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Christopher S Monk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Tyler C Hein, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Leigh G Goetschius, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is, unfortunately, highly prevalent and strongly associated with later psychopathology. Recent theories posit that two dimensions of early adversity, threat and Deprivation, have distinct effects on brain development. The current study evaluated whether violence exposure (threat) and Social Deprivation (Deprivation) were associated with adolescent amygdala and ventral striatum activation, respectively, in a prospective, well-sampled, longitudinal cohort using a pre-registered, open science approach. METHODS 167 adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study completed fMRI scanning. Prospective longitudinal data from ages 3, 5 and 9 were used to create indices of childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation. We evaluated whether these dimensions were associated with adolescent brain function in response to threatening and rewarding faces. RESULTS Childhood violence exposure was associated with decreased amygdala habituation (i.e., more sustained activation) and activation to angry faces in adolescence, whereas childhood Social Deprivation was associated with decreased ventral striatum activation to happy faces in adolescence. These associations held when controlling for the other dimension of adversity and their interaction, gender, internalizing psychopathology, and current life stress. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with recent theories, different forms of early adversity were associated with region-specific differences in brain activation.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation predict adolescent amygdala orbitofrontal cortex white matter connectivity
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Leigh G Goetschius, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:Abstract Childhood adversity is heterogeneous with potentially distinct dimensions of violence exposure and Social Deprivation. These dimensions may differentially shape emotion-based neural circuitry, such as amygdala–prefrontal cortex (PFC) white matter connectivity. Amygdala–orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) white matter connectivity has been linked to regulation of the amygdala’s response to emotional stimuli. Using a preregistered analysis plan, we prospectively examined the effects of childhood exposure to two dimensions of adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, on the adolescent amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity. We also reproduced the negative correlation between amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity and amygdala activation to threat faces. 183 15–17-year-olds were recruited from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study — a longitudinal, birth cohort, sample of predominantly low-income youth. Probabilistic tractography revealed that childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation interacted to predict the probability of adolescent right hemisphere amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. High violence exposure with high Social Deprivation related to less amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. Violence exposure was not associated with white matter connectivity when Social Deprivation was at mean or low levels (i.e., relatively Socially supportive contexts). Therefore, Social Deprivation may exacerbate the effects of childhood violence exposure on the development of white matter connections involved in emotion processing and regulation. Conversely, Social support may buffer against them.
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violence exposure and Social Deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2020Co-Authors: Melissa K Peckins, Andrea G Roberts, Luke W Hyde, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Christopher S Monk, Nestor L LopezduranAbstract:Abstract The present study tested how two different dimensions of childhood adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, were associated with the cortisol response to the Socially Evaluated Cold-Pressor task in a sample of 222 adolescents (n = 117 girls, n = 167 African American). Participants were part of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a probability sample of births in large US cities (>200,000) between 1998 and 2000. Our subsample includes births in three cities: Detroit, Toledo, and Chicago. The study design called for an oversampling of births to unmarried parents (3:1) which led to a large number of minority and economically disadvantaged adolescents. When children were ages 3, 5, and 9, mothers reported on exposures to violence and Social Deprivation that occurred in the past year. Exposures from the three waves were averaged to reflect violence exposure and Social Deprivation during childhood. Greater levels of violence exposure from ages 3 to 9 were associated with a blunted cortisol response to stress at age 15, even after controlling for Social Deprivation and other factors known to influence cortisol reactivity. Social Deprivation from ages 3 to 9 was not associated with the cortisol response to stress; though in an exploratory analysis, Social Deprivation moderated the association between violence exposure and cortisol peak activation. In line with the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, these findings suggest that experiences of violence, but not Social Deprivation, during childhood may contribute to cortisol blunting that has been previously reported in samples with high levels of Social Deprivation. Findings from the present longitudinal study on a relatively large sample of under-represented minority youth provide insight into the ways two different dimensions of childhood adversity impact the cortisol response to stress.
Nestor L Lopezduran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Tyler C Hein, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Leigh G Goetschius, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is, unfortunately, highly prevalent and strongly associated with later psychopathology. Recent theories posit that two dimensions of early adversity, threat and Deprivation, have distinct effects on brain development. The current study evaluated whether violence exposure (threat) and Social Deprivation (Deprivation) were associated with adolescent amygdala and ventral striatum activation, respectively, in a prospective, well-sampled, longitudinal cohort using a pre-registered, open science approach. METHODS 167 adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study completed fMRI scanning. Prospective longitudinal data from ages 3, 5 and 9 were used to create indices of childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation. We evaluated whether these dimensions were associated with adolescent brain function in response to threatening and rewarding faces. RESULTS Childhood violence exposure was associated with decreased amygdala habituation (i.e., more sustained activation) and activation to angry faces in adolescence, whereas childhood Social Deprivation was associated with decreased ventral striatum activation to happy faces in adolescence. These associations held when controlling for the other dimension of adversity and their interaction, gender, internalizing psychopathology, and current life stress. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with recent theories, different forms of early adversity were associated with region-specific differences in brain activation.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation predict adolescent amygdala orbitofrontal cortex white matter connectivity
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Leigh G Goetschius, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:Abstract Childhood adversity is heterogeneous with potentially distinct dimensions of violence exposure and Social Deprivation. These dimensions may differentially shape emotion-based neural circuitry, such as amygdala–prefrontal cortex (PFC) white matter connectivity. Amygdala–orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) white matter connectivity has been linked to regulation of the amygdala’s response to emotional stimuli. Using a preregistered analysis plan, we prospectively examined the effects of childhood exposure to two dimensions of adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, on the adolescent amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity. We also reproduced the negative correlation between amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity and amygdala activation to threat faces. 183 15–17-year-olds were recruited from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study — a longitudinal, birth cohort, sample of predominantly low-income youth. Probabilistic tractography revealed that childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation interacted to predict the probability of adolescent right hemisphere amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. High violence exposure with high Social Deprivation related to less amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. Violence exposure was not associated with white matter connectivity when Social Deprivation was at mean or low levels (i.e., relatively Socially supportive contexts). Therefore, Social Deprivation may exacerbate the effects of childhood violence exposure on the development of white matter connections involved in emotion processing and regulation. Conversely, Social support may buffer against them.
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violence exposure and Social Deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2020Co-Authors: Melissa K Peckins, Andrea G Roberts, Luke W Hyde, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Christopher S Monk, Nestor L LopezduranAbstract:Abstract The present study tested how two different dimensions of childhood adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, were associated with the cortisol response to the Socially Evaluated Cold-Pressor task in a sample of 222 adolescents (n = 117 girls, n = 167 African American). Participants were part of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a probability sample of births in large US cities (>200,000) between 1998 and 2000. Our subsample includes births in three cities: Detroit, Toledo, and Chicago. The study design called for an oversampling of births to unmarried parents (3:1) which led to a large number of minority and economically disadvantaged adolescents. When children were ages 3, 5, and 9, mothers reported on exposures to violence and Social Deprivation that occurred in the past year. Exposures from the three waves were averaged to reflect violence exposure and Social Deprivation during childhood. Greater levels of violence exposure from ages 3 to 9 were associated with a blunted cortisol response to stress at age 15, even after controlling for Social Deprivation and other factors known to influence cortisol reactivity. Social Deprivation from ages 3 to 9 was not associated with the cortisol response to stress; though in an exploratory analysis, Social Deprivation moderated the association between violence exposure and cortisol peak activation. In line with the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, these findings suggest that experiences of violence, but not Social Deprivation, during childhood may contribute to cortisol blunting that has been previously reported in samples with high levels of Social Deprivation. Findings from the present longitudinal study on a relatively large sample of under-represented minority youth provide insight into the ways two different dimensions of childhood adversity impact the cortisol response to stress.
Tyler C Hein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Tyler C Hein, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Leigh G Goetschius, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is, unfortunately, highly prevalent and strongly associated with later psychopathology. Recent theories posit that two dimensions of early adversity, threat and Deprivation, have distinct effects on brain development. The current study evaluated whether violence exposure (threat) and Social Deprivation (Deprivation) were associated with adolescent amygdala and ventral striatum activation, respectively, in a prospective, well-sampled, longitudinal cohort using a pre-registered, open science approach. METHODS 167 adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study completed fMRI scanning. Prospective longitudinal data from ages 3, 5 and 9 were used to create indices of childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation. We evaluated whether these dimensions were associated with adolescent brain function in response to threatening and rewarding faces. RESULTS Childhood violence exposure was associated with decreased amygdala habituation (i.e., more sustained activation) and activation to angry faces in adolescence, whereas childhood Social Deprivation was associated with decreased ventral striatum activation to happy faces in adolescence. These associations held when controlling for the other dimension of adversity and their interaction, gender, internalizing psychopathology, and current life stress. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with recent theories, different forms of early adversity were associated with region-specific differences in brain activation.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation predict adolescent amygdala orbitofrontal cortex white matter connectivity
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Leigh G Goetschius, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:Abstract Childhood adversity is heterogeneous with potentially distinct dimensions of violence exposure and Social Deprivation. These dimensions may differentially shape emotion-based neural circuitry, such as amygdala–prefrontal cortex (PFC) white matter connectivity. Amygdala–orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) white matter connectivity has been linked to regulation of the amygdala’s response to emotional stimuli. Using a preregistered analysis plan, we prospectively examined the effects of childhood exposure to two dimensions of adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, on the adolescent amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity. We also reproduced the negative correlation between amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity and amygdala activation to threat faces. 183 15–17-year-olds were recruited from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study — a longitudinal, birth cohort, sample of predominantly low-income youth. Probabilistic tractography revealed that childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation interacted to predict the probability of adolescent right hemisphere amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. High violence exposure with high Social Deprivation related to less amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. Violence exposure was not associated with white matter connectivity when Social Deprivation was at mean or low levels (i.e., relatively Socially supportive contexts). Therefore, Social Deprivation may exacerbate the effects of childhood violence exposure on the development of white matter connections involved in emotion processing and regulation. Conversely, Social support may buffer against them.
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violence exposure and Social Deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2020Co-Authors: Melissa K Peckins, Andrea G Roberts, Luke W Hyde, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Christopher S Monk, Nestor L LopezduranAbstract:Abstract The present study tested how two different dimensions of childhood adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, were associated with the cortisol response to the Socially Evaluated Cold-Pressor task in a sample of 222 adolescents (n = 117 girls, n = 167 African American). Participants were part of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a probability sample of births in large US cities (>200,000) between 1998 and 2000. Our subsample includes births in three cities: Detroit, Toledo, and Chicago. The study design called for an oversampling of births to unmarried parents (3:1) which led to a large number of minority and economically disadvantaged adolescents. When children were ages 3, 5, and 9, mothers reported on exposures to violence and Social Deprivation that occurred in the past year. Exposures from the three waves were averaged to reflect violence exposure and Social Deprivation during childhood. Greater levels of violence exposure from ages 3 to 9 were associated with a blunted cortisol response to stress at age 15, even after controlling for Social Deprivation and other factors known to influence cortisol reactivity. Social Deprivation from ages 3 to 9 was not associated with the cortisol response to stress; though in an exploratory analysis, Social Deprivation moderated the association between violence exposure and cortisol peak activation. In line with the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, these findings suggest that experiences of violence, but not Social Deprivation, during childhood may contribute to cortisol blunting that has been previously reported in samples with high levels of Social Deprivation. Findings from the present longitudinal study on a relatively large sample of under-represented minority youth provide insight into the ways two different dimensions of childhood adversity impact the cortisol response to stress.
Jeanne Brooksgunn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Tyler C Hein, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Leigh G Goetschius, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is, unfortunately, highly prevalent and strongly associated with later psychopathology. Recent theories posit that two dimensions of early adversity, threat and Deprivation, have distinct effects on brain development. The current study evaluated whether violence exposure (threat) and Social Deprivation (Deprivation) were associated with adolescent amygdala and ventral striatum activation, respectively, in a prospective, well-sampled, longitudinal cohort using a pre-registered, open science approach. METHODS 167 adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study completed fMRI scanning. Prospective longitudinal data from ages 3, 5 and 9 were used to create indices of childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation. We evaluated whether these dimensions were associated with adolescent brain function in response to threatening and rewarding faces. RESULTS Childhood violence exposure was associated with decreased amygdala habituation (i.e., more sustained activation) and activation to angry faces in adolescence, whereas childhood Social Deprivation was associated with decreased ventral striatum activation to happy faces in adolescence. These associations held when controlling for the other dimension of adversity and their interaction, gender, internalizing psychopathology, and current life stress. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with recent theories, different forms of early adversity were associated with region-specific differences in brain activation.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation predict adolescent amygdala orbitofrontal cortex white matter connectivity
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Leigh G Goetschius, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:Abstract Childhood adversity is heterogeneous with potentially distinct dimensions of violence exposure and Social Deprivation. These dimensions may differentially shape emotion-based neural circuitry, such as amygdala–prefrontal cortex (PFC) white matter connectivity. Amygdala–orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) white matter connectivity has been linked to regulation of the amygdala’s response to emotional stimuli. Using a preregistered analysis plan, we prospectively examined the effects of childhood exposure to two dimensions of adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, on the adolescent amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity. We also reproduced the negative correlation between amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity and amygdala activation to threat faces. 183 15–17-year-olds were recruited from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study — a longitudinal, birth cohort, sample of predominantly low-income youth. Probabilistic tractography revealed that childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation interacted to predict the probability of adolescent right hemisphere amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. High violence exposure with high Social Deprivation related to less amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. Violence exposure was not associated with white matter connectivity when Social Deprivation was at mean or low levels (i.e., relatively Socially supportive contexts). Therefore, Social Deprivation may exacerbate the effects of childhood violence exposure on the development of white matter connections involved in emotion processing and regulation. Conversely, Social support may buffer against them.
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violence exposure and Social Deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2020Co-Authors: Melissa K Peckins, Andrea G Roberts, Luke W Hyde, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Christopher S Monk, Nestor L LopezduranAbstract:Abstract The present study tested how two different dimensions of childhood adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, were associated with the cortisol response to the Socially Evaluated Cold-Pressor task in a sample of 222 adolescents (n = 117 girls, n = 167 African American). Participants were part of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a probability sample of births in large US cities (>200,000) between 1998 and 2000. Our subsample includes births in three cities: Detroit, Toledo, and Chicago. The study design called for an oversampling of births to unmarried parents (3:1) which led to a large number of minority and economically disadvantaged adolescents. When children were ages 3, 5, and 9, mothers reported on exposures to violence and Social Deprivation that occurred in the past year. Exposures from the three waves were averaged to reflect violence exposure and Social Deprivation during childhood. Greater levels of violence exposure from ages 3 to 9 were associated with a blunted cortisol response to stress at age 15, even after controlling for Social Deprivation and other factors known to influence cortisol reactivity. Social Deprivation from ages 3 to 9 was not associated with the cortisol response to stress; though in an exploratory analysis, Social Deprivation moderated the association between violence exposure and cortisol peak activation. In line with the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, these findings suggest that experiences of violence, but not Social Deprivation, during childhood may contribute to cortisol blunting that has been previously reported in samples with high levels of Social Deprivation. Findings from the present longitudinal study on a relatively large sample of under-represented minority youth provide insight into the ways two different dimensions of childhood adversity impact the cortisol response to stress.
Luke W Hyde - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Tyler C Hein, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Leigh G Goetschius, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is, unfortunately, highly prevalent and strongly associated with later psychopathology. Recent theories posit that two dimensions of early adversity, threat and Deprivation, have distinct effects on brain development. The current study evaluated whether violence exposure (threat) and Social Deprivation (Deprivation) were associated with adolescent amygdala and ventral striatum activation, respectively, in a prospective, well-sampled, longitudinal cohort using a pre-registered, open science approach. METHODS 167 adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study completed fMRI scanning. Prospective longitudinal data from ages 3, 5 and 9 were used to create indices of childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation. We evaluated whether these dimensions were associated with adolescent brain function in response to threatening and rewarding faces. RESULTS Childhood violence exposure was associated with decreased amygdala habituation (i.e., more sustained activation) and activation to angry faces in adolescence, whereas childhood Social Deprivation was associated with decreased ventral striatum activation to happy faces in adolescence. These associations held when controlling for the other dimension of adversity and their interaction, gender, internalizing psychopathology, and current life stress. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with recent theories, different forms of early adversity were associated with region-specific differences in brain activation.
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childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation predict adolescent amygdala orbitofrontal cortex white matter connectivity
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Leigh G Goetschius, Luke W Hyde, Nestor L Lopezduran, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Vonnie C Mcloyd, Christopher S MonkAbstract:Abstract Childhood adversity is heterogeneous with potentially distinct dimensions of violence exposure and Social Deprivation. These dimensions may differentially shape emotion-based neural circuitry, such as amygdala–prefrontal cortex (PFC) white matter connectivity. Amygdala–orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) white matter connectivity has been linked to regulation of the amygdala’s response to emotional stimuli. Using a preregistered analysis plan, we prospectively examined the effects of childhood exposure to two dimensions of adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, on the adolescent amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity. We also reproduced the negative correlation between amygdala–PFC white matter connectivity and amygdala activation to threat faces. 183 15–17-year-olds were recruited from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study — a longitudinal, birth cohort, sample of predominantly low-income youth. Probabilistic tractography revealed that childhood violence exposure and Social Deprivation interacted to predict the probability of adolescent right hemisphere amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. High violence exposure with high Social Deprivation related to less amygdala–OFC white matter connectivity. Violence exposure was not associated with white matter connectivity when Social Deprivation was at mean or low levels (i.e., relatively Socially supportive contexts). Therefore, Social Deprivation may exacerbate the effects of childhood violence exposure on the development of white matter connections involved in emotion processing and regulation. Conversely, Social support may buffer against them.
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violence exposure and Social Deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2020Co-Authors: Melissa K Peckins, Andrea G Roberts, Luke W Hyde, Colter Mitchell, Tyler C Hein, Sara Mclanahan, Jeanne Brooksgunn, Christopher S Monk, Nestor L LopezduranAbstract:Abstract The present study tested how two different dimensions of childhood adversity, violence exposure and Social Deprivation, were associated with the cortisol response to the Socially Evaluated Cold-Pressor task in a sample of 222 adolescents (n = 117 girls, n = 167 African American). Participants were part of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a probability sample of births in large US cities (>200,000) between 1998 and 2000. Our subsample includes births in three cities: Detroit, Toledo, and Chicago. The study design called for an oversampling of births to unmarried parents (3:1) which led to a large number of minority and economically disadvantaged adolescents. When children were ages 3, 5, and 9, mothers reported on exposures to violence and Social Deprivation that occurred in the past year. Exposures from the three waves were averaged to reflect violence exposure and Social Deprivation during childhood. Greater levels of violence exposure from ages 3 to 9 were associated with a blunted cortisol response to stress at age 15, even after controlling for Social Deprivation and other factors known to influence cortisol reactivity. Social Deprivation from ages 3 to 9 was not associated with the cortisol response to stress; though in an exploratory analysis, Social Deprivation moderated the association between violence exposure and cortisol peak activation. In line with the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, these findings suggest that experiences of violence, but not Social Deprivation, during childhood may contribute to cortisol blunting that has been previously reported in samples with high levels of Social Deprivation. Findings from the present longitudinal study on a relatively large sample of under-represented minority youth provide insight into the ways two different dimensions of childhood adversity impact the cortisol response to stress.
