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Christopher Jarrold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the relationships among verbal Short Term Memory phonological awareness and new word learning evidence from typical development and down syndrome
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Christopher Jarrold, Annabel S C Thorn, Emma StephensAbstract:Abstract This study examined the correlates of new word learning in a sample of 64 typically developing children between 5 and 8 years of age and a group of 22 teenagers and young adults with Down syndrome. Verbal Short-Term Memory and phonological awareness skills were assessed to deTermine whether learning new words involved accurately representing phonological information in Memory. Results showed a relationship between verbal Short-Term Memory measures and typically developing individuals’ ability to learn the phonological form of novel words but not their ability to learn the physical referent of new words. Similarly, individuals with Down syndrome showed impaired verbal Short-Term Memory and impaired form but not referent learning. Together, these findings specify the circumstances in which an accurate phonological representation within Short-Term Memory is required for new word learning.
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Hebb learning, verbal Short-Term Memory, and the acquisition of phonological forms in children
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2008Co-Authors: Emma K. Mosse, Christopher JarroldAbstract:Recent work using the Hebb effect as a marker for implicit long-Term acquisition of serial order has demonstrated a functional equivalence across verbal and visuospatial Short-Term Memory. The current study extends this observation to a sample of five- to six-year-olds using verbal and spatial immediate serial recall and also correlates the magnitude of Hebb learning with explicit measures of word and nonword paired-associate learning. Comparable Hebb effects were observed in both domains, but only nonword learning was significantly related to the magnitude of Hebb learning. Nonword learning was also independently related to individuals' general level of verbal serial recall. This suggests that vocabulary acquisition depends on both a domain-specific Short-Term Memory system and a domain-general process of learning through repetition.
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Serial order reconstruction in Down syndrome: evidence for a selective deficit in verbal Short-Term Memory
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2005Co-Authors: Jon Brock, Christopher JarroldAbstract:Background: Individuals with Down syndrome consistently perform less well than appropriately matched comparison groups on tests of verbal Short-Term Memory, despite performing relatively well on non-verbal Short-Term Memory tasks. However, it is not clear whether these findings constitute evidence for a selective deficit in verbal Short-Term Memory, or whether they instead reflect the influence of noncentral factors such as speech difficulties or poor number knowledge. Methods: Twenty-six individuals with Down syndrome and 32 typically developing children were tested on a digit reconstruction task in which participants were presented with auditory digit sequences and responded by pressing the corresponding digits on a touch-screen in the correct serial order. Background measures were performance on a closely matched visuo-spatial reconstruction task, reaction time on a simple digit identification task, receptive vocabulary age and non-verbal ability (Raven’s matrices). Participants were also tested on a conventional digit recall task. Results: All four background measures accounted for significant individual variation in digit reconstruction performance, but there remained a significant effect of group that reflected relatively poor performance of individuals with Down syndrome. Hierarchical regression showed that group membership accounted for unique variation in both digit reconstruction and recall performance, even after all group differences on background measures had been accounted for. Conclusions: The results provide strong evidence that Down syndrome is associated with a selective deficit in verbal Short-Term Memory, and a deficit in verbal serial order Memory in particular. Implications for the language difficulties associated with Down syndrome are discussed. Keywords: Down syndrome, verbal and non-verbal Short-Term Memory, serial order Memory, speech and language difficulties. Abbreviations: BPVS: British Picture Vocabulary Scale II; DS: Down syndrome; TD: typically developing; RCPM: Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices; RT: reaction time.
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verbal Short Term Memory in down syndrome a problem of Memory audition or speech
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 2002Co-Authors: Christopher Jarrold, Alan D Baddeley, Caroline PhillipsAbstract:The current study explored three possible explanations of poor verbal Short-Term Memory performance among individuals with Down syndrome in an attempt to deTermine whether the condition is associat...
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down syndrome and the phonological loop the evidence for and importance of a specific verbal Short Term Memory deficit
Down Syndrome Research and Practice, 1999Co-Authors: Christopher Jarrold, Alan D Baddeley, Caroline PhillipsAbstract:Individuals with Down syndrome are thought to perform poorly on tests of verbal Short-Term Memory, such as measures of word span or digit span. This review critically examines the evidence for a specific deficit in verbal Short-Term Memory in Down syndrome, and outlines a range of possible explanations for such a deficit. The potential implications of a verbal Short-Term Memory impairment for broader aspects of development are outlined, in particular with respect to vocabulary development. Possible intervention strategies, which might improve verbal Short-Term Memory performance in Down syndrome are also considered. However, we argue that further research is needed to fully clarify the nature of a verbal Short-Term Memory deficit in Down syndrome, before the merits of these various intervention approaches can be properly evaluated.
Shaul Druckmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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targeted photostimulation uncovers circuit motifs supporting Short Term Memory
Nature Neuroscience, 2021Co-Authors: Kayvon Daie, Karel Svoboda, Shaul DruckmannAbstract:Short-Term Memory is associated with persistent neural activity that is maintained by positive feedback between neurons. To explore the neural circuit motifs that produce Memory-related persistent activity, we measured coupling between functionally characterized motor cortex neurons in mice performing a Memory-guided response task. Targeted two-photon photostimulation of small (<10) groups of neurons produced sparse calcium responses in coupled neurons over approximately 100 μm. Neurons with similar task-related selectivity were preferentially coupled. Photostimulation of different groups of neurons modulated activity in different subpopulations of coupled neurons. Responses of stimulated and coupled neurons persisted for seconds, far outlasting the duration of the photostimuli. Photostimuli produced behavioral biases that were predictable based on the selectivity of the perturbed neuronal population, even though photostimulation preceded the behavioral response by seconds. Our results suggest that Memory-related neural circuits contain intercalated, recurrently connected modules, which can independently maintain selective persistent activity. Two-photon photostimulation and imaging of a cortical Short-Term Memory circuit reveal intercalated modules that can independently maintain Memory. The modules are defined by connectivity between neurons with similar task-related tuning.
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targeted photostimulation uncovers circuit motifs supporting Short Term Memory
bioRxiv, 2019Co-Authors: Kayvon Daie, Karel Svoboda, Shaul DruckmannAbstract:Short-Term Memory is associated with persistent neural activity without sustained input, arising from the interactions between neurons with Short time constants. A variety of neural circuit motifs could account for measured neural activity. A mechanistic understanding of the neural circuits supporting Short-Term Memory requires probing network connectivity between functionally characterized neurons. We performed targeted photostimulation of small (< 10) groups of neurons, while imaging the response of hundreds of other neurons, in anterior-lateral motor cortex (ALM) of mice performing a delayed response task. Mice were instructed with brief auditory stimuli to make directional movements (lick left or lick right), but only after a three second delay epoch. ALM contains neurons with delay epoch activity that is selective for left or right choices. Targeted photostimulation of groups of neurons during the delay epoch allowed us to observe the functional organization of population activity and recurrent interactions underlying Short-Term Memory. These experiments revealed strong coupling between neurons sharing similar selectivity. Brief photostimulation of functionally related neurons produced changes in activity in sparse subpopulations of nearby neurons that persisted for several seconds following stimulus offset, far outlasting the duration of the perturbation. Photostimulation produced behavioral biases that were predictable based on the selectivity of the perturbed neuronal population. These results suggest that ALM contains multiple intercalated modules, consisting of recurrently coupled neurons, that can independently maintain persistent activity.
Sergio Della Sala - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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specific deficit of colour colour Short Term Memory binding in sporadic and familial alzheimer s disease
Neuropsychologia, 2011Co-Authors: Mario A Parra, Robert H. Logie, Sharon Abrahams, Sergio Della Sala, Luis Mendez, Francisco LoperaAbstract:Abstract Short-Term Memory binding of visual features which are processed across different dimensions (shape–colour) is impaired in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, familial Alzheimer's disease, and in asymptomatic carriers of familial Alzheimer's disease. This study investigated whether Alzheimer's disease also impacts on within-dimension binding processes. The study specifically explored whether visual Short-Term Memory binding of features of the same type (colour–colour) is sensitive to Alzheimer's disease. We used a neuropsychological battery and a Short-Term Memory binding task to assess patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (Experiment 1), familial Alzheimer's disease (Experiment 2) due to the mutation E280A of the Presenilin-1 gene and asymptomatic carriers of the mutation. The binding task assessed change detection within arrays of unicoloured objects (Colour Only) or bicoloured objects the colours of which had to be remembered separately (Unbound Colours) or together (Bound Colours). Performance on the Bound Colours condition (1) explained the largest proportion of variance between patients (sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease), (2) combined more sensitivity and specificity for the disease than other more traditional neuropsychological tasks, (3) identified asymptomatic carriers of the mutation even when traditional neuropsychological measures and other measures of Short-Term Memory did not and, (4) contrary to shape–colour binding, correlated with measures of hippocampal functions. Colour–colour binding and shape–colour binding both appear to be sensitive to AD even though they seem to rely on different brain mechanisms.
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Visual Short-Term Memory binding deficits in familial Alzheimer's disease.
Brain, 2010Co-Authors: Mario A Parra, Luis Guillermo Mendez, Francisco Lopera, Robert H. Logie, Sharon Abrahams, Sergio Della SalaAbstract:Short-Term Memory binding is a Memory function that underpins the temporary retention of complex objects (e.g. shapes with colours). In the verbal domain, this function has been found to be impaired in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Whether Short-Term Memory binding is also impaired in familial Alzheimer's disease, whether this impairment extends to the visual domain and whether it could be detected earlier than other cognitive deficits are issues yet to be investigated. Twenty two patients with familial Alzheimer's disease caused by the E280A single presenilin-1 mutation, thirty carriers of the mutation who did not meet Alzheimer's disease criteria (asymptomatic carriers) and 30 healthy relatives (non-carrier healthy controls) were assessed with a visual Short-Term Memory task and a neuropsychological battery. The Short-Term Memory task assessed the recognition of shapes, colours or shape-colour bindings presented in two consecutive arrays (i.e. study and test). Changes, which always occurred in the test array, consisted of new features replacing studied features (single feature conditions) or of features swapping across items (the binding condition). The neuropsychological battery comprised tests of associative and non-associative Memory, attention, language, visuospatial and executive functions. Patients with Alzheimer's disease and asymptomatic carriers performed significantly worse than healthy controls in the feature binding condition only. Group comparisons between asymptomatic carriers and healthy controls on standard neuropsychological tasks revealed no significant differences. Classification and area under the curve analyses confirmed that the binding task combines more sensitivity and specificity for patients with Alzheimer's disease and most notably for asymptomatic carriers of the mutation than other traditional neuropsychological measures. This suggests that visual Short-Term Memory binding deficits may be a preclinical marker for familial Alzheimer's disease.
Francisco Lopera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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specific deficit of colour colour Short Term Memory binding in sporadic and familial alzheimer s disease
Neuropsychologia, 2011Co-Authors: Mario A Parra, Robert H. Logie, Sharon Abrahams, Sergio Della Sala, Luis Mendez, Francisco LoperaAbstract:Abstract Short-Term Memory binding of visual features which are processed across different dimensions (shape–colour) is impaired in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, familial Alzheimer's disease, and in asymptomatic carriers of familial Alzheimer's disease. This study investigated whether Alzheimer's disease also impacts on within-dimension binding processes. The study specifically explored whether visual Short-Term Memory binding of features of the same type (colour–colour) is sensitive to Alzheimer's disease. We used a neuropsychological battery and a Short-Term Memory binding task to assess patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (Experiment 1), familial Alzheimer's disease (Experiment 2) due to the mutation E280A of the Presenilin-1 gene and asymptomatic carriers of the mutation. The binding task assessed change detection within arrays of unicoloured objects (Colour Only) or bicoloured objects the colours of which had to be remembered separately (Unbound Colours) or together (Bound Colours). Performance on the Bound Colours condition (1) explained the largest proportion of variance between patients (sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease), (2) combined more sensitivity and specificity for the disease than other more traditional neuropsychological tasks, (3) identified asymptomatic carriers of the mutation even when traditional neuropsychological measures and other measures of Short-Term Memory did not and, (4) contrary to shape–colour binding, correlated with measures of hippocampal functions. Colour–colour binding and shape–colour binding both appear to be sensitive to AD even though they seem to rely on different brain mechanisms.
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Visual Short-Term Memory binding deficits in familial Alzheimer's disease.
Brain, 2010Co-Authors: Mario A Parra, Luis Guillermo Mendez, Francisco Lopera, Robert H. Logie, Sharon Abrahams, Sergio Della SalaAbstract:Short-Term Memory binding is a Memory function that underpins the temporary retention of complex objects (e.g. shapes with colours). In the verbal domain, this function has been found to be impaired in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Whether Short-Term Memory binding is also impaired in familial Alzheimer's disease, whether this impairment extends to the visual domain and whether it could be detected earlier than other cognitive deficits are issues yet to be investigated. Twenty two patients with familial Alzheimer's disease caused by the E280A single presenilin-1 mutation, thirty carriers of the mutation who did not meet Alzheimer's disease criteria (asymptomatic carriers) and 30 healthy relatives (non-carrier healthy controls) were assessed with a visual Short-Term Memory task and a neuropsychological battery. The Short-Term Memory task assessed the recognition of shapes, colours or shape-colour bindings presented in two consecutive arrays (i.e. study and test). Changes, which always occurred in the test array, consisted of new features replacing studied features (single feature conditions) or of features swapping across items (the binding condition). The neuropsychological battery comprised tests of associative and non-associative Memory, attention, language, visuospatial and executive functions. Patients with Alzheimer's disease and asymptomatic carriers performed significantly worse than healthy controls in the feature binding condition only. Group comparisons between asymptomatic carriers and healthy controls on standard neuropsychological tasks revealed no significant differences. Classification and area under the curve analyses confirmed that the binding task combines more sensitivity and specificity for patients with Alzheimer's disease and most notably for asymptomatic carriers of the mutation than other traditional neuropsychological measures. This suggests that visual Short-Term Memory binding deficits may be a preclinical marker for familial Alzheimer's disease.
Mario A Parra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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specific deficit of colour colour Short Term Memory binding in sporadic and familial alzheimer s disease
Neuropsychologia, 2011Co-Authors: Mario A Parra, Robert H. Logie, Sharon Abrahams, Sergio Della Sala, Luis Mendez, Francisco LoperaAbstract:Abstract Short-Term Memory binding of visual features which are processed across different dimensions (shape–colour) is impaired in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, familial Alzheimer's disease, and in asymptomatic carriers of familial Alzheimer's disease. This study investigated whether Alzheimer's disease also impacts on within-dimension binding processes. The study specifically explored whether visual Short-Term Memory binding of features of the same type (colour–colour) is sensitive to Alzheimer's disease. We used a neuropsychological battery and a Short-Term Memory binding task to assess patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (Experiment 1), familial Alzheimer's disease (Experiment 2) due to the mutation E280A of the Presenilin-1 gene and asymptomatic carriers of the mutation. The binding task assessed change detection within arrays of unicoloured objects (Colour Only) or bicoloured objects the colours of which had to be remembered separately (Unbound Colours) or together (Bound Colours). Performance on the Bound Colours condition (1) explained the largest proportion of variance between patients (sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease), (2) combined more sensitivity and specificity for the disease than other more traditional neuropsychological tasks, (3) identified asymptomatic carriers of the mutation even when traditional neuropsychological measures and other measures of Short-Term Memory did not and, (4) contrary to shape–colour binding, correlated with measures of hippocampal functions. Colour–colour binding and shape–colour binding both appear to be sensitive to AD even though they seem to rely on different brain mechanisms.
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Visual Short-Term Memory binding deficits in familial Alzheimer's disease.
Brain, 2010Co-Authors: Mario A Parra, Luis Guillermo Mendez, Francisco Lopera, Robert H. Logie, Sharon Abrahams, Sergio Della SalaAbstract:Short-Term Memory binding is a Memory function that underpins the temporary retention of complex objects (e.g. shapes with colours). In the verbal domain, this function has been found to be impaired in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Whether Short-Term Memory binding is also impaired in familial Alzheimer's disease, whether this impairment extends to the visual domain and whether it could be detected earlier than other cognitive deficits are issues yet to be investigated. Twenty two patients with familial Alzheimer's disease caused by the E280A single presenilin-1 mutation, thirty carriers of the mutation who did not meet Alzheimer's disease criteria (asymptomatic carriers) and 30 healthy relatives (non-carrier healthy controls) were assessed with a visual Short-Term Memory task and a neuropsychological battery. The Short-Term Memory task assessed the recognition of shapes, colours or shape-colour bindings presented in two consecutive arrays (i.e. study and test). Changes, which always occurred in the test array, consisted of new features replacing studied features (single feature conditions) or of features swapping across items (the binding condition). The neuropsychological battery comprised tests of associative and non-associative Memory, attention, language, visuospatial and executive functions. Patients with Alzheimer's disease and asymptomatic carriers performed significantly worse than healthy controls in the feature binding condition only. Group comparisons between asymptomatic carriers and healthy controls on standard neuropsychological tasks revealed no significant differences. Classification and area under the curve analyses confirmed that the binding task combines more sensitivity and specificity for patients with Alzheimer's disease and most notably for asymptomatic carriers of the mutation than other traditional neuropsychological measures. This suggests that visual Short-Term Memory binding deficits may be a preclinical marker for familial Alzheimer's disease.
