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John H Himes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparability of Skinfold thickness to dxa whole body total fat in their associations with serum triglycerides in youths
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: O Y Addo, Mark A Pereira, John H HimesAbstract:To determine the comparability of triceps and subscapular Skinfold thicknesses with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) whole-body total fat (kg) in relation to serum triglyceride (TG) levels and increased risk of elevated TG levels, and identified optimum Skinfold cutoffs for screening purposes in US adolescents. Data from triceps and subscapular Skinfold thickness, DXA whole-body total fat and serum TGs were obtained from 1505 US adolescents ages 12.00–17.99 years, who participated in two continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2001–2004. Study associations were examined with linear and logistic models, and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analyses were used to derive Skinfold cutoffs for identifying the risk of elevated TG levels. Using area under the curves (AUCs) as metrics of prediction accuracy (with bootstrapped 95% CIs), no significant differences were found between Skinfolds and DXA logistic models for predicting elevated TG levels. Similarly, Skinfold and DXA models had comparable precision in predicting continuous serum TG from bootstrapped root mean squared errors for both sexes. Population-adjusted marginal mean estimates indicated that youths whose Skinfolds are in the top quartile had TG levels within 83–108 mg/dl. Skinfold cutoffs for predicting elevated estimated TG using ROC analyses showed that cutoffs decreased with age and ranged from 13 to 30 mm for ages 12–17, in yearly intervals. Skinfold thicknesses were comparable to DXA whole-body total fat in predicting serum TG levels. These Skinfold cutoffs could be used in practical settings as a first pass screener for identifying US adolescents at risk of elevated serum TGs.
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Reference curves for triceps and subscapular Skinfold thicknesses in US children and adolescents
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2010Co-Authors: O. Yaw Addo, John H HimesAbstract:Background Skinfold thicknesses have long been considered important and valid measurements of subcutaneous fat. Nevertheless, there are no current Skinfold reference data for US children and adolescents. Objective We developed new percentile reference curves for triceps and subscapular Skinfold thicknesses by using the same national samples as those included in the reference curves for body mass index (BMI) in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 Growth Charts. Design We included triceps and subscapular Skinfold-thickness measurements for 32,783 individuals who also had complete data for BMI. The LMS method was used to derive 10 smoothed Skinfold-thickness percentile reference curves and to generate the L, M, and S parameters that allow the calculation of standardized z scores. Results The new reference curves exhibit established age- and sex-related patterns of development, including dramatic prepubescent increases in subcutaneous fatness in boys at the highest percentiles. Comparisons of smoothed medians for race-ethnicity groups confirm greater subcutaneous fatness in white children than in black age mates at the triceps site but similar median subscapular Skinfold thicknesses. Median Skinfold thicknesses for children considered overweight (> or =85th percentile) or obese (> or =95th percentile) on the basis of BMI cutoffs do not follow closely the Skinfold percentile reference channels across age, especially in boys, which suggests a certain degree of independence between BMI and Skinfold thickness at the upper extremes of the BMI distribution. Conclusions The age- and sex-standardized Skinfold percentiles and z scores will be appropriate for a wide range of research applications that consider measures of subcutaneous fat. Because they were developed by using the same children as those used for the 2000 BMI curves of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, they provide an important new complementary assessment tool that should be appropriate for almost all US children and adolescents.
Patria A. Hume - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measurement precision: it does matter where you take the Skinfolds
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010Co-Authors: Michael Marfell-jones, Patria A. HumeAbstract:Introduction For an assessment to have value, it must measure the parameter of interest and be reliable enough to detect small differences. To minimise TEM differences between repeat Skinfold measures, measurement sites and measurement techniques have been defined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the significance of accurate Skinfold measurement site location in order to confirm or relax the specific protocols that ISAK has defined. Methods Nine measurements, in a 1-cm grid pattern, centred on each of the eight ISAK-specified Skinfold sites, were taken three times at each grid point by each of the two ISAK criteria (level 4) measurers using Harpenden Skinfold callipers, on 12 healthy participants (11 males and 1 female; 27.1 ± 6.5 years; 177.3 ± 7.4 cm; 77.8 ± 12.7 kg). Results Skinfolds taken at the eight peripheral grid points were generally different (45 out of 64 = 70%) from the Skinfolds taken at the central ISAK grid point. The effect was multidirectional. The subscapular was the most robust site in terms of least effect with deviation away from the central point. All other Skinfold sites showed some variation with most care needed in marking the biceps and triceps sites. Discussion/conclusion Measuring 1 cm away from a defined ISAK site produced significant differences in the majority of Skinfold measurement values obtained. No site was totally free from this variation. Therefore, adherence to identifying, marking and measuring at the defined site is essential.
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the importance of accurate site location for Skinfold measurement
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2008Co-Authors: Patria A. Hume, Michael MarfelljonesAbstract:We assessed the importance of accurate site location for Skinfold measurement in ten healthy males in a cross-sectional quantitative study. Nine measurements, in a 1-cm grid pattern, centred on each of eight ISAK-specified Skinfold sites, were taken three times at each grid point by each of two ISAK Level 4 practitioners using Harpenden Skinfold callipers. The presence of significant systematic discrepancy between reliability measures of different Skinfold sites and grid points for each of the two testers was determined using P-values. Effect sizes were calculated to show the magnitude of effects. Skinfolds taken at the eight peripheral grid points were generally different from the Skinfolds taken at a central ISAK grid point and there was an effect by direction away from the central ISAK point (anterior, posterior, superior or inferior). The subscapular Skinfold had the least number of differences (three) and the abdominal had the most (eight). All other Skinfold sites showed some variation with most care needed in marking the biceps and triceps Skinfold sites. Adherence to identifying, marking, and measuring at the defined site is essential.
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The importance of accurate site location for Skinfold measurement
Journal of sports sciences, 2008Co-Authors: Patria A. Hume, Michael Marfell-jonesAbstract:Abstract We assessed the importance of accurate site location for Skinfold measurement in ten healthy males in a cross-sectional quantitative study. Nine measurements, in a 1-cm grid pattern, centred on each of eight ISAK-specified Skinfold sites, were taken three times at each grid point by each of two ISAK Level 4 practitioners using Harpenden Skinfold callipers. The presence of significant systematic discrepancy between reliability measures of different Skinfold sites and grid points for each of the two testers was determined using P-values. Effect sizes were calculated to show the magnitude of effects. Skinfolds taken at the eight peripheral grid points were generally different from the Skinfolds taken at a central ISAK grid point and there was an effect by direction away from the central ISAK point (anterior, posterior, superior or inferior). The subscapular Skinfold had the least number of differences (three) and the abdominal had the most (eight). All other Skinfold sites showed some variation with...
Teresa Amaral - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Skinfolds compressibility and calliper’s time response in male athletes
Progress in Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Alessandro Bini, Pedro Ramos Carvalho, Teresa Amaral, Bruno Oliveira, Vitor Hugo TeixeiraAbstract:Introduction: The body Skinfolds compressibility is an individual characteristic determined by tissues properties. Compressibility could affect the Skinfold thicknesses inducing error in the assessment of subcutaneous adipose tissue and in the estimation of body composition. Objectives: This study aims to firstly describe the time behaviour of eight body Skinfolds’ physical response to the Skinfold calliper pressure during measurement. Methods: Using a digital Skinfold calliper that gathers 60 measurements per second, the dynamic response of height Skinfolds to pressure was characterized in 36 adult male athletes. To assess the Skinfolds compressibility, two points were defined L and H: the SL corresponds to the lowest value within the 120 measurement the time when it was obtained was defined as TL. The TH corresponds to the first moment where the 110% of of the value SL was measured. The equations of the average of each Skinfold as a function of time were obtained from a non-linear fitting. Results: Skinfold compressibility varied according subjects (p
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Exercise induced dehydration status and Skinfold compressibility in athletes: an intervention study.
Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Daniela Agra Araújo, Vitor Hugo Teixeira, Pedro Carvalho, Teresa AmaralAbstract:Background and objectives Skinfold thickness assessment is a widely recognized technique for the estimation of body adiposity and fat free mass. This method assumes that Skinfolds' compressibility is constant but there are some factors that could influence its compressibility. This study aims to evaluate whether the Skinfolds' compressibility is influenced by hydration status. Methods and study design An intervention study was conducted in a sample of 22 adult male amateur soccer players, who took part in a 90min simulated soccer match. Before and after the intervention Skinfolds thicknesses were measured in eight anatomical sites. An electronic caliper, Lipotool, was used to collect and record 120 values during 2s of evaluation. To analyze Skinfolds' compressibility, two methods were used: identification of lowest Skinfold thickness measurement (SL) and SH = 110% x SL, and the parameter TAU (τ) determination. Baseline hydration status was evaluated by total body water (TBW) through multifrequency bioimpedance analysis. Dehydration was assessed by the difference of body weight before and after the intervention. Results The intervention resulted in a loss of 2.11% of participants' baseline weight. The Skinfolds thicknesses, assessed by SL and SH, were significantly higher after exercise for all Skinfolds except for Skinfolds at iliac crest and abdominal. This intervention did not affect Skinfolds' compressibility when assessed by τ. However, an association between dehydration and medial-calf Skinfold' compressibility was found (r=0.48, p=0.042). Conclusions Although an increase in the Skinfolds thickness after the intervention was found, Skinfolds' compressibility did not change.
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Accuracy of a digital Skinfold system for measuring Skinfold thickness and estimating body fat.
British Journal of Nutrition, 2010Co-Authors: Teresa Amaral, Elisa A. Marques, Maria De Fátima Chousal, Maria Teresa Restivo, Rita S Guerra, Jorge MotaAbstract:AbstractThe use of Skinfold thickness measurements to evaluate the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue and to predict body fat has recog-nised advantages. However, the different types of Skinfold calliper available present limitations that make them unattractive and perhapsless used in daily practice. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy and functionality of a new digital Skinfold system,the Liposoft 2008 þ Adipsmeter V0 (LA), for measuring Skinfold thickness and determining body fat proportion (%BF). Skinfold thicknessmeasurements made by the LA were compared with those obtained with a Harpenden (H) calliper from two samples of adults (n 45) andolder adults (n 56) in a university-based cross-sectional study. A comparison was also conducted between estimated %BF from Skinfoldsand dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bland and Altman plots show that Skinfolds measured by the LA and H calliper are in high agree-ment, with a mean difference of 0·3 (95% CI 23·1, 3·4)mm. In regard to the %BF estimated from LA and H Skinfolds measurement, the LAproduced a similar approximation to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry %BF, with a mean difference of 0·2 (95% CI 20·8, 1·2)%, comparedwith %BF obtained with the H calliper. The LA system is an accurate instrumentation and represents an innovation in the evaluation ofSkinfold thickness and body composition based on anthropometric measurement.Key words: Digital Skinfold systems: Body fat: Skinfold thickness: Callipers
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Accuracy of a digital Skinfold system for measuring Skinfold thickness and estimating body fat.
The British journal of nutrition, 2010Co-Authors: Teresa Amaral, Elisa A. Marques, Maria De Fátima Chousal, Maria Teresa Restivo, Rita S Guerra, Jorge MotaAbstract:The use of Skinfold thickness measurements to evaluate the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue and to predict body fat has recognised advantages. However, the different types of Skinfold calliper available present limitations that make them unattractive and perhaps less used in daily practice. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy and functionality of a new digital Skinfold system, the Liposoft 2008+Adipsmeter V0 (LA), for measuring Skinfold thickness and determining body fat proportion (%BF). Skinfold thickness measurements made by the LA were compared with those obtained with a Harpenden (H) calliper from two samples of adults (n 45) and older adults (n 56) in a university-based cross-sectional study. A comparison was also conducted between estimated %BF from Skinfolds and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bland and Altman plots show that Skinfolds measured by the LA and H calliper are in high agreement, with a mean difference of 0·3 (95% CI -3·1, 3·4) mm. In regard to the %BF estimated from LA and H Skinfolds measurement, the LA produced a similar approximation to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry %BF, with a mean difference of 0·2 (95% CI -0·8, 1·2) %, compared with %BF obtained with the H calliper. The LA system is an accurate instrumentation and represents an innovation in the evaluation of Skinfold thickness and body composition based on anthropometric measurement.
Michael Marfelljones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessing subcutaneous adipose tissue by simple and portable field instruments Skinfolds versus a mode ultrasound measurements
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Carla Perezchirinos Buxade, Michael Marfelljones, Toni Solaperez, Jorge Castizoolier, Marta Carrascomarginet, Alex Roy, Alfredo IrurtiaAbstract:Purpose This study compared subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) measurements using a Skinfold caliper and Renco Lean-Meater Series 12 A-mode portable ultrasound scanner (A-US). It aimed to assess their inter- and intra-rater reliability and measure the agreement between both methods. Methods Eighty-four volunteers of different fitness levels were divided into three groups by Ʃ6 Skinfolds: G1 ≤ 55 mm (n = 33 males); G2 > 55 mm (n = 32 males); G3 = 98.0 ± 52.3 mm (n = 19 females). Triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf were assessed by ultrasound and Skinfolds. Two technicians for both tools performed triplicate measures. Intraclass correlation (ICC), technical error of measurement (TEM) and coefficients of variation (CVs) were applied for test-retest and inter-rater reliability. Non-Parametric statistics were used in order to establish possible statistical differences and correlation between Skinfolds thickness and uncompressed subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness from ultrasound. The amount of agreement between both methods was assessed with Lin's coefficient and a scatterplot of all site locations. A Bland-Altman plot was constructed to establish limits of agreement between groups and regression analysis was employed to assess the ability of Skinfolds to explain the variance of ultrasound. Results Test-retest ICC for Skinfolds and ultrasound were higher than 0.989 and 0.793, respectively. Inter-rater ICC for Skinfolds was 0.999 with a 95% CI of 0.995 to 0.999 and for ultrasound was 0.755 with a much larger 95% CI of 0.622 to 0.841. TEMs (> 8.50%) and CVs (> 6.72%) compromised ultrasound reliability. Statistical differences were found in most of the analysed anatomical sites (p 0.7, p ≤ 0.05) were reported at almost all anatomical sites and groups except for biceps (G1: Rho = 0.26, p = 0.140) and abdominal (G2: Rho = -0.16, p = 0.38; G3: Rho = 0.43, p = 0.068). Lin's concordance correlation coefficient registered low values of agreement between Skinfolds and A-mode ultrasound (ranged from-0.009-0.646). The scatterplot and the estimated regression line drawn through the midst of all anatomical sites of the whole sample had a slope of 0.51 and R2 adjusted = 0.62 was obtained. The combined analysis between the Bland-Altman plot and the linear regression showed that specifically in the G2 and G3 groups, as the SAT increases the differences between Skinfolds and ultrasounds measurements also increases. Conclusions The Renco Lean-Meater ultrasound is not interchangeable with Skinfold measures. Its utility is questionable, particularly for assessing SAT in active adult populations. Its poor test-retest and inter-rater reliability as well as the lack of agreement when compared to the Skinfolds would exclude the free use of the A-mode ultrasound scanner in its hypothetical replacing of the classical calipers.
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the importance of accurate site location for Skinfold measurement
Journal of Sports Sciences, 2008Co-Authors: Patria A. Hume, Michael MarfelljonesAbstract:We assessed the importance of accurate site location for Skinfold measurement in ten healthy males in a cross-sectional quantitative study. Nine measurements, in a 1-cm grid pattern, centred on each of eight ISAK-specified Skinfold sites, were taken three times at each grid point by each of two ISAK Level 4 practitioners using Harpenden Skinfold callipers. The presence of significant systematic discrepancy between reliability measures of different Skinfold sites and grid points for each of the two testers was determined using P-values. Effect sizes were calculated to show the magnitude of effects. Skinfolds taken at the eight peripheral grid points were generally different from the Skinfolds taken at a central ISAK grid point and there was an effect by direction away from the central ISAK point (anterior, posterior, superior or inferior). The subscapular Skinfold had the least number of differences (three) and the abdominal had the most (eight). All other Skinfold sites showed some variation with most care needed in marking the biceps and triceps Skinfold sites. Adherence to identifying, marking, and measuring at the defined site is essential.
Michael Marfell-jones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measurement precision: it does matter where you take the Skinfolds
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010Co-Authors: Michael Marfell-jones, Patria A. HumeAbstract:Introduction For an assessment to have value, it must measure the parameter of interest and be reliable enough to detect small differences. To minimise TEM differences between repeat Skinfold measures, measurement sites and measurement techniques have been defined by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). The aim of this study, therefore, was to examine the significance of accurate Skinfold measurement site location in order to confirm or relax the specific protocols that ISAK has defined. Methods Nine measurements, in a 1-cm grid pattern, centred on each of the eight ISAK-specified Skinfold sites, were taken three times at each grid point by each of the two ISAK criteria (level 4) measurers using Harpenden Skinfold callipers, on 12 healthy participants (11 males and 1 female; 27.1 ± 6.5 years; 177.3 ± 7.4 cm; 77.8 ± 12.7 kg). Results Skinfolds taken at the eight peripheral grid points were generally different (45 out of 64 = 70%) from the Skinfolds taken at the central ISAK grid point. The effect was multidirectional. The subscapular was the most robust site in terms of least effect with deviation away from the central point. All other Skinfold sites showed some variation with most care needed in marking the biceps and triceps sites. Discussion/conclusion Measuring 1 cm away from a defined ISAK site produced significant differences in the majority of Skinfold measurement values obtained. No site was totally free from this variation. Therefore, adherence to identifying, marking and measuring at the defined site is essential.
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The importance of accurate site location for Skinfold measurement
Journal of sports sciences, 2008Co-Authors: Patria A. Hume, Michael Marfell-jonesAbstract:Abstract We assessed the importance of accurate site location for Skinfold measurement in ten healthy males in a cross-sectional quantitative study. Nine measurements, in a 1-cm grid pattern, centred on each of eight ISAK-specified Skinfold sites, were taken three times at each grid point by each of two ISAK Level 4 practitioners using Harpenden Skinfold callipers. The presence of significant systematic discrepancy between reliability measures of different Skinfold sites and grid points for each of the two testers was determined using P-values. Effect sizes were calculated to show the magnitude of effects. Skinfolds taken at the eight peripheral grid points were generally different from the Skinfolds taken at a central ISAK grid point and there was an effect by direction away from the central ISAK point (anterior, posterior, superior or inferior). The subscapular Skinfold had the least number of differences (three) and the abdominal had the most (eight). All other Skinfold sites showed some variation with...
