013
    Co-Authors: Lorraine Mcintyre, David Cassis, Nicola Haigh
    Abstract:

    Evidence for Shellfish toxin illness in British Columbia (BC) on the west coast of Canada can be traced back to 1793. For over two hundred years, domestically acquired bivalve Shellfish toxin illnesses in BC were solely ascribed to paralytic Shellfish Poisonings caused by algal blooms of Alexandrium. This changed in 2011, when BC experienced its first outbreak of diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP). As a result of this outbreak, Canada’s first DSP symposium was held in November, 2012, in North Vancouver, BC. Three of the objectives of the symposium were to provide a forum to educate key stakeholders on this emerging issue, to identify research and surveillance priorities and to create a DSP network. The purpose of this paper is to review what is known about Shellfish Poisoning in BC and to describe a novel volunteer network that arose following the symposium. The newly formed network was designed for industry Shellfish growers to identify harmful algae bloom events, so that they may take actions to mitigate the effects of harmful blooms on Shellfish morbidity. The network will also inform public health and regulatory stakeholders of potentially emerging issues in Shellfish growing areas.

  • outbreak of diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning associated with mussels british columbia canada
    2013
    Co-Authors: Marsha Taylor, Lorraine Mcintyre, Mark Ritson, Jason Stone, Roni Bronson, Olga Bitzikos, Wade Rourke, Eleni Galanis, Outbreak Investigation Team
    Abstract:

    In 2011, a Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) outbreak occurred in British Columbia (BC), Canada that was associated with cooked mussel consumption. This is the first reported DSP outbreak in BC. Investigation of ill individuals, traceback of product and laboratory testing for toxins were used in this investigation. Sixty-two illnesses were reported. Public health and food safety investigation identified a common food source and harvest area. Public health and regulatory agencies took actions to recall product and notify the public. Shellfish monitoring program changes were implemented after the outbreak. Improved response and understanding of toxin production will improve management of future DSP outbreaks.