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J. M. Schmidt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Factors regulating predation by first-instar spined assassin bugs [Sinea diadema (Fabricius)] (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1996
    Co-Authors: J. R. Taylor, J. M. Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Selected nutritional and developmental factors regulating the predatory behavior of first-instar spined assassin bugs Sinea diadema (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were investigated. The longevity of unfed nymphs provided with free water, bean pod sections, or glucose solutions was not significantly greater than that of unfed nymphs which were not provided with a source of water. First-instar S. diadema that were provided with larvae of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as prey began feeding 1.9 (±0.9) days after hatching. In contrast, first-instar S. diadema that were provided with conspecifics of the same age did not begin feeding until they were 3.9 (±0.9) days old. These results suggest that the potential nutritional benefits to be gained from feeding equal or outweigh the risk of attacking prey capable of effective self-defense only when nymphs have not fed for 4 days after hatching. Providing the nymphs with water or glucose solutions significantly delayed the onset of conspecific predation. Additional data are presented which demonstrate that first-instar S. diadema are not restrained from preying on siblings by kin recognition.

  • The effect of hunger on intraspecific interactions between first-instarSinea diadema (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1996
    Co-Authors: J. R. Taylor, J. M. Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Fed and unfed first instars of the spined assassin bug Sinea diadema were paired to evaluate the effects of food deprivation on their behaviour during encounters. Fed nymphs encountering starved 5-day-old nymphs retreated from 69% of the encounters after contacting the starved nymph. In contrast, starved nymphs initiated grappling during 30% of the encounters with fed nymphs and retreated significantly less often than the fed nymphs. When a single fed nymph was placed together with two unfed 3-day-old nymphs in a closed arena, the fed nymphs generally were not the first nymph cannibalized and were the final survivors in 67% of 24 replicates. These results are discussed in the context of the relative costs and benefits of escalating or retreating from encounters.

  • Aggression and risk assessment during predatory interactions between first-instarSinea diadema (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1994
    Co-Authors: J. R. Taylor, J. M. Schmidt
    Abstract:

    The behaviors exhibited by first-instar Sinea diadema (F.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) during intraspecific interactions are described. Five distinct behaviors were characterized: posturing, striking, stalking, stridulating, and beaking. Distinct bouts of grappling were also noted. Interactions between unfed 2-day-old nymphs, unfed 3-day-old nymphs, and unfed 5-day-old nymphs were recorded and analyzed. The behavior of the nymphs changed with the duration of food deprivation. As the period of food deprivation increased from 2 to 5 days, the frequency of posturing decreased as the frequency of beaking increased. During noncannibalistic interactions, posturing or striking by one nymph was most frequently followed by posturing by the other nymph. In contrast, during cannibalistic interactions, posturing or striking was usually followed by beaking. The incidence of grappling increased with the duration of food deprivation. Moreover, grappling always preceded cannibalism. Although first instars were capable of capturing and killing conspecifics of the same age, cannibalism occurred only after 4 days of food deprivation. These results suggest that a decision-making process is involved. During interactions the nymphs can assess the vulnerability of the opponent. Whereas recently emerged nymphs usually forego the risk of attacking conspecifics, the attacks made by nymphs deprived of food are more persistent despite the danger of predation by their opponent.

J. R. Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Factors regulating predation by first-instar spined assassin bugs [Sinea diadema (Fabricius)] (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1996
    Co-Authors: J. R. Taylor, J. M. Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Selected nutritional and developmental factors regulating the predatory behavior of first-instar spined assassin bugs Sinea diadema (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were investigated. The longevity of unfed nymphs provided with free water, bean pod sections, or glucose solutions was not significantly greater than that of unfed nymphs which were not provided with a source of water. First-instar S. diadema that were provided with larvae of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as prey began feeding 1.9 (±0.9) days after hatching. In contrast, first-instar S. diadema that were provided with conspecifics of the same age did not begin feeding until they were 3.9 (±0.9) days old. These results suggest that the potential nutritional benefits to be gained from feeding equal or outweigh the risk of attacking prey capable of effective self-defense only when nymphs have not fed for 4 days after hatching. Providing the nymphs with water or glucose solutions significantly delayed the onset of conspecific predation. Additional data are presented which demonstrate that first-instar S. diadema are not restrained from preying on siblings by kin recognition.

  • The effect of hunger on intraspecific interactions between first-instarSinea diadema (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1996
    Co-Authors: J. R. Taylor, J. M. Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Fed and unfed first instars of the spined assassin bug Sinea diadema were paired to evaluate the effects of food deprivation on their behaviour during encounters. Fed nymphs encountering starved 5-day-old nymphs retreated from 69% of the encounters after contacting the starved nymph. In contrast, starved nymphs initiated grappling during 30% of the encounters with fed nymphs and retreated significantly less often than the fed nymphs. When a single fed nymph was placed together with two unfed 3-day-old nymphs in a closed arena, the fed nymphs generally were not the first nymph cannibalized and were the final survivors in 67% of 24 replicates. These results are discussed in the context of the relative costs and benefits of escalating or retreating from encounters.

  • The effect of hunger on intraspecific interactions between first-instar Sinea diadema (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1996
    Co-Authors: J. R. Taylor, Jonathan M Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Fed and unfed first instars of the spined assassin bugSinea diadema were paired to evaluate the effects of food deprivation on their behaviour during encounters. Fed nymphs encountering starved 5-day-old nymphs retreated from 69% of the encounters after contacting the starved nymph. In contrast, starved nymphs initiated grappling during 30% of the encounters with fed nymphs and retreated significantly less often than the fed nymphs. When a single fed nymph was placed together with two unfed 3-day-old nymphs in a closed arena, the fed nymphs generally were not the first nymph cannibalized and were the final survivors in 67% of 24 replicates. These results are discussed in the context of the relative costs and benefits of escalating or retreating from encounters.

  • Aggression and risk assessment during predatory interactions between first-instarSinea diadema (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1994
    Co-Authors: J. R. Taylor, J. M. Schmidt
    Abstract:

    The behaviors exhibited by first-instar Sinea diadema (F.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) during intraspecific interactions are described. Five distinct behaviors were characterized: posturing, striking, stalking, stridulating, and beaking. Distinct bouts of grappling were also noted. Interactions between unfed 2-day-old nymphs, unfed 3-day-old nymphs, and unfed 5-day-old nymphs were recorded and analyzed. The behavior of the nymphs changed with the duration of food deprivation. As the period of food deprivation increased from 2 to 5 days, the frequency of posturing decreased as the frequency of beaking increased. During noncannibalistic interactions, posturing or striking by one nymph was most frequently followed by posturing by the other nymph. In contrast, during cannibalistic interactions, posturing or striking was usually followed by beaking. The incidence of grappling increased with the duration of food deprivation. Moreover, grappling always preceded cannibalism. Although first instars were capable of capturing and killing conspecifics of the same age, cannibalism occurred only after 4 days of food deprivation. These results suggest that a decision-making process is involved. During interactions the nymphs can assess the vulnerability of the opponent. Whereas recently emerged nymphs usually forego the risk of attacking conspecifics, the attacks made by nymphs deprived of food are more persistent despite the danger of predation by their opponent.

Shannon C. Voss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Identification of Nymphs of Midwestern Species and Instars of Sinea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)
    Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2006
    Co-Authors: J. E. Mcpherson, Rachel A. Shurtz, Shannon C. Voss
    Abstract:

    The harpactorine reduviid genus Sinea is represented in the midwestern United States by three species: Sinea complexa Caudell, Sinea diadema (F.), and Sinea spinipes (Herrich-Schaeffer). Although the nymphs of these species have been described, no key has been developed for their identification. Here, we present a key to the nymphs of these taxa to the species and instar levels.

  • Life History and Laboratory Rearing of Sinea diadema (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) with Descriptions of Immature Stages
    Annals of The Entomological Society of America, 2003
    Co-Authors: Shannon C. Voss, J. E. Mcpherson
    Abstract:

    The life history of the harpactorine reduviid Sinea spinipes (Herrich-Schaeffer) was studied in southern Illinois from February 2001 to November 2002, and the immature stages were described. The bug also was reared from egg to adult under controlled laboratory conditions. This univoltine species occurred on vegetation along roadsides within forests, in open fields beneath or near scattered trees, and along forest edges. It overwinters as adults, which emerged in mid-April and were found through early September. Nymphs were found from early June through late September. The bug was reared in the laboratory on larval beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), at 26 ± 3.0°C under a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The incubation period averaged 15.13 d; eyespots appeared in ≈7 d. The five stadia averaged 8.15, 9.22, 9.21, 11.43, and 19.59 d, respectively. The total developmental period averaged 72.73 d. Instars can be distinguished by differences in several anatomical features, including body length and width and progressive development of size, number, and pattern of spines.

J. E. Mcpherson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Identification of Nymphs of Midwestern Species and Instars of Sinea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae)
    Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2006
    Co-Authors: J. E. Mcpherson, Rachel A. Shurtz, Shannon C. Voss
    Abstract:

    The harpactorine reduviid genus Sinea is represented in the midwestern United States by three species: Sinea complexa Caudell, Sinea diadema (F.), and Sinea spinipes (Herrich-Schaeffer). Although the nymphs of these species have been described, no key has been developed for their identification. Here, we present a key to the nymphs of these taxa to the species and instar levels.

  • Life History and Laboratory Rearing of Sinea diadema (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) with Descriptions of Immature Stages
    Annals of The Entomological Society of America, 2003
    Co-Authors: Shannon C. Voss, J. E. Mcpherson
    Abstract:

    The life history of the harpactorine reduviid Sinea spinipes (Herrich-Schaeffer) was studied in southern Illinois from February 2001 to November 2002, and the immature stages were described. The bug also was reared from egg to adult under controlled laboratory conditions. This univoltine species occurred on vegetation along roadsides within forests, in open fields beneath or near scattered trees, and along forest edges. It overwinters as adults, which emerged in mid-April and were found through early September. Nymphs were found from early June through late September. The bug was reared in the laboratory on larval beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), at 26 ± 3.0°C under a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The incubation period averaged 15.13 d; eyespots appeared in ≈7 d. The five stadia averaged 8.15, 9.22, 9.21, 11.43, and 19.59 d, respectively. The total developmental period averaged 72.73 d. Instars can be distinguished by differences in several anatomical features, including body length and width and progressive development of size, number, and pattern of spines.

Jonathan M Schmidt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The effect of hunger on intraspecific interactions between first-instar Sinea diadema (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1996
    Co-Authors: J. R. Taylor, Jonathan M Schmidt
    Abstract:

    Fed and unfed first instars of the spined assassin bugSinea diadema were paired to evaluate the effects of food deprivation on their behaviour during encounters. Fed nymphs encountering starved 5-day-old nymphs retreated from 69% of the encounters after contacting the starved nymph. In contrast, starved nymphs initiated grappling during 30% of the encounters with fed nymphs and retreated significantly less often than the fed nymphs. When a single fed nymph was placed together with two unfed 3-day-old nymphs in a closed arena, the fed nymphs generally were not the first nymph cannibalized and were the final survivors in 67% of 24 replicates. These results are discussed in the context of the relative costs and benefits of escalating or retreating from encounters.

  • encounters between adult spined assassin bugs Sinea diadema f hemiptera reduviidae the occurrence and consequences of stridulation
    Journal of Insect Behavior, 1994
    Co-Authors: Jonathan M Schmidt
    Abstract:

    The sequence of events leading to the resolution of agonistic interactions between adult femaleSinea diadema (F.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is described. Contact between these predatory bugs resulted in a series of defensive and offensive actions, including stereotypical posturing and striking movements of the forelegs. Although these encounters usually escalated in intensity and frequency of contact, they rarely resulted in injury or cannibalism. Instead, one individual retreated from the perch. The original resident on the perch retreated in 70% of the encounters. Stridulation was observed during 33% of the encounters. Stridulating individuals retreated more often than their nonstridulating opponents, indicating that stridulation may be a startle mechanism employed by temporarily disadvantaged individuals to escape from encounters. These encounters were conflicts in which the participants are both potential predators and possible prey. The combinations of posturing, striking, and stridulation that occurred during encounters may have provided each bug with information concerning the identity and relative fitness of its opponent. If an individual is fit, it may be advantageous for it to probe the defensive capabilities of its opponent, since its own risk is low, and a less fit opponent could be killed and eaten.