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Howard I. Maibach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Physiological effect of olfactory stimuli inhalation in humans: an overview.
    International journal of cosmetic science, 2014
    Co-Authors: F. L. Angelucci, Vanessa Vitoriano Da Silva, C. Dal Pizzol, L. G. Spir, C. E. O. Praes, Howard I. Maibach
    Abstract:

    The importance of odorants in human life has long been recognized. Literature contains different approaches of physiological and psychological effects of odorant compounds, fragrances and essential oils. This work discusses odorants inhalation effect, based on an overview of major studies in humans. Beneficial effect of fragrances is mainly related to human behaviour. Studies document odorants influence in sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, and neurophysiological brain activity. Moreover, odours compounds can act on the neuroendocrine system, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, influencing psychological behaviour as well as body Function. Odorant inhalation modulates physiological pathways, and in some cases, results in Skin Function regulation. The mechanism is incompletely elucidated. These findings suggest that olfactory system plays a role in central nervous system Function beyond that of smell. In this overview, it was observed that odour compounds influenced stress biomarkers, dehydroepiandrosterone, oxidative stress, estradiol, dopamine, cutaneous barrier, sebum secretion and cutaneous immune system in humans. Some can be related with Skin Function. As the Skin is associated with an extensive biochemical cascade and has complex mechanisms, studies have far to go, as there are processes not yet investigated related to Skin that may be affected through olfaction. Future researches are needed to further understand and describe the mechanisms of action of physiological effects in fragrance compounds.

  • Climate and Skin Function: an overview.
    Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digita, 2013
    Co-Authors: Babu Singh, Howard I. Maibach
    Abstract:

    Background Climates of the world are diverse and produce changes in Skin integrity and Functioning. Evidence on Skin and its response to severe climates is limited, but information can be inferred from data characterizing Skin under controlled climate conditions using noninvasive bioengineering techniques. Methods A literature search was conducted on the effects on major climate conditions on Skin integrity and Function. Results Exposure of murine Skin to low humidity promotes a hyperproliferative and proinflammatory response, which can be prevented with topical agents or occlusion. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and average Skin temperature (Tsk) is highly sensitive to climate or ambient temperature (Tambient). High altitudes leave Skin more susceptible to UV radiation and even brief exposures cause surface changes. Pollution can result external Skin aging and may be a risk factor for exacerbation of dermatoses. Conclusion Further research is needed to understand Skin properties and Functioning in harsh climates to provide insight into optimal Skin care for individuals living in such conditions.

  • ethnic Skin overview of structure and Function
    Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Enzo Berardesca, Howard I. Maibach
    Abstract:

    Abstract Racial variability in Skin Function is an area in which data often conflict. Understanding and quantifying racial differences in Skin Function are important for Skin care and the prevention and treatment of Skin diseases. A key feature that characterizes race is Skin color: Is deeply pigmented Skin different from fair Skin in terms of responses to chemical and environmental insults? Is Skin care the same? Are there different risks among racial groups of developing a Skin disease after exposure to the same insults? The interpretation of pathophysiologic phenomena should consider not only anatomic and Functional characteristics of ethnic groups but also socioeconomic, hygienic, and nutritional factors. This article reviews and discusses recent findings. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:S139-42.)

  • Racial differences in Skin pathophysiology.
    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Enzo Berardesca, Howard I. Maibach
    Abstract:

    Racial differences in Skin Function occur and may be responsible for differences in Skin reactivity in physiologic and pathologic conditions. This article reviews the main racial anatomic and physiologic differences as well as mechanisms of irritation, sensitization, and drug absorption reported in the recent literature. Racial differences in transcutaneous penetration of chemicals and drug absorption have been described. Decreased transcutaneous penetration has been reported in black persons. In contrast, conflicting findings have been reported concerning some aspects of irritation and sensitization. Decreased erythematous reactions have been found in pigmented Skin, whereas white persons have a stronger resistance to water barrier damage. Regional variation in Skin Function is more evident in fair Skin because of the modifying effects of long-term UV exposure.

  • Transcutaneous CO2 and O2 diffusion.
    Skin pharmacology : the official journal of the Skin Pharmacology Society, 1993
    Co-Authors: Enzo Berardesca, Howard I. Maibach
    Abstract:

    Transcutaneous gas measurements offer a useful tool for non-invasive monitoring of Skin Function, but are affected by several variables that restrict their use in clinical and investigative dermatology. Skin thickness, stratum corneum and barrier Function damage, blood vessel reactivity, arterial-gas concentration, Skin and environmental temperature are important factors influencing transcutaneous gas flux. Improvement of techniques and standardization of methods with guidelines for operators should improve this interesting research approach.

Enzo Berardesca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ethnic Skin overview of structure and Function
    Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Enzo Berardesca, Howard I. Maibach
    Abstract:

    Abstract Racial variability in Skin Function is an area in which data often conflict. Understanding and quantifying racial differences in Skin Function are important for Skin care and the prevention and treatment of Skin diseases. A key feature that characterizes race is Skin color: Is deeply pigmented Skin different from fair Skin in terms of responses to chemical and environmental insults? Is Skin care the same? Are there different risks among racial groups of developing a Skin disease after exposure to the same insults? The interpretation of pathophysiologic phenomena should consider not only anatomic and Functional characteristics of ethnic groups but also socioeconomic, hygienic, and nutritional factors. This article reviews and discusses recent findings. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:S139-42.)

  • Ethnic Skin: overview of structure and Function.
    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Enzo Berardesca, Howard Maibach
    Abstract:

    Racial variability in Skin Function is an area in which data often conflict. Understanding and quantifying racial differences in Skin Function are important for Skin care and the prevention and treatment of Skin diseases. A key feature that characterizes race is Skin color: Is deeply pigmented Skin different from fair Skin in terms of responses to chemical and environmental insults? Is Skin care the same? Are there different risks among racial groups of developing a Skin disease after exposure to the same insults? The interpretation of pathophysiologic phenomena should consider not only anatomic and Functional characteristics of ethnic groups but also socioeconomic, hygienic, and nutritional factors. This article reviews and discusses recent findings.

  • Racial differences in Skin pathophysiology.
    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1996
    Co-Authors: Enzo Berardesca, Howard I. Maibach
    Abstract:

    Racial differences in Skin Function occur and may be responsible for differences in Skin reactivity in physiologic and pathologic conditions. This article reviews the main racial anatomic and physiologic differences as well as mechanisms of irritation, sensitization, and drug absorption reported in the recent literature. Racial differences in transcutaneous penetration of chemicals and drug absorption have been described. Decreased transcutaneous penetration has been reported in black persons. In contrast, conflicting findings have been reported concerning some aspects of irritation and sensitization. Decreased erythematous reactions have been found in pigmented Skin, whereas white persons have a stronger resistance to water barrier damage. Regional variation in Skin Function is more evident in fair Skin because of the modifying effects of long-term UV exposure.

  • Transcutaneous CO2 and O2 diffusion.
    Skin pharmacology : the official journal of the Skin Pharmacology Society, 1993
    Co-Authors: Enzo Berardesca, Howard I. Maibach
    Abstract:

    Transcutaneous gas measurements offer a useful tool for non-invasive monitoring of Skin Function, but are affected by several variables that restrict their use in clinical and investigative dermatology. Skin thickness, stratum corneum and barrier Function damage, blood vessel reactivity, arterial-gas concentration, Skin and environmental temperature are important factors influencing transcutaneous gas flux. Improvement of techniques and standardization of methods with guidelines for operators should improve this interesting research approach.

Michael S. Roberts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • imaging the penetration and distribution of zinc and zinc species after topical application of zinc pyrithione to human Skin
    Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Amy Holmes, Ivan M Kempson, Tyron Turnbull, David L Paterson, Michael S. Roberts
    Abstract:

    Zinc pyrithione is an active component incorporated in an extensive range of topically applied commercial products that are used worldwide. Despite its prevalence, no published study has investigated the penetration of zinc from the zinc pyrithione complex into human Skin. Zinc is crucial for healthy Skin Function however an elevated concentration of labile zinc is toxic outside a narrow concentration range. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy in conjunction with X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was used to map the deposition of zinc, quantitate the amount of zinc within the Skin and to identify a change in the chemical form of zinc after application. This study has demonstrated a similar to 3.8 fold increase in zinc concentration within the viable epidermis (VE) after 24 h topical application of zinc pyrithione that increased significantly by similar to 250 fold after 48 h when compared to control Skin. Confocal microscopy using a labile zinc specific dye, ZinPyr-1, showed that zinc pyrithione disrupted the Skin cells zinc homeostasis and significantly increased the intracellular zinc concentration leading to cell toxicity. Overall, this study demonstrates that topical application of zinc pyrithione formulations leads to an increase in zinc penetration in human Skin, consequently, raising concerns for potential localised toxicity to occur.

Howard Maibach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ethnic Skin: overview of structure and Function.
    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Enzo Berardesca, Howard Maibach
    Abstract:

    Racial variability in Skin Function is an area in which data often conflict. Understanding and quantifying racial differences in Skin Function are important for Skin care and the prevention and treatment of Skin diseases. A key feature that characterizes race is Skin color: Is deeply pigmented Skin different from fair Skin in terms of responses to chemical and environmental insults? Is Skin care the same? Are there different risks among racial groups of developing a Skin disease after exposure to the same insults? The interpretation of pathophysiologic phenomena should consider not only anatomic and Functional characteristics of ethnic groups but also socioeconomic, hygienic, and nutritional factors. This article reviews and discusses recent findings.

Raegan D. Hunt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Infant Skin care: updates and recommendations.
    Current opinion in pediatrics, 2019
    Co-Authors: Eleanor Johnson, Raegan D. Hunt
    Abstract:

    Purpose of reviewNeonatal Skin acclimates rapidly to dry, aerobic conditions at birth and Skin Function gradually matures throughout infancy. Gentle Skin care practices support the ongoing development and Function of newborn Skin. This article reviews research updates and current Skin care recommend