The Experts below are selected from a list of 1014 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Victor C Mastro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
colonization and development of Sirex Noctilio hymenoptera siricidae in bolts of a native pine host and six species of pine grown in the southeastern united states
Journal of Entomological Science, 2019Co-Authors: J D Bookwalter, Victor C Mastro, J J Riggins, J F D Dean, L R Schimleck, B T SullivanAbstract:Sirex Noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is a major exotic pest of pines (Pinus spp.) in the Southern Hemisphere and has become established in northeastern North America. We investigated the suitability of bolts of six economically and ecologically important U.S. pine species grown in the southeastern United States, including eastern white (P. strobus L.), loblolly (P. taeda L.), longleaf (P. palustris Miller), shortleaf (P. echinata Miller), slash (P. elliottii Engelmann), and Virginia (P. virginiana Miller) pines and its native Eurasian host, Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.), for S. Noctilio reproduction. The properties of wood and resin of different pine species were also analyzed for possible correlates to S. Noctilio's colonization and reproductive success on bolts. Sirex Noctilio completed development on bolts within 4 mo of oviposition activities. Among the seven pine species, S. Noctilio completed development in eastern white, Scots, and Virginia pines. Females tended to drill less on bolts with higher area and density of resin canals, as well as higher first 10-ring and radial stripspecific gravity. The resin of eastern white and Virginia pines had distinct extractive profiles, and eastern white pine may have two 3-carene chemotypes in the southeastern region.
-
male produced pheromone in the european woodwasp Sirex Noctilio
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Miriam F. Cooperband, Kelley E Zylstra, Katalin Böröczky, Tappey H Jones, J H Tumlinson, Ashley Hartness, Victor C MastroAbstract:A male-produced pheromone that attracts both males and females was identified for the European woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio, a serious pest of pine trees. Males displayed excitatory behaviors when placed in groups, and were attracted to the odors from males that were 2-5-d-old, but not to odors from males that were 0-1-d-old. An unsaturated short-chain alcohol, (Z)-3-decen-1-ol, was discovered in samples collected on SuperQ filters over groups of males and identified by using micro-derivatization reactions and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compound was not detected in volatile samples from females. Gas chromatography coupled electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) of antennae from males exposed to male headspace odors produced strong antennal responses to the main peak of (Z)-3-decen-1-ol, as well as to an unknown minor component that had a similar retention time. Antennae from both males and females responded to synthetic (Z)-3-decen-1-ol. Several different synthetic candidates for the GC-EAD active minor components were selected based on GC-MS and GC-EAD responses to male headspace collections. These synthetic compounds were tested for antennal activity using GC-EAD, and those that produced strong responses were blended with the major component and tested for male attraction in the Y-tube olfactometer at different concentrations and ratios. Males tested in the Y-tube olfactometer were attracted to a synthetic blend of (Z)-3-decen-1-ol and (Z)-4-decen-1-ol at a ratio of 100:1. Whereas the addition of some suspected minor compounds reduced attraction, the addition of a third compound found in male emanations that produced strong male antennal responses, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (at a ratio of 100:1:1), resulted in attraction of both males (Y-tube and wind tunnel) and females (wind tunnel).
-
the chemical ecology of Sirex Noctilio
2012Co-Authors: Damon J Crook, Kelley E Zylstra, Victor C Mastro, Katalin Böröczky, J H TumlinsonAbstract:The recent detection of an established Sirex Noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) population in New York, USA highlighted an urgent need to develop a trapping system so that the wasp’s distribution and density can be monitored effectively. This review is of research that has been done on the insect’s biology and chemical ecology towards this goal. This includes detailed work on the volatile composition of pine trees and the antennal responses they elicit in S. Noctilio. Despite the testing of several promising volatile blends, there is still no effective lure that is as attractive as a funnel trap placed on trees stressed by injection with a herbicide. The possibility of a pheromone attractant between the sexes has also been studied at both the morphological and chemical level. This work has led to the identification of three sex pheromone components, (Z)-7-heptacosene, (Z)-7-nonacosene and (Z)-9-nonacosene to which males respond at short range. There is currently no evidence that S. Noctilio has a long-range sex pheromone. Behavioral cues for host and mate selection (olfactory, visual and/or auditory) clearly need to be investigated further if we are to develop a monitoring trap that is more effective than a chemically stressed ‘trap tree’.
-
Progress in understanding the ecology and detection of Sirex Noctilio
2011Co-Authors: Matthew P Ayres, Tina Harrison, Kevin J. Dodds, Kelley E Zylstra, Jenna M Sullivan, Victor C Mastro, Jeffrey R. Garnas, María J. LombarderoAbstract:We have been developing techniques for detecting the presence of Sirex Noctilio and studying the ecology of Sirex Noctilio in North America with the goal of anticipating the trajectory of the Sirex invasion.
-
Adapting nematode-based biological control systems to North American populations of Sirex Noctilio
2011Co-Authors: David W. Williams, Victor C MastroAbstract:The European woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio, was found in Oswego County, NY, in 2004. During the past 6 years, surveys have revealed that it is distributed over a wide area of eastern North America. Because S. Noctilio kills relatively healthy trees, it poses a serious threat to pine forests and plantations in the United States and Canada if it is not controlled.
Juan C. Corley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Sirex Noctilio flight behavior toward improving current monitoring techniques
Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata, 2014Co-Authors: Andres S Martinez, Jose M Villacide, Sharon J Martinson, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:Sirex Noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), an invasive woodwasp from Spain and North Africa, has an expanding global presence in pine forests. Although their populations are managed in most parts of the world, the success rate of existing prevention and control strategies has been historically variable, and there is consensus that monitoring techniques could be improved with increased knowledge about the behavioral biology of this insect. We conducted descriptive field studies in pine plantations in northern Patagonia to establish the flight behavior of S. Noctilio. Specifically, the aim was to characterize male and female vertical flight distributions to assess ideal trap placement in pest monitoring programs. Our results indicated that males fly higher than females. A post-hoc analysis revealed two distinct flight patterns of females; when males are present, females fly higher than when males are absent. This behavioral variance is likely linked to (1) oviposition substrate location and (2) mate location. Results suggest that the most effective trapping and monitoring strategies for females should be deployed at 1.8 m height, whereas monitoring of males or females that are searching for mates would occur at greater heights. Results also suggest that if future techniques involving pheromones are developed, trap placement should be reassessed.
-
temperature explains variable spread rates of the invasive woodwasp Sirex Noctilio in the southern hemisphere
Biological Invasions, 2014Co-Authors: Victoria M Lantschner, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Jose M Villacide, Philip Croft, A J Carnegie, Andrew M Liebhold, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:The frequency of introductions of non-indigenous forest insects into new habitats is increasing worldwide, often with profoundly adverse consequences on natural and plantation forest ecosystems. Understanding rates and patterns of spread of invasive forest insects is important for predicting when and where these species will expand their geographical range, with the potential to improve mitigation strategies. The woodwasp Sirex Noctilio is a damaging invasive forest insect that kills numerous species of Pinus. Despite encountering highly variable eco-climatic conditions, S. Noctilio has arrived and established in exotic pine forest production areas throughout the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we compiled historical records of S. Noctilio invasion to compare spread rates among eight contrasting eco-climatic regions in the Southern Hemisphere and to explore how spread rate is predicted by landscape variation in climate, habitat characteristics and anthropogenic effects. Spread rates for S. Noctilio varied considerably among the invaded regions, ranging from 12 to 82 km per year. Among regions, spread rates of S. Noctilio increased with increasing mean annual temperature and isothermality. We hypothesize that temperature may directly or indirectly influence S. Noctilio population growth and dispersal, thereby influencing spread rates.
-
ecology of the woodwasp Sirex Noctilio tackling the challenge of successful pest management
International Journal of Pest Management, 2012Co-Authors: Jose M Villacide, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:The invasive woodwasp Sirex Noctilio has become one of the most significant pests of pine forests throughout the northern and southern hemispheres. In Patagonia (southern Argentina), S. Noctilio was first detected in the early 1990s. However, in less than two decades, and despite intensive control efforts, populations have spread, and outbreaks have been observed. In this paper, we outline and define several key ecological and behavioral features of S. Noctilio (namely, spatiotemporal population dynamics, phenology and dispersal) and briefly discuss their implications for the design, implementation and evaluation of local and regional management strategies. We argue that limited information on pest ecology and the extrapolation of control measures without local adaptation may together have affected management success. We conclude that efforts directed to understanding of pest ecology and life-history traits as expressed in specific invaded habitats may help us improve our competence in controlling invasiv...
-
MANAGING Sirex Noctilio POPULATIONS IN PATAGONIA (ARGENTINA): SILVICULTURE AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
2010Co-Authors: José Marka Villacide, Deborah Fischbein, Nélida Jofré, Juan C. CorleyAbstract:Sirex Noctilio is a primitive wood boring solitary wasp with a univoltine life cycle. Characteristic of this species is the occurrence of severely damaging, pulse-like eruptive population outbreaks. During outbreaks, the damage to pine plantations can be severe; tree mortality may reach levels close to 80 percent. Outbreak behavior is thus important when designing management strategies to minimize the impact of woodwasps on the forest resources. Essentially, the aim of any management plan consists of either reducing the intensity of the outbreaks (also minimizing spread) and/or pushing outbreak probability away from the plantation cycle (Corley and Villacide 2005). In Patagonia (Argentina), as in other Sirex-affected regions, remarkable outbreaks have been observed. Based on empirical and simulation modeling studies, silvicultural treatment of plantations including
-
Dispersal and dynamics of the woodwasp Sirex Noctilio in Argentina
2009Co-Authors: Juan C. Corley, José Marka VillacideAbstract:0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Distance (meters) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 P roortion of atcked tees Sirex Noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is probably the most important pest of softwood plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. Native to Eurasia, this woodboring, solitary wasp in the last century successfully invaded South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and South America. More recently, the species has been found along the east coast of North America. Characteristic of the species is the occurrence of severely damaging, pulse-like eruptive population outbreaks. In Patagonia (Southern Argentina), pine trees (mainly Pinus ponderosa) are increasingly being planted in steppe areas. Currently, plantations in this region cover nearly 60,000 ha of which most bear established populations of S. Noctilio. The first recordings of this pest in the region date back to the early nineties. Since then, woodwasp populations seem to have spread at approximately 9 to 14 km per year, a much slower rate than that observed in Australia and South Africa (J. Corley and A. Liebhold, unpub.data). To understand local population dynamics and dispersal of wasps, we summarize here our recent study of the spatial redistribution of attacked trees within a Pinus spp. plantation. Then, we report on our work on the potential dispersal capacities of Sirex Noctilio females, and how this is influenced by the introduction of biological control measures. Our emphasis is on summing up recent ecological and behavioral studies of this forest pest carried out in Patagonia. Our aim is to help increase our understanding of wasp spread and improve our abilities to manage expanding populations, especially in more recently invaded areas. Local spatial dynamics. Spatial dynamics of S. Noctilio were studied within two independent patches of pine stands, adding up to a total of 70 ha. Invasion by S. Noctilio had occurred recently at the site, and through a census of all trees in the plantation, we were able to map attacked trees for 3 successive years. Dating of attack was based on tree symptoms (for details on the methods, refer to Corley et al. 2007). Using buffer areas drawn from the oldest attacked trees with GIS tools, we were able to tally and establish the distance at which trees attacked the following season were encountered. The results show that 50 percent of trees attacked in the latest years (years 0 and -1) were found at less than 60 m from the oldest attacked individuals (trees attacked in year -2), and 90 percent were found within a 120-m radius (Fig. 1). Figure 1.–Proportion of trees attacked by Sirex Noctilio wasps in recent years (years -1 and 0) with respect to those attacked at a previous time (year -2). Number of attacked trees was estimated through a census of a 70-ha pine plantation in Northwest Patagonia. The figure shows that most new attacks are found close to previous attacks. Pr op or tio n of a tta ck ed tr ee s
Jeremy D Allison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Simulated leks increase the capture of female Sirex Noctilio in the absence of host volatiles
International Journal of Pest Management, 2019Co-Authors: Jeremy D Allison, Bernard Slippers, Marc Clement Bouwer, Brett P. HurleyAbstract:AbstractMale Sirex Noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) form leks in the upper canopy where mating occurs and have an orange abdominal segment not present in females. This study used field t...
-
Effect of Sirex Noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) attack density on Pinus sylvestris (Pinaceae) survival
The Canadian Entomologist, 2019Co-Authors: Laurel J Haavik, Brett P. Hurley, Jeremy D AllisonAbstract:Population density is often a critical factor in colonisation of trees by bark and wood-boring insects and may determine whether an exotic species is likely to establish and spread. In a manipulative field study, we investigated whether density of the attacking population of an exotic invasive woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), affected survival and time-to-death of a favoured host tree, Pinus sylvestris Linnaeus (Pinaceae). We introduced mating pairs of woodwasps to stressed P. sylvestris at either high (15 mating pairs, nine trees) or low (two mating pairs, nine trees) density. More trees died, and more quickly, when exposed to the high versus low density of S. Noctilio (78% versus 33% of trees). In the high-density treatment, year of tree death was synonymous with production of a S. Noctilio F1 cohort (one-year or two-year generation time); this pattern was not as consistent in the low-density treatment. Although sample size was limited, our results indicate that attack density affects S. Noctilio colonisation of P. sylvestris .
-
suitability of eastern pines for oviposition and survival of Sirex Noctilio f
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Laurel J Haavik, Kevin J. Dodds, Jeremy D AllisonAbstract:The European woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio F., is a pest of pines in many areas around the world. Since its introduction to North America, the distribution of S. Noctilio overlaps with a known host (Pinus sylvestris) and hosts native to North America. Direct comparisons of suitability for oviposition and larval survival among these pines have not been made. We tested the relative suitability of four common pine species in northeastern North America (P. sylvestris, P. resinosa, P. banksiana, and P. strobus) as hosts for S. Noctilio in a controlled, but in situ experiment. In a mixed pine forest in northern Ontario, we caged S. Noctilio mating pairs on 10 freshly cut pine logs of each species, and estimated oviposition, counted adult S. Noctilio (F1 generation) that emerged from logs, and calculated survivorship from egg to adult. Pinus sylvestris and P. resinosa were optimal hosts according to all three metrics of S. Noctilio performance. Pinus strobus was a suitable larval host, but was not perceived as such by females, as evidenced by lower oviposition. Pinus banksiana was perceived as a suitable host by females, but was the least suitable larval host. Our results suggest that P. sylvestris and P. resinosa are more suitable hosts, at least in cut logs, than P. strobus and P. banksiana for S. Noctilio in eastern North America.
-
evidence that the availability of suitable pine limits non native Sirex Noctilio in ontario
Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2016Co-Authors: Laurel J Haavik, Kevin J. Dodds, Jeremy D Allison, Kathleen RyanAbstract:Natural controls may not be effective in limiting non-native species that invade a new environment. Alternatively, factors present in the new environment can prevent an invader from becoming a serious pest. We investigated whether existing natural enemies or the availability of susceptible and suitable host plants limited an established, non-native species Sirex Noctilio F. (Siricidae: Hymenoptera). Using several pine forests throughout Ontario, we examined the relationships between parasitism and S. Noctilio activity, as well as S. Noctilio activity and the availability of susceptible and suitable pine. We also evaluated parasitism at two points in time (5–7 years apart). We found correlative evidence indicating that the availability of suitable hosts limited the S. Noctilio population in Ontario. Sirex Noctilio killed more pine when more pine was available, especially suppressed (highly suitable) pine. More co-dominant (healthy) pines were attacked but not killed by S. Noctilio at sites with more S. Noctilio activity, indicating that higher densities of S. Noctilio were needed to overwhelm healthy pines. The role of parasitoids was less clear. Parasitism did not vary consistently with the amount of S. Noctilio activity at sites. The two groups of parasitoids, Rhyssa and Ibalia, likely responded differently to presence of S. Noctilio.
-
Evidence that the availability of suitable pine limits non‐native Sirex Noctilio in Ontario
Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2016Co-Authors: Laurel J Haavik, Kevin J. Dodds, Kathleen Ryan, Jeremy D AllisonAbstract:Natural controls may not be effective in limiting non-native species that invade a new environment. Alternatively, factors present in the new environment can prevent an invader from becoming a serious pest. We investigated whether existing natural enemies or the availability of susceptible and suitable host plants limited an established, non-native species Sirex Noctilio F. (Siricidae: Hymenoptera). Using several pine forests throughout Ontario, we examined the relationships between parasitism and S. Noctilio activity, as well as S. Noctilio activity and the availability of susceptible and suitable pine. We also evaluated parasitism at two points in time (5–7 years apart). We found correlative evidence indicating that the availability of suitable hosts limited the S. Noctilio population in Ontario. Sirex Noctilio killed more pine when more pine was available, especially suppressed (highly suitable) pine. More co-dominant (healthy) pines were attacked but not killed by S. Noctilio at sites with more S. Noctilio activity, indicating that higher densities of S. Noctilio were needed to overwhelm healthy pines. The role of parasitoids was less clear. Parasitism did not vary consistently with the amount of S. Noctilio activity at sites. The two groups of parasitoids, Rhyssa and Ibalia, likely responded differently to presence of S. Noctilio.
Kelley E Zylstra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
phenology and flight periodicity of Sirex Noctilio hymenoptera siricidae in central new york u s a
Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2014Co-Authors: Scott W Myers, Kelley E Zylstra, Joseph A. Francese, Daniel M Borchert, Sian M BaileyAbstract:Field and laboratory studies were performed to determine the phenology of flight activity and the thermal requirements for adult emergence of Sirex Noctilio. Degree-day (DD) accumulation from egg to adult was measured in bolts of Pinus sylvestris infested with eggs from laboratory-reared adults. Adult emergence was similarly monitored in bolts from trees that were naturally infested in the field by wild populations of S. Noctilio reared at constant temperature. Laboratory-infested bolts produced mostly males, whereas field-collected material produced a 2.7 : 1 male-biased sex ratio. Mean DDs to emergence was 1477.0 ± 13.4 (males) in laboratory-infested bolts, as well as 1455.2 ± 11.2 (males) and 1577.8 ± 19.5 (females) in field-collected material. Field-trapping studies were conducted to compare flight activity with rearing data. Trap captures showed first flight activity and peak catch occurred at 709 and 1145 DDs. The resulting degree-day model predicts early flight activity in early to mid-April for pine stands in southeastern U.S.A., early to mid-May in the Mid-Atlantic region, and late June to early July in the northeast.
-
male produced pheromone in the european woodwasp Sirex Noctilio
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Miriam F. Cooperband, Kelley E Zylstra, Katalin Böröczky, Tappey H Jones, J H Tumlinson, Ashley Hartness, Victor C MastroAbstract:A male-produced pheromone that attracts both males and females was identified for the European woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio, a serious pest of pine trees. Males displayed excitatory behaviors when placed in groups, and were attracted to the odors from males that were 2-5-d-old, but not to odors from males that were 0-1-d-old. An unsaturated short-chain alcohol, (Z)-3-decen-1-ol, was discovered in samples collected on SuperQ filters over groups of males and identified by using micro-derivatization reactions and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compound was not detected in volatile samples from females. Gas chromatography coupled electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) of antennae from males exposed to male headspace odors produced strong antennal responses to the main peak of (Z)-3-decen-1-ol, as well as to an unknown minor component that had a similar retention time. Antennae from both males and females responded to synthetic (Z)-3-decen-1-ol. Several different synthetic candidates for the GC-EAD active minor components were selected based on GC-MS and GC-EAD responses to male headspace collections. These synthetic compounds were tested for antennal activity using GC-EAD, and those that produced strong responses were blended with the major component and tested for male attraction in the Y-tube olfactometer at different concentrations and ratios. Males tested in the Y-tube olfactometer were attracted to a synthetic blend of (Z)-3-decen-1-ol and (Z)-4-decen-1-ol at a ratio of 100:1. Whereas the addition of some suspected minor compounds reduced attraction, the addition of a third compound found in male emanations that produced strong male antennal responses, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (at a ratio of 100:1:1), resulted in attraction of both males (Y-tube and wind tunnel) and females (wind tunnel).
-
the chemical ecology of Sirex Noctilio
2012Co-Authors: Damon J Crook, Kelley E Zylstra, Victor C Mastro, Katalin Böröczky, J H TumlinsonAbstract:The recent detection of an established Sirex Noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) population in New York, USA highlighted an urgent need to develop a trapping system so that the wasp’s distribution and density can be monitored effectively. This review is of research that has been done on the insect’s biology and chemical ecology towards this goal. This includes detailed work on the volatile composition of pine trees and the antennal responses they elicit in S. Noctilio. Despite the testing of several promising volatile blends, there is still no effective lure that is as attractive as a funnel trap placed on trees stressed by injection with a herbicide. The possibility of a pheromone attractant between the sexes has also been studied at both the morphological and chemical level. This work has led to the identification of three sex pheromone components, (Z)-7-heptacosene, (Z)-7-nonacosene and (Z)-9-nonacosene to which males respond at short range. There is currently no evidence that S. Noctilio has a long-range sex pheromone. Behavioral cues for host and mate selection (olfactory, visual and/or auditory) clearly need to be investigated further if we are to develop a monitoring trap that is more effective than a chemically stressed ‘trap tree’.
-
Progress in understanding the ecology and detection of Sirex Noctilio
2011Co-Authors: Matthew P Ayres, Tina Harrison, Kevin J. Dodds, Kelley E Zylstra, Jenna M Sullivan, Victor C Mastro, Jeffrey R. Garnas, María J. LombarderoAbstract:We have been developing techniques for detecting the presence of Sirex Noctilio and studying the ecology of Sirex Noctilio in North America with the goal of anticipating the trajectory of the Sirex invasion.
-
monoalkenes as contact sex pheromone components of the woodwasp Sirex Noctilio
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2009Co-Authors: Kelley E Zylstra, Victor C Mastro, Katalin Böröczky, Damon J Crook, Tappey H Jones, Joshua C Kenny, J H TumlinsonAbstract:A pheromone on the cuticle of females of the woodwasp Sirex Noctilio, a recently introduced pest of pines in North America, induces conspecific males to attempt copulation. Dead females washed with hexane did not elicit copulation attempts from males, whereas reapplication of a female hexane body wash onto the cuticle of dead females elicited copulation attempts by 65% of males tested. Analysis of the hexane extract revealed saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons as major components of the female cuticle. Behavior-guided fractionation of the female body wash led to the identification of three components, (Z)-7-heptacosene, (Z)-7-nonacosene, and (Z)-9-nonacosene, of the sex pheromone of S. Noctilio that elicited copulatory responses from males.
Kevin J. Dodds - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
suitability of eastern pines for oviposition and survival of Sirex Noctilio f
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Laurel J Haavik, Kevin J. Dodds, Jeremy D AllisonAbstract:The European woodwasp, Sirex Noctilio F., is a pest of pines in many areas around the world. Since its introduction to North America, the distribution of S. Noctilio overlaps with a known host (Pinus sylvestris) and hosts native to North America. Direct comparisons of suitability for oviposition and larval survival among these pines have not been made. We tested the relative suitability of four common pine species in northeastern North America (P. sylvestris, P. resinosa, P. banksiana, and P. strobus) as hosts for S. Noctilio in a controlled, but in situ experiment. In a mixed pine forest in northern Ontario, we caged S. Noctilio mating pairs on 10 freshly cut pine logs of each species, and estimated oviposition, counted adult S. Noctilio (F1 generation) that emerged from logs, and calculated survivorship from egg to adult. Pinus sylvestris and P. resinosa were optimal hosts according to all three metrics of S. Noctilio performance. Pinus strobus was a suitable larval host, but was not perceived as such by females, as evidenced by lower oviposition. Pinus banksiana was perceived as a suitable host by females, but was the least suitable larval host. Our results suggest that P. sylvestris and P. resinosa are more suitable hosts, at least in cut logs, than P. strobus and P. banksiana for S. Noctilio in eastern North America.
-
evidence that the availability of suitable pine limits non native Sirex Noctilio in ontario
Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2016Co-Authors: Laurel J Haavik, Kevin J. Dodds, Jeremy D Allison, Kathleen RyanAbstract:Natural controls may not be effective in limiting non-native species that invade a new environment. Alternatively, factors present in the new environment can prevent an invader from becoming a serious pest. We investigated whether existing natural enemies or the availability of susceptible and suitable host plants limited an established, non-native species Sirex Noctilio F. (Siricidae: Hymenoptera). Using several pine forests throughout Ontario, we examined the relationships between parasitism and S. Noctilio activity, as well as S. Noctilio activity and the availability of susceptible and suitable pine. We also evaluated parasitism at two points in time (5–7 years apart). We found correlative evidence indicating that the availability of suitable hosts limited the S. Noctilio population in Ontario. Sirex Noctilio killed more pine when more pine was available, especially suppressed (highly suitable) pine. More co-dominant (healthy) pines were attacked but not killed by S. Noctilio at sites with more S. Noctilio activity, indicating that higher densities of S. Noctilio were needed to overwhelm healthy pines. The role of parasitoids was less clear. Parasitism did not vary consistently with the amount of S. Noctilio activity at sites. The two groups of parasitoids, Rhyssa and Ibalia, likely responded differently to presence of S. Noctilio.
-
Evidence that the availability of suitable pine limits non‐native Sirex Noctilio in Ontario
Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2016Co-Authors: Laurel J Haavik, Kevin J. Dodds, Kathleen Ryan, Jeremy D AllisonAbstract:Natural controls may not be effective in limiting non-native species that invade a new environment. Alternatively, factors present in the new environment can prevent an invader from becoming a serious pest. We investigated whether existing natural enemies or the availability of susceptible and suitable host plants limited an established, non-native species Sirex Noctilio F. (Siricidae: Hymenoptera). Using several pine forests throughout Ontario, we examined the relationships between parasitism and S. Noctilio activity, as well as S. Noctilio activity and the availability of susceptible and suitable pine. We also evaluated parasitism at two points in time (5–7 years apart). We found correlative evidence indicating that the availability of suitable hosts limited the S. Noctilio population in Ontario. Sirex Noctilio killed more pine when more pine was available, especially suppressed (highly suitable) pine. More co-dominant (healthy) pines were attacked but not killed by S. Noctilio at sites with more S. Noctilio activity, indicating that higher densities of S. Noctilio were needed to overwhelm healthy pines. The role of parasitoids was less clear. Parasitism did not vary consistently with the amount of S. Noctilio activity at sites. The two groups of parasitoids, Rhyssa and Ibalia, likely responded differently to presence of S. Noctilio.
-
the effects of silvicultural treatment on Sirex Noctilio attacks and tree health in northeastern united states
Forests, 2014Co-Authors: Kevin J. Dodds, Robert R Cooke, Ryan P Hanavan, Eric J JokelaAbstract:The invasive woodwasp Sirex Noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is established in east-central North America. A replicated case study testing the effectiveness of silvicultural treatments for reducing the number of S. Noctilio attacked trees in a stand was conducted in New York, USA. Silvicultural treatments reduced S. Noctilio attacked trees by approximately 75% over the course of the study. There was no tree growth response to silvicultural treatments in the four years after thinning, but targeted removal of weakened trees removed potential S. Noctilio habitat from treated stands. Two spectral vegetation indices were used to determine tree health in each treatment and potentially provide guidance for detection efforts. Silvicultural treatment significantly influenced the Red Edge Inflection Point, a strong indicator of chlorophyll content, and the Moisture Stress Index, a reflectance measurement sensitive to changes in foliar leaf water content, with the greatest differences occurring between control and treated blocks. Vegetation indices showed promise as a tool for aiding in stand prioritization for S. Noctilio surveys or management activities.
-
type of intercept trap not important for capturing female Sirex Noctilio and s nigricornis hymenoptera siricidae in north america
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2014Co-Authors: Laurel J Haavik, Wood Johnson, Kevin J. Dodds, James R Meeker, Taylor Scarr, Elder Simoes De Paula Batista, Jeremy D AllisonAbstract:Current detection tools for Sirex Noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in North America are poor. To determine the importance of intercept trap type for capturing females of S. Noctilio and its native congener, Sirex nigricornis F., in eastern North America, we report on seven trap comparison studies from different years and geographic locations. Among studies, total numbers of S. Noctilio captured were low (mean of ≤1 wasp per trap). Total numbers of S. nigricornis caught were generally greater, and ranged from a mean of 1–13 wasps per trap. Nearly all studies found no significant differences among intercept trap types in the number of woodwasps caught. For future studies, we recommend that either panel or 12-unit Lindgren funnel traps be used to catch S. Noctilio or S. nigricornis in eastern North America.