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Matthias Wüst - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deuterium labeling studies reveal the mechanism of cytochrome p450 catalyzed formation of 2 aminoacetophenone from 3 methylindole Skatole in porcine liver microsomes
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Christoph Gerlach, Matthias WüstAbstract:2-Aminoacetophenone, a product of the hepatic 3-methylindole (Skatole) clearance in pigs, contributes to the specific aroma of fat from tainted boar meat. Surprisingly, high formation rates for 2-aminoacetophenone from Skatole in microsomal preparations from Pietrain × Baden–Wurttemberg hybrid type boars have been previously demonstrated, but the mechanism of this cytochrome P450-mediated reaction remained unknown. Therefore, microsomal fractions from boars were incubated with deuterium-labeled Skatole and with possible reaction intermediates. 3-Methyloxindole and 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole were identified as degradation products of Skatole en route to 2-aminoacetophenone. Additionally, the labeling studies provided further evidence for a cytochrome P450-mediated lyase reaction that leads to the cleavage of the indole heterocyclic ring system in 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole and demonstrated the involvement of several cytochrome P450-isoforms by employing isotopically sensitive branching experiments.
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2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Christoph Gerlach, Paul W. Elsinghorst, Hans-georg Schmarr, Matthias WüstAbstract:Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I Skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs. Microsomal fractions from nine boars were isolated, and formation of Skatole metabolites was subsequently analyzed by stable-isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Significant breed-related differences in phase I Skatole metabolism were observed, explaining the high levels of 2-aminoacetophenone in Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type boars.
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2 aminoacetophenone is the main volatile phase i Skatole metabolite in pietrain baden wurttemberg hybrid type boars
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Christoph Gerlach, Paul W. Elsinghorst, Hans-georg Schmarr, Matthias WüstAbstract:Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I Skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs. Microsomal fractions from nine boars were isolated, and formation of Skatole metabolites was subsequently analyzed by stable-isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Significant breed-related differences in phase I Skatole metabolism were observed, explaining the high levels of 2-aminoacetophenone in Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type boars.
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determination of the boar taint compound Skatole in meat juice by means of stable isotope dilution analysis direct immersion solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry
Meat Science, 2012Co-Authors: Jochen Fischer, Paul W. Elsinghorst, Detert Brinkmann, Matthias WüstAbstract:Abstract A novel SIDA–DI–SPME–GC/MS procedure for the quantitation of Skatole in pork meat juice was developed and validated as a substitute for back fat sample analysis. System suitability was evaluated by determining the correlation between Skatole concentrations in a subset of 38 paired meat juice and back fat samples selected from 90 fattened boars. High correlation was observed between both matrices and conclusions about the partitioning of Skatole as well as of androstenone between fat and lean compartments in vivo were drawn.
Galia Zamaratskaia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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End-product inhibition of Skatole-metabolising enzymes CYP1A, CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 in porcine and piscine hepatic microsomes.
Toxicology Letters, 2019Co-Authors: Viktoriia Burkina, Martin Kroyer Rasmussen, Vladimir Zlabek, Galia ZamaratskaiaAbstract:Abstract The hepatic cytochrome p450 enzymes 1 A, 2A19 and 2E1 is very important for the elimination of Skatole from the body of pigs. Impaired Skatole metabolism, results in Skatole accumulation, which give rise to off flavor of the meat. Several metabolites of Skatole has been identified, however the role of these metabolites in the inhibition of the Skatole metabolizing enzymes are not documented. Using microsomes from pigs and fish, we determined the ability of several Skatole metabolites to inhibit CYP1 A, CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 dependent activity. Our results show that 2-aminoacetophenone is an inhibitor of porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 activity, but not the piscine orthologues. In conclusion, there is species specific differences in the inhibition of CYP1 A and CYP2A19 dependent metabolism of probe substrates. This is relevant to the evaluation of different model systems and to the reduction of off flavor of meat.
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Chestnut wood extract in boar diet reduces intestinal Skatole production, a boar taint compound
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2016Co-Authors: Diana Bilić-Šobot, Maja Prevolnik Povše, Martin Kroyer Rasmussen, Martin Škrlep, Marjeta Čandek-potokar, Galia Zamaratskaia, Dejan ŠkorjancAbstract:Abandoning traditional practice of piglet castration will impact the pigmeat sector. As a consequence, there is a need for research aiming at reducing boar taint caused by androstenone and Skatole. Skatole is metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) in the liver. Skatole hepatic clearance is believed to be hindered by androstenone. Diet ingredients may modify Skatole metabolism. Therefore, we tested the effect of hydrolysable tannins. We fed 51 young boars with 1–3 % chestnut wood extract as supplementary diet. After slaughter, the tissues were collected to assess androstenone and Skatole accumulation in fat and to measure CYP450 activities, gene, and protein expression in the liver and intestine. Protein expression of two enzymes involved in androstenone metabolism, 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and sulfotransferase family 2A member 1 (SULT2A1), was assessed, and feces collected to evaluate Skatole production. Results show that intestinal Skatole production in boars supplemented with 3 % of chestnut wood extract was more than halved. The intestinal catalytic activities of CYP450 were tenfold lower than hepatic and were mainly unaffected by tannins. Findings indicate a potential effect of tannins on steroidogenesis, which in the absence of effect on 3β-HSD and SULT2A1 expression suggests lower synthesis of androstenone due to tannins.
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Skatole metabolites in urine as a biological marker of pigs with enhanced hepatic metabolism.
animal, 2016Co-Authors: Carl Brunius, Kerstin Lundström, J. K. Vidanarachchi, J. Tomankova, Kjell Andersson, Galia ZamaratskaiaAbstract:Boar taint is a quality defect in meat, related to accumulation of Skatole and androstenone in male pigs. The levels of Skatole and its main metabolites in plasma and urine samples were measured with a validated liquid chromatography-MS method and related to activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in order to identify 'fast metabolizing' pigs. Urine (n=46), blood (n=12), liver (n=25) and adipose tissue (n=46) were sampled from a total of 46 entire male pigs. Skatole levels in fat were negatively correlated to CYP2E1 activity and positively to 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and 2-aminoacetophenone in urine. HMOI and ICA levels in urine were the best predictors of high Skatole levels in fat. In summary, the present study provided further evidence for the key role of CYP2E1 in Skatole metabolism and suggested that measurement of HMOI and/or ICA in urine might provide information about Skatole levels in live pigs.
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Gender-related differences in the formation of Skatole metabolites by specific CYP450 in porcine hepatic S9 fractions.
Animal, 2014Co-Authors: F. Borrisser-pairó, Martin Kroyer Rasmussen, Bo Ekstrand, Galia ZamaratskaiaAbstract:Higher accumulation of Skatole in the fat of male pigs compared with female pigs might be due to gender-related differences in the rate of Skatole degradation. In the present study, Skatole metabolites and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoforms involved in Skatole metabolism were for the first time investigated in hepatic S9 fractions from six male and four female pigs (crossbred Landrace×Yorkshire dams and Duroc boar). Surprisingly, the rates of production of major Skatole metabolites were similar in male and female pigs. The most abundant metabolite of Skatole was 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI) followed by 3-methyloxindole and indole-3-carbinol in both male and female S9 fractions. Concentrations of formed HMOI and 3-methyloxindole did not differ between the genders (P=0.124 for HMOI, and P=0.575 for 3-methyloxindole). Indole-3-carbinol formation was higher in S9 fractions from the females compared with male pigs (P=0.0001). Enzyme kinetic parameters were similar for both genders (P>0.05). In both male and female pigs, ellipticine, diallyl sulphide (DAS) and quercetin inhibited HMOI formation, confirming the involvement of CYP1A1 and CYP2E1. The formation of 3-methyloxindole was reduced in the presence of the CYP2E1 inhibitor DAS, and formation of indole-3-carbinol was reduced in the presence of CYP1A1 and CYP2A19 inhibitors. We found only minor differences in Skatole metabolism between male and female pigs, particularly the involvement of CYP2C and CYP3A in indole-3-carbinol formation in female but not in male pigs. This is a very essential finding, suggesting the involvement of larger number of CYP450 isoforms in female pigs. On the other hand, indole-3-carbinol is a minor Skatole metabolite, and the physiological significance of CYP2C and CYP3A involvement in its formation in female pigs, but not in male pigs, needs to be elucidated. Our results, however, should be interpreted with caution because of the low number of animals and possibility of breed and age effects on Skatole metabolism.
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Skatole metabolism in the pigs with reduced testicular oestrogen synthesis.
Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2014Co-Authors: Galia Zamaratskaia, Trish BergerAbstract:Content The objectives of the study were to investigate the involvement of oestrogens in the regulation of Skatole levels in pigs. In total, 44 intact male pigs, siblings from 10 litters, were included in the study. Pigs were orally treated weekly with either 0.1 mg letrozole/kg body weight to reduce endogenous oestrogens or the canola oil vehicle. Fat and liver samples were collected at slaughter at 16, 20 and 40 weeks of age. Skatole and androstenone levels in fat and activities of hepatic cytochrome P4501A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 were analysed. Letrozole treatment did not significantly change either the levels of Skatole or activities of Skatole-metabolising enzymes, suggesting that oestrogens are not responsible for gender-related differences in Skatole concentrations in porcine tissues.
K Lundstrom - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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regulation of cyp2a6 protein expression by Skatole indole and testicular steroids in primary cultured pig hepatocytes
Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 2008Co-Authors: G Chen, J. D. Wood, K Lundstrom, Rebeccaayme Cue, Olena DoranAbstract:CYP2A6 is one of the enzymes involved in the hepatic metabolism of a naturally produced compound, Skatole, in the pig. Low CYP2A6 activity has been linked to excessive accumulation of Skatole in pig adipose tissue and development of the phenomenon "boar taint." CYP2A6 activity varies between male and female animals, suggesting the involvement of sex hormones in regulation of the enzyme activity and/or expression. The present study investigated whether pig hepatic CYP2A6 protein expression is regulated by the testicular steroids testosterone, androstenone, or estrone sulfate using primary cultured hepatocytes as a model system. The study has also examined whether CYP2A6 expression can be modulated by the boar taint compounds Skatole and indole. The research has established that androstenone inhibits CYP2A6 protein expression at the concentration of 1, 10, and 100 nM by 55, 37, and 44%, respectively. In contrast to androstenone, Skatole and indole (final concentrations, 1, 10, and 100 nM) had a stimulatory effect on CYP2A6 expression. The effect of indole was more pronounced than that of Skatole (maximum induction by 145 and 70%, respectively). Estrone sulfate and testosterone did not have a significant effect on CYP2A6 protein level. This is, as far as we know, the first communication to report the regulation of pig hepatic CYP2A6 expression by steroids and boar taint compounds. The hormonal modulation of CYP2A6 expression might contribute to gender-related differences in pig hepatic CYP2A6 activity and Skatole accumulation in pig adipose tissue.
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effects of sex weight diet and hcg administration on levels of Skatole and indole in the liver and hepatic activities of cytochromes p4502e1 and p4502a6 in pigs
Meat Science, 2006Co-Authors: Galia Zamaratskaia, G Chen, K LundstromAbstract:Cytochromes P4502E1 (CYP2E1) and P4502A6 (CYP2A6) catalyse metabolic reactions of Skatole and indole metabolism. The objectives of this study were as follows: to evaluate whether activities of CYP2E1 and CYP2A6 in pigs of two live weights (LW) differ between males and females; to investigate whether activities of CYP2E1 and CYP2A6 are affected by hCG stimulation; and to investigate whether the levels of Skatole and indole in the liver and the activities of CYP2E1 and CYP2A6 are affected by raw potato starch (RPS). Female pigs expressed higher CYP2A6 activity at 90 kg LW, and higher CYP2E1 activity at 115 kg LW compared to male pigs. Skatole levels in the liver were higher in male pigs than in female pigs at both LW, whereas indole levels were higher in males only at 115 kg LW. Neither levels of indolic compounds in the liver nor enzyme activities were affected by hCG stimulation. The inclusion of RPS in the diet reduced Skatole levels in the liver in both sexes and increased CYP2A6 activity in female pigs. It was concluded that the incidence of boar taint may depend on both Skatole amount, which reach the liver, and the activities of enzymes involved in Skatole metabolism, which may vary depending on sex, live weight, and diet.
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effect of live weight and dietary supplement of raw potato starch on the levels of Skatole androstenone testosterone and oestrone sulphate in entire male pigs
Livestock Production Science, 2005Co-Authors: Galia Zamaratskaia, J Babol, Kjell Andersson, H K Andersson, K LundstromAbstract:This study evaluated the effect of supplement of raw potato starch (RPS) on the levels of Skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate in plasma from entire male pigs. The study also evaluated relationships between plasma levels of Skatole and testicular steroids at three different live weights (LW) of approximately 90, 100 and 115 kg. A total of 111 entire male pigs of a crossbred (Yorkshire dams×Swedish Landrace sires) were used. Animals were raised either in mixed pens, with females and males, or single-sex pens. Each pen contained seven or nine pigs. The most fast-growing three pigs from the pens with nine pigs were slaughtered when they reached 90 kg LW, and the remaining pigs were slaughtered at 115 kg LW. All pigs were fed the same commercial diet until the average pen weight reached 100 kg. Then, 33 out of 80 remaining pigs received RPS, 0.6 kg per pig and day, for 2 weeks prior to slaughter. Blood samples were taken from the pigs at three occasions: first, the day prior to first slaughter occasion, low-weight group; second, the day prior to change in diet, middle-weight group; and third, the day prior to second slaughter occasion, high-weight group. Plasma was analysed for the levels of Skatole, androstenone, testosterone and oestrone sulphate. Fat samples were taken at slaughter and analysed for the levels of Skatole and androstenone. The levels of Skatole and testicular steroids in plasma were significantly higher in entire male pigs from the high-weight group fed no RPS compared to those from low- and middle-weight groups. The levels of the investigated compounds did not differ between low- and middle-weight groups (P>0.1). The diet with RPS induced a decline in Skatole levels in plasma and fat (P 0.05). Skatole levels were positively correlated to testosterone and oestrone sulphate levels in the middle- and high-weight pigs fed no RPS as well as to testosterone in the low-weight group. In the high-weight group fed RPS, Skatole levels were not correlated to any of the analysed compounds. Approximately 26% of the entire male pigs (11 out of 43) from the high-weight group fed no RPS produced Skatole levels in fat above 0.20 μg/g, whereas the pigs from the low- and high-weight group fed RPS did not produce Skatole levels above 0.20 μg/g in fat. Androstenone levels in fat were high in all groups. In total 47% (52 out of 111) pigs expressed androstenone levels above the rejection levels in fat of 1.0 μg/g and 88% (98 out of 111) had androstenone levels above 0.5 μg/g. It was concluded that a lower slaughter weight and the supplement of raw potato starch to the diet could be used to reduce Skatole levels in entire male pigs. Androstenone levels in fat, however, could not be reduced by either a lower weight at slaughter or dietary manipulation.
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the effect of age on distribution of Skatole and indole levels in entire male pigs in four breeds yorkshire landrace hampshire and duroc
Meat Science, 2004Co-Authors: J Babol, Galia Zamaratskaia, R K Juneja, K LundstromAbstract:Abstract High Skatole and to a lesser degree indole levels in some entire male pigs result in occurrence of off-flavor in meat, called boar taint. In this study, plasma samples from 117 Yorkshire, 134 Landrace, 184 Hampshire and 75 Duroc entire male pigs collected at different ages were analyzed for Skatole and slightly fewer samples for indole concentrations. For each breed, a distinct age-related distribution of plasma Skatole levels was observed. Skatole levels were increased at approximately 180–200 days of age, reaching very high levels is some individuals. Afterwards, the levels decreased; in Yorkshire and Landrace at approximately 240–260 and in Hampshire and Duroc at 310–360 days of age. The decrease of Skatole levels was also observed in samples collected from 15 Landrace boars at two different ages: 16.8 μg/L (SD=17.36) vs. 5.9 μg/L (SD=3.48, p =0.016) in samples taken at the mean age of 210 and 314 days, respectively. Indole levels showed similar age- and breed-related variations to Skatole. At the time of increased Skatole concentrations (age from 180 to 360 days, depending on breed) 25.5% of Yorkshire, 31.6% of Landrace, 20.3% of Hampshire and 61.1% of Duroc entire male pigs had Skatole levels above 12.6 μg/L of plasma, which corresponds to the threshold level of 0.20 μg/g of fat that is used for selecting tainted carcasses. The results indicate that increased levels of Skatole in entire male pigs are related to puberty and taking Skatole measurements at that age could be advantageous when considering genetic selection to reduce boar taint level in entire male pigs. Breed differences should be also taken into account.
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age related variation of plasma concentrations of Skatole androstenone testosterone oestradiol 17β oestrone sulphate dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate triiodothyronine and igf 1 in six entire male pigs
Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2004Co-Authors: Galia Zamaratskaia, E. J. Squires, J Babol, A Madej, K LundstromAbstract:This study describes the age-related variation in boar taint compounds, Skatole and androstenone, and testosterone, oestradiol-17 beta (E17 beta), oestrone sulphate (ES), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), triiodothyronine (T(3)) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in six boars. Three pairs of littermates of crossbred entire male pigs (from three Yorkshire x Duroc dams and one Hampshire sire) were included. Blood samples were taken at the age of 9-15 weeks and thereafter at weekly intervals from the age of 20-32 weeks. Plasma concentrations of Skatole, androstenone, testosterone, E17 beta, ES, DHEAS, T(3) and IGF-1 were measured. We found that Skatole levels in boars increased at the age around puberty after an increase in the levels of testicular steroids. Levels of Skatole were not associated with the levels of sex steroids, T(3) and IGF-1. However, the increased level of testicular steroids is probably the underlying factor needed for high Skatole levels to occur although the specific mechanism leading to increased Skatole levels remains unknown.
Christoph Gerlach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deuterium labeling studies reveal the mechanism of cytochrome p450 catalyzed formation of 2 aminoacetophenone from 3 methylindole Skatole in porcine liver microsomes
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2017Co-Authors: Christoph Gerlach, Matthias WüstAbstract:2-Aminoacetophenone, a product of the hepatic 3-methylindole (Skatole) clearance in pigs, contributes to the specific aroma of fat from tainted boar meat. Surprisingly, high formation rates for 2-aminoacetophenone from Skatole in microsomal preparations from Pietrain × Baden–Wurttemberg hybrid type boars have been previously demonstrated, but the mechanism of this cytochrome P450-mediated reaction remained unknown. Therefore, microsomal fractions from boars were incubated with deuterium-labeled Skatole and with possible reaction intermediates. 3-Methyloxindole and 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole were identified as degradation products of Skatole en route to 2-aminoacetophenone. Additionally, the labeling studies provided further evidence for a cytochrome P450-mediated lyase reaction that leads to the cleavage of the indole heterocyclic ring system in 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole and demonstrated the involvement of several cytochrome P450-isoforms by employing isotopically sensitive branching experiments.
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2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Christoph Gerlach, Paul W. Elsinghorst, Hans-georg Schmarr, Matthias WüstAbstract:Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I Skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs. Microsomal fractions from nine boars were isolated, and formation of Skatole metabolites was subsequently analyzed by stable-isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Significant breed-related differences in phase I Skatole metabolism were observed, explaining the high levels of 2-aminoacetophenone in Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type boars.
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2 aminoacetophenone is the main volatile phase i Skatole metabolite in pietrain baden wurttemberg hybrid type boars
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Christoph Gerlach, Paul W. Elsinghorst, Hans-georg Schmarr, Matthias WüstAbstract:Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I Skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs. Microsomal fractions from nine boars were isolated, and formation of Skatole metabolites was subsequently analyzed by stable-isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Significant breed-related differences in phase I Skatole metabolism were observed, explaining the high levels of 2-aminoacetophenone in Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type boars.
Paul W. Elsinghorst - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2-Aminoacetophenone Is the Main Volatile Phase I Skatole Metabolite in Pietrain × Baden-Württemberg Hybrid Type Boars.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Christoph Gerlach, Paul W. Elsinghorst, Hans-georg Schmarr, Matthias WüstAbstract:Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I Skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs. Microsomal fractions from nine boars were isolated, and formation of Skatole metabolites was subsequently analyzed by stable-isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Significant breed-related differences in phase I Skatole metabolism were observed, explaining the high levels of 2-aminoacetophenone in Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type boars.
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2 aminoacetophenone is the main volatile phase i Skatole metabolite in pietrain baden wurttemberg hybrid type boars
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Christoph Gerlach, Paul W. Elsinghorst, Hans-georg Schmarr, Matthias WüstAbstract:Skatole metabolites have been considered as putative contributors to boar taint. Recently, 2-aminoacetophenone, a volatile phase I Skatole metabolite, was identified in back fat samples from boars of Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type. This paper addresses the question of the physiological origin of the observed 2-aminoacetophenone in these pigs. Microsomal fractions from nine boars were isolated, and formation of Skatole metabolites was subsequently analyzed by stable-isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) using headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Significant breed-related differences in phase I Skatole metabolism were observed, explaining the high levels of 2-aminoacetophenone in Pietrain × Baden-Wurttemberg hybrid type boars.
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determination of the boar taint compound Skatole in meat juice by means of stable isotope dilution analysis direct immersion solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry
Meat Science, 2012Co-Authors: Jochen Fischer, Paul W. Elsinghorst, Detert Brinkmann, Matthias WüstAbstract:Abstract A novel SIDA–DI–SPME–GC/MS procedure for the quantitation of Skatole in pork meat juice was developed and validated as a substitute for back fat sample analysis. System suitability was evaluated by determining the correlation between Skatole concentrations in a subset of 38 paired meat juice and back fat samples selected from 90 fattened boars. High correlation was observed between both matrices and conclusions about the partitioning of Skatole as well as of androstenone between fat and lean compartments in vivo were drawn.