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Ann E Hajek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • growth of the Sirex parasitic nematode deladenus siricidicola on the white rot fungus amylostereum
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Isis A L Caetano, Erin E Morris, Ann E Hajek
    Abstract:

    The Kamona strain of the nematode Deladenus siricidicola has been extensively used as a biological control agent against invasive Sirex noctilio woodwasps in the Southern Hemisphere, where it sterilizes female hosts. In North America, a non-sterilizing (NS) strain of D. siricidicola, thought to have been introduced with S. noctilio, is commonly found parasitizing this invasive woodwasp. Species of Deladenus that parasitize Sirex have a parasitic form, as well as a mycophagous form. The mycophagous form feeds on Sirex fungal symbionts in the genus Amylostereum. The goal of this study was to compare reproduction of NS and Kamona D. siricidicola when feeding on four isolates of Amylostereum areolatum (three introduced and one native in North America) and one native strain of Amylostereum chailletii isolated from Sirex nigricornis. Mycophagous forms of the two D. siricidicola strains displayed relatively similar production of offspring when feeding on most of the A. areolatum found associated with S. noctilio in this continent, except for strain BD on which NS produced more offspring than the biological control strain Kamona. Growth of both nematodes was greater on the introduced versus the native A. areolatum isolates.

  • phylogenetic analysis of deladenus nematodes parasitizing northeastern north american Sirex species
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Erin E Morris, Stefan J Long, Ryan M Kepler, David W Williams, Ann E Hajek
    Abstract:

    Abstract The parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola is a biological control agent of the invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio. Since the discovery of S. noctilio in pine forests of northeastern North America in 2005, a biological control program involving the Kamona strain of D. siricidicola has been under consideration. However, North American pine forests have indigenous Sirex spp. and likely harbor a unique assemblage of associated nematodes. We assessed phylogenetic relationships among native Deladenus spp. in the northeastern United States and the Kamona strain of D. siricidicola. We sequenced three genes (mtCO1, LSU, and ITS) from nematodes extracted from parasitized Sirex spp. collected inside and outside of the range of S. noctilio. Our analyses suggest cospeciation between four North American Sirex spp. and their associated nematode parasites. Within two S. noctilio individuals we found nematodes that we hypothesize are normally associated with Sirex nigricornis. One individual of the native S. nigricornis contained Deladenus normally associated with S. noctilio. We discuss nematode-host fidelity in this system and the potential for non-target impacts of a biological control program using D. siricidicola against S. noctilio.

  • fidelity among Sirex woodwasps and their fungal symbionts
    Microbial Ecology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ann E Hajek, Charlotte Nielsen, Ryan M Kepler, Stefan J Long, Louela A Castrillo
    Abstract:

    We report that associations between mutualistic fungi and their economically and ecologically important woodwasp hosts are not always specific as was previously assumed. Woodwasps in the genus Sirex engage in obligate nutritional ectosymbioses with two species of Amylostereum, a homobasid\iomycete genus of white rot fungi. In the present study, the Amylostereum species and genotypes associated with three species of Sirex native to eastern North America and one relatively recent invasive Sirex from Europe were investigated by comparing intergenic spacer regions (IGS). Sirex spp. were sampled over 6 years from 23 sites in six US states, ranging from Maine in the northeast to Louisiana in the southeast, to obtain samples of Amylostereum from mycangia of adult females. Two of the native Sirex species (Sirex nigricornis and Sirex nitidus) were associated with either Amylostereum chailletii or Amylostereum areolatum, refuting the hypothesis of strict species-specific relationships. However, the invasive Sirex noctilio and the native Sirex cyaneus were each collected with only A. areolatum or A. chailletii, respectively, although S. noctilio was associated with two different IGS genotypes of A. areolatum and S. cyaneus occurs sympatrically with the other native Sirex. In Pinus, the preferred host tree of S. nigricornis and S. noctilio, these species co-occurred in 25.9 % of trees sampled, and horizontal transmission of fungal strains from S. noctilio to S. nigricornis was documented, although only in one tree. The extent that further spread and establishment of S. noctilio will alter the composition of symbionts carried by native Sirex is unknown but will depend in part on the degree of flexibility in these host–symbiont associations.

  • putative source of the invasive Sirex noctilio fungal symbiont amylostereum areolatum in the eastern united states and its association with native siricid woodwasps
    Fungal Biology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Charlotte Nielsen, David W Williams, Ann E Hajek
    Abstract:

    Two genotypes of the fungal symbiont Amylostereum areolatum are associated with the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio first found in North America in 2004. S. noctilio is native to Europe but has been introduced to Australasia, South America and Africa where it has caused enormous losses in pine plantations. Based on nucleotide sequence data from the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, the A. areolatum genotypes found in North America are most similar to genotypes found in Europe, and not to genotypes from the southern hemisphere. Although two IGS strains of A. areolatum were found in North America it cannot be stated whether A. areolatum was introduced to North America from Europe once or twice based on our study. Genetic groupings formed by sequencing data were in most cases supported by vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Other siricid woodwasp species in the genus Sirex are native to North America. The North American native Sirex edwardsii emerging from the same tree as S. noctilio carried the same strain of A. areolatum as S. noctilio. The North American native Sirex sp. ‘nitidus’ collected outside the geographical range of S. noctilio carried a unique strain within A. areolatum. Our findings of A. areolatum in the native North American species, S. sp. ‘nitidus’, contrast with the previous view that A. areolatum was not present in North America before the accidental invasion of S. noctilio.

  • Sirex species hymenoptera siricidae and their parasitoids in pinus sylvestris in eastern north america
    Canadian Entomologist, 2009
    Co-Authors: Stefan J Long, David W Williams, Ann E Hajek
    Abstract:

    Siricids and their parasitoids were reared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)) trees infested by Sirex noctilio F. in central New York State. Sirex noctilio accounted for 94.3% of the siricid specimens emerging, totaling 1313 specimens from six trees, with a max- imum of 495 from one tree. Of the individuals emerging per tree, 20.6 ± 5.2% were female. Two native siricids, Sirex nigricornis F. and S. edwardsii Brulle, also emerged from trees but in low numbers. Three hymenopteran parasitoid species that attack siricids emerged, totaling 21.8 ± 6.4% parasitism per tree. Ibalia leucospoides ensiger Norton (Ibaliidae) was by far the most abundant parasitoid, at 20.5 ± 6.3% parasitism per tree. The percentage of female S. noctilio emerging was positively correlated with wood diameter, whereas percent parasitism by I. l. ensiger was negatively correlated with wood diameter.

L V Cundiff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • birth and weaning traits in crossbred cattle from hereford angus norwegian red swedish red and white wagyu and friesian sires
    Journal of Animal Science, 2012
    Co-Authors: E Casas, R M Thallman, L V Cundiff
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study was to characterize breeds representing diverse biological types for birth and weaning traits in crossbred cattle (Bos taurus). Gestation length, calving difficulty, percentage of unassisted calving, percentage of perinatal survival, percentage of survival from birth to weaning, birth weight, weaning weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG was measured in 1,370 calves born and 1,285 calves weaned. Calves were obtained by mating Hereford, Angus, and MARC III (1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Angus, 1/4 Pinzgauer, and 1/4 Red Poll) mature cows to Hereford or Angus (British breeds), Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and White, Wagyu, and Friesian sires. Calves were born during the spring of 1997 and 1998. Sire breed was significant for gestation length, birth weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Offspring from Swedish Red and White and Friesian had the shortest gestation length (282 d), whereas offspring from Wagyu sires had the longest gestation length (286 d). Progeny from British breeds were the heaviest at birth (40.5 kg) and at 205 d (237 kg), and grew faster (0.97 kg/d) than offspring from other breeds. Offspring from Wagyu sires were the lightest at birth (36.3 kg) and at 205 d (214 kg), and had the slowest growth (0.91 kg/d). Dam breed was significant for gestation length (P < 0.001), birth weight (P = 0.009), BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Offspring from Hereford cows had the longest gestation length (284 d), whereas offspring from Angus cows had the shortest (282 d). Offspring from MARC III cows were the heaviest at birth (39.4 kg) when compared with offspring from Hereford (38.2 kg) and Angus (38.6 kg) cows. Progeny from Angus cows were the heaviest at 205 d (235 kg) and grew faster (0.96 kg/d), whereas offspring from Hereford cows were the lightest at 205 d (219 kg) and were the slowest in growth (0.88 kg/d). Sex was significant for gestation length (P = 0.026), birth weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Male calves had a longer gestation length (284 d) when compared with female calves (283 d). Males were heavier than females at birth and at 205 d, and grew faster. Sire breed effects can be optimized by selection and use of appropriate crossbreeding systems.

  • growth and pubertal development of f1 bulls from hereford angus norwegian red swedish red and white friesian and wagyu sires
    Journal of Animal Science, 2007
    Co-Authors: E Casas, L V Cundiff, Donald D Lunstra, Johny Joe Ford
    Abstract:

    The objective of the study was to characterize body growth, testicular development, and puberty from 8 to 14 mo of age in bulls (n = 120) produced by mating sires from Hereford, Angus, Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and White, Friesian, and Wagyu breeds to MARC III ( 1 / 4 Hereford, 1 / 4 Angus, 1 / 4 Red Poll, and 1 / 4 Pinzgauer) cows. Traits evaluated were birth weight, weaning weight (at 215 d), yearling weight, ADG from 8 to 14 mo of age, paired testicular volume growth from 8 to 14 mo of age, age at puberty (determined by production of 50 x 10 6 sperm with 10% motility), age at freezable semen (determined by production of 500 x 10 6 sperm with 50% motility), and, at 15 mo of age, paired testicular weight and daily sperm production per testis pair. There was an effect of sire breed (P = 0.03) for age at puberty; animals with Wagyu and Swedish Red and White inheritance reached puberty at a later date (302 and 302 d of age, respectively) compared with Angussired bulls (268 d). Age at puberty for Hereford-, Norwegian Red-, and Friesian-sired bulls was 270, 271, and 278 d, respectively. Differences in BW were observed (P = 0.03) at birth; bulls with Hereford and Friesian were heavier at birth (43 and 41 kg, respectively) compared with those with Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and White, and Wagyu inheritance (39, 38, and 38 kg, respectively). Differences in BW were also observed at 1 yr of age (P = 0.001), where the heaviest animals were those sired by Angus (450 kg), whereas the lightest animals were those sired by Wagyu (403 kg). Bulls with Wagyu inheritance had the lowest (P = 0.04) ADG (1.12 kg/d) compared with bulls with inheritance from Hereford (1.22 kg/d), Angus (1.28 kg/d), Norwegian Red (1.24 kg/d), Swedish Red and White (1.25 kg/d), and Friesian (1.27 kg/d). Differences in scrotal growth rate were not significant (P = 0.99). They ranged from 1.95 in Angussired to 1.66 cm 3 /d in Wagyu-sired bulls. There were no differences (P = 0.80) for age at freezable semen (335 ± 10 d). At slaughter (15 mo of age), there were no differences (P = 0.62) for paired testicular weight (603 ± 28 g) and daily sperm production (10.6 x 10 9 ± 0.9 × 10 9 per testis pair). Growth of bulls with Wagyu inheritance was slower, and bulls with Wagyu or Scandinavian inheritance reach puberty at an older age than bulls with Angus inheritance.

  • comparisons of angus braunvieh chianina hereford gelbvieh maine anjou and red poll sired cows for weight weight adjusted for body condition score height and body condition score
    Journal of Animal Science, 2002
    Co-Authors: J A Arango, L V Cundiff, L D Van Vleck
    Abstract:

    Data from Angus, Hereford, and topcross cows (n = 641) from 2- to 8-yr-old daughters of seven breeds of sires included in Cycle II of the Germplasm Evaluation Program at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, comprising cow weight (CW, n = 15,698), height (CH, n = 15,676), and condition score (CS, n = 15,667), were used to estimate breed-group differences. Data were recorded in four seasons of each year (1975 to 1982). The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement, and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breed-group as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. Differences among breed-groups were significant for all traits at different ages and were maintained across ages, with few interchanges in ranking through maturity. Cows were ranked (by breed of sire) in the following order for weight: Red Poll (lightest), Hereford-Angus (reciprocal), Braunvieh, Gelbvieh, Maine Anjou, and Chianina (heaviest). In general, cows sired by breeds of British origin were lighter and shorter than those of continental origin. Differences in weight due to differences in condition seemed to be of small magnitude because making an adjustment for condition score did not affect rankings of breed groups across ages. Differences among breed groups for height were consistent with differences for weight. Cows from Chianina sires were taller than Hereford-Angus cows by 14 to 15 cm across ages. In this study, breed of sire effects were significantly different for the mature size of their daughters.

E Casas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • birth and weaning traits in crossbred cattle from hereford angus norwegian red swedish red and white wagyu and friesian sires
    Journal of Animal Science, 2012
    Co-Authors: E Casas, R M Thallman, L V Cundiff
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study was to characterize breeds representing diverse biological types for birth and weaning traits in crossbred cattle (Bos taurus). Gestation length, calving difficulty, percentage of unassisted calving, percentage of perinatal survival, percentage of survival from birth to weaning, birth weight, weaning weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG was measured in 1,370 calves born and 1,285 calves weaned. Calves were obtained by mating Hereford, Angus, and MARC III (1/4 Hereford, 1/4 Angus, 1/4 Pinzgauer, and 1/4 Red Poll) mature cows to Hereford or Angus (British breeds), Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and White, Wagyu, and Friesian sires. Calves were born during the spring of 1997 and 1998. Sire breed was significant for gestation length, birth weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Offspring from Swedish Red and White and Friesian had the shortest gestation length (282 d), whereas offspring from Wagyu sires had the longest gestation length (286 d). Progeny from British breeds were the heaviest at birth (40.5 kg) and at 205 d (237 kg), and grew faster (0.97 kg/d) than offspring from other breeds. Offspring from Wagyu sires were the lightest at birth (36.3 kg) and at 205 d (214 kg), and had the slowest growth (0.91 kg/d). Dam breed was significant for gestation length (P < 0.001), birth weight (P = 0.009), BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Offspring from Hereford cows had the longest gestation length (284 d), whereas offspring from Angus cows had the shortest (282 d). Offspring from MARC III cows were the heaviest at birth (39.4 kg) when compared with offspring from Hereford (38.2 kg) and Angus (38.6 kg) cows. Progeny from Angus cows were the heaviest at 205 d (235 kg) and grew faster (0.96 kg/d), whereas offspring from Hereford cows were the lightest at 205 d (219 kg) and were the slowest in growth (0.88 kg/d). Sex was significant for gestation length (P = 0.026), birth weight, BW at 205 d, and ADG (P < 0.001). Male calves had a longer gestation length (284 d) when compared with female calves (283 d). Males were heavier than females at birth and at 205 d, and grew faster. Sire breed effects can be optimized by selection and use of appropriate crossbreeding systems.

  • growth and pubertal development of f1 bulls from hereford angus norwegian red swedish red and white friesian and wagyu sires
    Journal of Animal Science, 2007
    Co-Authors: E Casas, L V Cundiff, Donald D Lunstra, Johny Joe Ford
    Abstract:

    The objective of the study was to characterize body growth, testicular development, and puberty from 8 to 14 mo of age in bulls (n = 120) produced by mating sires from Hereford, Angus, Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and White, Friesian, and Wagyu breeds to MARC III ( 1 / 4 Hereford, 1 / 4 Angus, 1 / 4 Red Poll, and 1 / 4 Pinzgauer) cows. Traits evaluated were birth weight, weaning weight (at 215 d), yearling weight, ADG from 8 to 14 mo of age, paired testicular volume growth from 8 to 14 mo of age, age at puberty (determined by production of 50 x 10 6 sperm with 10% motility), age at freezable semen (determined by production of 500 x 10 6 sperm with 50% motility), and, at 15 mo of age, paired testicular weight and daily sperm production per testis pair. There was an effect of sire breed (P = 0.03) for age at puberty; animals with Wagyu and Swedish Red and White inheritance reached puberty at a later date (302 and 302 d of age, respectively) compared with Angussired bulls (268 d). Age at puberty for Hereford-, Norwegian Red-, and Friesian-sired bulls was 270, 271, and 278 d, respectively. Differences in BW were observed (P = 0.03) at birth; bulls with Hereford and Friesian were heavier at birth (43 and 41 kg, respectively) compared with those with Norwegian Red, Swedish Red and White, and Wagyu inheritance (39, 38, and 38 kg, respectively). Differences in BW were also observed at 1 yr of age (P = 0.001), where the heaviest animals were those sired by Angus (450 kg), whereas the lightest animals were those sired by Wagyu (403 kg). Bulls with Wagyu inheritance had the lowest (P = 0.04) ADG (1.12 kg/d) compared with bulls with inheritance from Hereford (1.22 kg/d), Angus (1.28 kg/d), Norwegian Red (1.24 kg/d), Swedish Red and White (1.25 kg/d), and Friesian (1.27 kg/d). Differences in scrotal growth rate were not significant (P = 0.99). They ranged from 1.95 in Angussired to 1.66 cm 3 /d in Wagyu-sired bulls. There were no differences (P = 0.80) for age at freezable semen (335 ± 10 d). At slaughter (15 mo of age), there were no differences (P = 0.62) for paired testicular weight (603 ± 28 g) and daily sperm production (10.6 x 10 9 ± 0.9 × 10 9 per testis pair). Growth of bulls with Wagyu inheritance was slower, and bulls with Wagyu or Scandinavian inheritance reach puberty at an older age than bulls with Angus inheritance.

Bernard Slippers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Simulated leks increase the capture of female Sirex noctilio in the absence of host volatiles
    International Journal of Pest Management, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jeremy D Allison, Bernard Slippers, Marc Clement Bouwer, Brett P Hurley
    Abstract:

    AbstractMale Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) form leks in the upper canopy where mating occurs and have an orange abdominal segment not present in females. This study used field t...

  • Sirex woodwasp a model for evolving management paradigms of invasive forest pests
    Annual Review of Entomology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Bernard Slippers, Brett P Hurley, Michael J Wingfield
    Abstract:

    The Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum, together constitute one of the most damaging invasive pests of pine. Despite a century of research and well-established management programs, control remains unpredictable and spread continues to new areas. Variable success in managing this pest has been influenced by complex invasion patterns, the multilayered nature of biological interactions, the varying local ecologies, and microevolutionary population processes in both the biocontrol organisms and in the wasps. Recent research findings are challenging the historical perspectives on methods to manage the Sirex woodwasp, calling for management programs to incorporate the variable local dynamics affecting this pest complex. In this regard, the Sirex woodwasp provides a superb model to illustrate the need for a different approach to develop efficient and sustainable management tools to deal with the growing and global nature of pest invasions in forests and plantations.

  • the Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont research and management of a worldwide invasive pest
    2012
    Co-Authors: Bernard Slippers, Peter De Groot, Michael J Wingfield
    Abstract:

    Preface Dedication 1.0 Sirex systematics problems and solutions Henri Goulet 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Important issues for solving identification problems 1.2.1 Ovipositor morphology 1.2.2 Mitochondrial DNA 1.2.3 Collections 1.3 Diversity and biogeographic coverage 1.4 Morphological characters used to recognize species 1.4.1 Ovipositor characters 1.4.2 Other characters 2.0 Life history and biology of Sirex noctilio Kathleen Ryan and Brett P Hurley 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Insect-fungus complex 2.3 The life history of Sirex noctilio 2.4 Host selection and susceptibility 2.5 Host Records 2.6 Factors influencing population dynamics 2.6.1 Potential fecundity 2.6.2 Reproductive potential 2.6.3 Adult size 2.6.4 Sex-ratio 2.6.5 Natural enemies 2.7 Conclusions 3.0 Susceptibility and response of pines to Sirex noctilio John M Bordeaux and Jeffrey FD Dean 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors contributing to tree susceptibility 3.3 Tree responses to Sirex noctilio mucus 3.4 Tree responses to Amylostereum areolatum 3.5 General responses to Sirex attack 3.6 Reducing tree susceptibility 4.0 The population dynamics of Sirex noctilio F.: the influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on woodwasp outbreaks and spread Juan C Corley and Jose M Villacide 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pine plantations and Sirex noctilio in Patagonia 4.3 Life cycle and adult emergence patterns 4.4 Spatial dynamics of woodwasp populations at a stand scale 4.5 Flight potential of Sirex noctilio males and females 4.6 Conclusions 5.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio and its associated fungus Amylostereum areolatum in Europe Beat Wermelinger and Iben M Thomsen 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biology of Sirex noctilio 5.3 Natural enemies 5.4 Ecology of the Amylostereum fungal symbionts 5.5 Relationships between S. noctilio attack and host quality 5.6 Economic significance of S. noctilio in Europe 6.0 The genetics of Amylostereum species associated with Siricids Magriet van der Nest, Rimvys Vasaitis, Jan Stenlid, Brenda D Wingfield, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Systematics and identification 6.3 Symbiotic specificity 6.4 Mode of reproduction 6.5 Vegetative incompatibility and population diversity studies 6.6 Conclusions and future prospects 7.0 Siricid woodwasps and their fungal symbionts in Asia, specifically those occurring in Japan Masanobu Tabata, Hiroaki Miyata and Kaoru Maeto 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Symbiosis between woodwasps and fungi 7.3 Molecular phylogeny of fungal symbionts 7.4 Life-cycle and host interaction of woodwasps 8.0 Parasitoids in the management of Sirex: Looking back and looking ahead wasp resistance 9.4 Introduction history and genetic diversity 9.5 Interaction specificity - Amylostereum and Sirex 9.6 Variable environmental factors 9.7 Conclusions 10.0 Ecological considerations in using Deladenus siricidicola for the biological control of Sirex noctilio in North America David W Williams, Kelley E Zylstra and Victor C Mastro 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ecological factors in North America affecting the biological control program 10.2.1 Climate 10.2.2 The North American nematode 10.3 Possible effects of the biological control program on non-target pine insects in North America 10.3.1 North American Siricids as potential hosts 10.3.2 Questions on nontarget effects on North American siricids 10.4 Conclusions and future directions 11.0 The chemical ecology of Sirex noctilio Damon J Crook, Katalin Boroczky, Kelley E Zylstra, Victor C Mastro and James H Tumlinson 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sirex noctilio and stressed trees 11.3 Pine tree volatile composition of healthy and girdled trees 11.4 Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of S. noctilio 11.5 Recent lure trials based on GC and GC-EAD results 11.6 Antennal physiology 11.7 Pheromones 11.8 Conclusions 12.0 The use of kairomone lures for the detection of Sirex noctilio in susceptible Pinus radiata plantations in Australia Richard Bashford and John L Madden Introduction 12.1 Identification and testing of Pinus radiata stem volatiles 12.2 Development of a kairomone baited trap system in Tasmania 12.3 Integration of a static trap module into the current Australian NSCC working procedures for the control of Sirex noctilio 12.4 Conclusions 13.0 The Sirex woodwasp in New Zealand: History and current status John Bain, Stephanie L Sopow and Lindsay S Bulman 13.1 Introduction 13.2 History of Sirex in New Zealand 13.3 Use of biological control agents 13.4 Pest status of Sirex noctilio in New Zealand 1980-2010 13.5 Conclusions 14.0 Sirex woodwasp in Australia: current management strategies, research and emerging issues Angus J Carnegie and Richard Bashford 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Control and management 14.2.1 Australian Sirex biological control unit 14.2.2 Current operational management 14.3 Current issues and research 14.3.1 Reduced nematode parasitism of S. noctilio 14.3.2 Ips grandicollis attacking Sirex trap trees 14.3.3 Optimise timing of nematode inoculation of trap trees 14.3.4 Trap tree establishment techniques 14.3.5 Storage life of nematodes 14.3.6 Spread of Sirex into subtropical Australia 14.3.7 Future research 14.4 conclusions 15.0 The ecology and biological control of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Patagonia, Argentina Paula Klasmer and Eduardo Botto 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Establishment, spread and distribution of Sirex noctilio in Argentina 15.3 Management strategies for Sirex noctilio in Patagonia 15.3.1 Monitoring 15.3.2 Biological control with parasitoids 15.3.3 Biological control with entomophagous nematodes 15.4 Summary and Conclusions 16.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Brazil: monitoring and control Edson T Iede, Susete do R C Penteado and Wilson R Filho 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biology and ecology of Sirex noctilio 16.3 The national program of woodwasp control in Brazil 16.3.1 Prevention strategies 16.3.2 Early detection and monitoring of S. noctilio 16.3.3 Biological control 16.3.4 Quarantine strategies 16.4 General recommendations 17.0 Surveillance and control of the Sirex woodwasp: The Chilean experience Marcos Beeche, Dolly Lanfranco, Mario Zapata and Cecilia Ruiz 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Forest health in Chile 17.3 Sirex noctilio: a remarkable taxon 17.4 Surveillance of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.4.1 Surveillance program methods 17.4.2 Distribution of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.5 Control of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.5.1 Quarantine control 17.5.2 Sanitation 17.5.3 Biological control 17.6 Summary and conclusions 18.0 The control of the Sirex woodwasp in diverse environments: The South African experience Brett P Hurley, Philip Croft, Marcel Verleur, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Pine forestry in South Africa 18.3 Introduction and spread of S. noctilio in South Africa 18.4 Efforts to control S. noctilio in South Africa 18.4.1 Biological control with parasitic nematodes 18.4.2 Biological control with parasitic wasps 18.4.3 Plantation management 18.4.4 Monitoring of Sirex noctilio 18.5 Conclusions 19.0 Sirex, surveys and management: Challenges of having Sirex noctilio in North America Kevin J Dodds and Peter de Groot 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Detection in North America 19.2.1 Agencies involved in detection and delimitation efforts in Canada and the United States 19.2.2 Annual surveys 19.3 North American forests at risk 19.4 Survey challenges in North America 19.4.1 Logistical issues 19.4.2 Biological issues 19.5 Management challenges in North America 19.5.1 Silviculture 19.5.2 Biological control 19.6 Conclusions 20.0 Looking into the future of Sirex research and management Bernard Slippers and Michael J Wingfield 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Questions relating to the natural history of Siricids and their symbionts 20.3 Continued risk and challenges facing management 20.4 New technologies and unexplored opportunities Conclusions

  • The Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont : research and management of a worldwide invasive pest
    2012
    Co-Authors: Bernard Slippers, Peter De Groot, Michael J Wingfield
    Abstract:

    Preface Dedication 1.0 Sirex systematics problems and solutions Henri Goulet 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Important issues for solving identification problems 1.2.1 Ovipositor morphology 1.2.2 Mitochondrial DNA 1.2.3 Collections 1.3 Diversity and biogeographic coverage 1.4 Morphological characters used to recognize species 1.4.1 Ovipositor characters 1.4.2 Other characters 2.0 Life history and biology of Sirex noctilio Kathleen Ryan and Brett P Hurley 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Insect-fungus complex 2.3 The life history of Sirex noctilio 2.4 Host selection and susceptibility 2.5 Host Records 2.6 Factors influencing population dynamics 2.6.1 Potential fecundity 2.6.2 Reproductive potential 2.6.3 Adult size 2.6.4 Sex-ratio 2.6.5 Natural enemies 2.7 Conclusions 3.0 Susceptibility and response of pines to Sirex noctilio John M Bordeaux and Jeffrey FD Dean 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors contributing to tree susceptibility 3.3 Tree responses to Sirex noctilio mucus 3.4 Tree responses to Amylostereum areolatum 3.5 General responses to Sirex attack 3.6 Reducing tree susceptibility 4.0 The population dynamics of Sirex noctilio F.: the influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on woodwasp outbreaks and spread Juan C Corley and Jose M Villacide 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pine plantations and Sirex noctilio in Patagonia 4.3 Life cycle and adult emergence patterns 4.4 Spatial dynamics of woodwasp populations at a stand scale 4.5 Flight potential of Sirex noctilio males and females 4.6 Conclusions 5.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio and its associated fungus Amylostereum areolatum in Europe Beat Wermelinger and Iben M Thomsen 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biology of Sirex noctilio 5.3 Natural enemies 5.4 Ecology of the Amylostereum fungal symbionts 5.5 Relationships between S. noctilio attack and host quality 5.6 Economic significance of S. noctilio in Europe 6.0 The genetics of Amylostereum species associated with Siricids Magriet van der Nest, Rimvys Vasaitis, Jan Stenlid, Brenda D Wingfield, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Systematics and identification 6.3 Symbiotic specificity 6.4 Mode of reproduction 6.5 Vegetative incompatibility and population diversity studies 6.6 Conclusions and future prospects 7.0 Siricid woodwasps and their fungal symbionts in Asia, specifically those occurring in Japan Masanobu Tabata, Hiroaki Miyata and Kaoru Maeto 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Symbiosis between woodwasps and fungi 7.3 Molecular phylogeny of fungal symbionts 7.4 Life-cycle and host interaction of woodwasps 8.0 Parasitoids in the management of Sirex: Looking back and looking ahead

  • Sirex research and management future prospects
    2012
    Co-Authors: Bernard Slippers, Michael J Wingfield
    Abstract:

    The Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio with its mutualistic fungal symbiont Amylostereum areolatum is the most damaging invasive pest in Southern Hemisphere Pinus plantations. Despite a century of work, many unanswered questions and numerous challenges remain to be addressed. These are especially linked to changes associated with the continuing spread of the pest. The S. noctilio complex also presents unique research opportunities to study the dynamics and genetics of invasive pest populations, and symbioses (both mutualism and parasitism), perhaps more effectively than in any other system known. These opportunities and challenges, enhanced by an explosion in the availability of new molecular and chemical technologies, will shape the next phase of research on this pest, its symbiotic fungus and their parasites.

Michael J Wingfield - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Sirex woodwasp a model for evolving management paradigms of invasive forest pests
    Annual Review of Entomology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Bernard Slippers, Brett P Hurley, Michael J Wingfield
    Abstract:

    The Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum, together constitute one of the most damaging invasive pests of pine. Despite a century of research and well-established management programs, control remains unpredictable and spread continues to new areas. Variable success in managing this pest has been influenced by complex invasion patterns, the multilayered nature of biological interactions, the varying local ecologies, and microevolutionary population processes in both the biocontrol organisms and in the wasps. Recent research findings are challenging the historical perspectives on methods to manage the Sirex woodwasp, calling for management programs to incorporate the variable local dynamics affecting this pest complex. In this regard, the Sirex woodwasp provides a superb model to illustrate the need for a different approach to develop efficient and sustainable management tools to deal with the growing and global nature of pest invasions in forests and plantations.

  • the Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont research and management of a worldwide invasive pest
    2012
    Co-Authors: Bernard Slippers, Peter De Groot, Michael J Wingfield
    Abstract:

    Preface Dedication 1.0 Sirex systematics problems and solutions Henri Goulet 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Important issues for solving identification problems 1.2.1 Ovipositor morphology 1.2.2 Mitochondrial DNA 1.2.3 Collections 1.3 Diversity and biogeographic coverage 1.4 Morphological characters used to recognize species 1.4.1 Ovipositor characters 1.4.2 Other characters 2.0 Life history and biology of Sirex noctilio Kathleen Ryan and Brett P Hurley 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Insect-fungus complex 2.3 The life history of Sirex noctilio 2.4 Host selection and susceptibility 2.5 Host Records 2.6 Factors influencing population dynamics 2.6.1 Potential fecundity 2.6.2 Reproductive potential 2.6.3 Adult size 2.6.4 Sex-ratio 2.6.5 Natural enemies 2.7 Conclusions 3.0 Susceptibility and response of pines to Sirex noctilio John M Bordeaux and Jeffrey FD Dean 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors contributing to tree susceptibility 3.3 Tree responses to Sirex noctilio mucus 3.4 Tree responses to Amylostereum areolatum 3.5 General responses to Sirex attack 3.6 Reducing tree susceptibility 4.0 The population dynamics of Sirex noctilio F.: the influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on woodwasp outbreaks and spread Juan C Corley and Jose M Villacide 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pine plantations and Sirex noctilio in Patagonia 4.3 Life cycle and adult emergence patterns 4.4 Spatial dynamics of woodwasp populations at a stand scale 4.5 Flight potential of Sirex noctilio males and females 4.6 Conclusions 5.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio and its associated fungus Amylostereum areolatum in Europe Beat Wermelinger and Iben M Thomsen 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biology of Sirex noctilio 5.3 Natural enemies 5.4 Ecology of the Amylostereum fungal symbionts 5.5 Relationships between S. noctilio attack and host quality 5.6 Economic significance of S. noctilio in Europe 6.0 The genetics of Amylostereum species associated with Siricids Magriet van der Nest, Rimvys Vasaitis, Jan Stenlid, Brenda D Wingfield, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Systematics and identification 6.3 Symbiotic specificity 6.4 Mode of reproduction 6.5 Vegetative incompatibility and population diversity studies 6.6 Conclusions and future prospects 7.0 Siricid woodwasps and their fungal symbionts in Asia, specifically those occurring in Japan Masanobu Tabata, Hiroaki Miyata and Kaoru Maeto 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Symbiosis between woodwasps and fungi 7.3 Molecular phylogeny of fungal symbionts 7.4 Life-cycle and host interaction of woodwasps 8.0 Parasitoids in the management of Sirex: Looking back and looking ahead wasp resistance 9.4 Introduction history and genetic diversity 9.5 Interaction specificity - Amylostereum and Sirex 9.6 Variable environmental factors 9.7 Conclusions 10.0 Ecological considerations in using Deladenus siricidicola for the biological control of Sirex noctilio in North America David W Williams, Kelley E Zylstra and Victor C Mastro 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ecological factors in North America affecting the biological control program 10.2.1 Climate 10.2.2 The North American nematode 10.3 Possible effects of the biological control program on non-target pine insects in North America 10.3.1 North American Siricids as potential hosts 10.3.2 Questions on nontarget effects on North American siricids 10.4 Conclusions and future directions 11.0 The chemical ecology of Sirex noctilio Damon J Crook, Katalin Boroczky, Kelley E Zylstra, Victor C Mastro and James H Tumlinson 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sirex noctilio and stressed trees 11.3 Pine tree volatile composition of healthy and girdled trees 11.4 Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of S. noctilio 11.5 Recent lure trials based on GC and GC-EAD results 11.6 Antennal physiology 11.7 Pheromones 11.8 Conclusions 12.0 The use of kairomone lures for the detection of Sirex noctilio in susceptible Pinus radiata plantations in Australia Richard Bashford and John L Madden Introduction 12.1 Identification and testing of Pinus radiata stem volatiles 12.2 Development of a kairomone baited trap system in Tasmania 12.3 Integration of a static trap module into the current Australian NSCC working procedures for the control of Sirex noctilio 12.4 Conclusions 13.0 The Sirex woodwasp in New Zealand: History and current status John Bain, Stephanie L Sopow and Lindsay S Bulman 13.1 Introduction 13.2 History of Sirex in New Zealand 13.3 Use of biological control agents 13.4 Pest status of Sirex noctilio in New Zealand 1980-2010 13.5 Conclusions 14.0 Sirex woodwasp in Australia: current management strategies, research and emerging issues Angus J Carnegie and Richard Bashford 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Control and management 14.2.1 Australian Sirex biological control unit 14.2.2 Current operational management 14.3 Current issues and research 14.3.1 Reduced nematode parasitism of S. noctilio 14.3.2 Ips grandicollis attacking Sirex trap trees 14.3.3 Optimise timing of nematode inoculation of trap trees 14.3.4 Trap tree establishment techniques 14.3.5 Storage life of nematodes 14.3.6 Spread of Sirex into subtropical Australia 14.3.7 Future research 14.4 conclusions 15.0 The ecology and biological control of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in Patagonia, Argentina Paula Klasmer and Eduardo Botto 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Establishment, spread and distribution of Sirex noctilio in Argentina 15.3 Management strategies for Sirex noctilio in Patagonia 15.3.1 Monitoring 15.3.2 Biological control with parasitoids 15.3.3 Biological control with entomophagous nematodes 15.4 Summary and Conclusions 16.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Brazil: monitoring and control Edson T Iede, Susete do R C Penteado and Wilson R Filho 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biology and ecology of Sirex noctilio 16.3 The national program of woodwasp control in Brazil 16.3.1 Prevention strategies 16.3.2 Early detection and monitoring of S. noctilio 16.3.3 Biological control 16.3.4 Quarantine strategies 16.4 General recommendations 17.0 Surveillance and control of the Sirex woodwasp: The Chilean experience Marcos Beeche, Dolly Lanfranco, Mario Zapata and Cecilia Ruiz 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Forest health in Chile 17.3 Sirex noctilio: a remarkable taxon 17.4 Surveillance of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.4.1 Surveillance program methods 17.4.2 Distribution of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.5 Control of Sirex noctilio in Chile 17.5.1 Quarantine control 17.5.2 Sanitation 17.5.3 Biological control 17.6 Summary and conclusions 18.0 The control of the Sirex woodwasp in diverse environments: The South African experience Brett P Hurley, Philip Croft, Marcel Verleur, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Pine forestry in South Africa 18.3 Introduction and spread of S. noctilio in South Africa 18.4 Efforts to control S. noctilio in South Africa 18.4.1 Biological control with parasitic nematodes 18.4.2 Biological control with parasitic wasps 18.4.3 Plantation management 18.4.4 Monitoring of Sirex noctilio 18.5 Conclusions 19.0 Sirex, surveys and management: Challenges of having Sirex noctilio in North America Kevin J Dodds and Peter de Groot 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Detection in North America 19.2.1 Agencies involved in detection and delimitation efforts in Canada and the United States 19.2.2 Annual surveys 19.3 North American forests at risk 19.4 Survey challenges in North America 19.4.1 Logistical issues 19.4.2 Biological issues 19.5 Management challenges in North America 19.5.1 Silviculture 19.5.2 Biological control 19.6 Conclusions 20.0 Looking into the future of Sirex research and management Bernard Slippers and Michael J Wingfield 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Questions relating to the natural history of Siricids and their symbionts 20.3 Continued risk and challenges facing management 20.4 New technologies and unexplored opportunities Conclusions

  • The Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont : research and management of a worldwide invasive pest
    2012
    Co-Authors: Bernard Slippers, Peter De Groot, Michael J Wingfield
    Abstract:

    Preface Dedication 1.0 Sirex systematics problems and solutions Henri Goulet 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Important issues for solving identification problems 1.2.1 Ovipositor morphology 1.2.2 Mitochondrial DNA 1.2.3 Collections 1.3 Diversity and biogeographic coverage 1.4 Morphological characters used to recognize species 1.4.1 Ovipositor characters 1.4.2 Other characters 2.0 Life history and biology of Sirex noctilio Kathleen Ryan and Brett P Hurley 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Insect-fungus complex 2.3 The life history of Sirex noctilio 2.4 Host selection and susceptibility 2.5 Host Records 2.6 Factors influencing population dynamics 2.6.1 Potential fecundity 2.6.2 Reproductive potential 2.6.3 Adult size 2.6.4 Sex-ratio 2.6.5 Natural enemies 2.7 Conclusions 3.0 Susceptibility and response of pines to Sirex noctilio John M Bordeaux and Jeffrey FD Dean 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Factors contributing to tree susceptibility 3.3 Tree responses to Sirex noctilio mucus 3.4 Tree responses to Amylostereum areolatum 3.5 General responses to Sirex attack 3.6 Reducing tree susceptibility 4.0 The population dynamics of Sirex noctilio F.: the influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on woodwasp outbreaks and spread Juan C Corley and Jose M Villacide 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pine plantations and Sirex noctilio in Patagonia 4.3 Life cycle and adult emergence patterns 4.4 Spatial dynamics of woodwasp populations at a stand scale 4.5 Flight potential of Sirex noctilio males and females 4.6 Conclusions 5.0 The woodwasp Sirex noctilio and its associated fungus Amylostereum areolatum in Europe Beat Wermelinger and Iben M Thomsen 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Biology of Sirex noctilio 5.3 Natural enemies 5.4 Ecology of the Amylostereum fungal symbionts 5.5 Relationships between S. noctilio attack and host quality 5.6 Economic significance of S. noctilio in Europe 6.0 The genetics of Amylostereum species associated with Siricids Magriet van der Nest, Rimvys Vasaitis, Jan Stenlid, Brenda D Wingfield, Michael J Wingfield and Bernard Slippers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Systematics and identification 6.3 Symbiotic specificity 6.4 Mode of reproduction 6.5 Vegetative incompatibility and population diversity studies 6.6 Conclusions and future prospects 7.0 Siricid woodwasps and their fungal symbionts in Asia, specifically those occurring in Japan Masanobu Tabata, Hiroaki Miyata and Kaoru Maeto 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Symbiosis between woodwasps and fungi 7.3 Molecular phylogeny of fungal symbionts 7.4 Life-cycle and host interaction of woodwasps 8.0 Parasitoids in the management of Sirex: Looking back and looking ahead

  • Sirex research and management future prospects
    2012
    Co-Authors: Bernard Slippers, Michael J Wingfield
    Abstract:

    The Sirex woodwasp, Sirex noctilio with its mutualistic fungal symbiont Amylostereum areolatum is the most damaging invasive pest in Southern Hemisphere Pinus plantations. Despite a century of work, many unanswered questions and numerous challenges remain to be addressed. These are especially linked to changes associated with the continuing spread of the pest. The S. noctilio complex also presents unique research opportunities to study the dynamics and genetics of invasive pest populations, and symbioses (both mutualism and parasitism), perhaps more effectively than in any other system known. These opportunities and challenges, enhanced by an explosion in the availability of new molecular and chemical technologies, will shape the next phase of research on this pest, its symbiotic fungus and their parasites.

  • Competition between fungi associated with Sirex woodwasp and southern pine beetle
    2009
    Co-Authors: Kier D. Klepzig, Michael J Wingfield, Bernard Slippers
    Abstract:

    The mutualistic symbiotic fungus of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio is Amylostereum areolatum, a wood rotting fungus. Wood rotted by A. areolatum is fed upon by developing woodwasp larvae. The fungus itself serves as the food source for Deladenus siricidicola, a nematode that also parasitizes Sirex larvae. The resulting sterilization of adult woodwasps serves as the basis for biological control programs worldwide. Biological control of S. noctilio is achieved via the use of trap logs, colonized by nematodes feeding upon A. areolatum. Any interference with these linked life cycles may disrupt the biological control system and corresponding reductions in S. noctilio populations. We tested competitive interactions between A. areolatum and the southern pine beetle (SPB) fungal associates it may interact with if it becomes established in the U.S. South. Amylostereum areolatum (from South Africa), Ophiostoma minus, Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus, and Entomocorticium sp. A (all from SPB in the U.S.) were pitted against one another on malt agar. The area colonized by each competing fungus was measured as an indicator of its ability to colonize (and defend) substrate. The primary phoretic associate of SPB was able to competitively exclude the mutualistic fungus of the Sirex woodwasp and vice versa. The success of SPB or Sirex associated fungi will thus likely depend upon order of arrival. The likely influences on success of Sirex biocontrol efforts may then include the following: 1. Timing of inoculation/ placement of trap trees —A. areolatum will need to be well established before exposure to insects vectoring stain fungi. 2. Variability within strains of A. areolatum and parasitic nematodes—Substantial variation exists in competitiveness of A. areolatum strains and in their compatibility with biocontrol nematodes. 3. Abundance of, and pressure from, indigenous pine colonizing beetles and their associated fungi—Seasonal and dynamical factors may influence pressure from competitors for log substrates.