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Nicholas S Ialongo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Risk factors for community Violence Exposure in adolescence.
American journal of community psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Sharon F Lambert, Nicholas S Ialongo, Rhonda C Boyd, Michele R CooleyAbstract:Community Violence is recognized a significant public health problem. However, only a paucity of research has examined risk factors for community Violence Exposure across domains relevant to adolescents or using longitudinal data. This study examined youth aggressive behavior in relation to community Violence Exposure among a community epidemiologically defined sample of 582 (45% female) urban adolescents. Internalizing behaviors, deviant peer affiliation, and parental monitoring were examined as moderators of the association between aggressive behavior and Exposure to community Violence. For males with aggressive behavior problems and deviant peer affiliation or low parental monitoring, co-occurring anxiety symptoms protected against subsequent witnessing community Violence. In contrast, males with aggressive behavior problems and co-occurring depressive symptoms were at increased risk for witnessing community Violence. Implications of the findings for preventive interventions and future research are discussed.
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Violence Exposure in an urban city: A GxE interaction with aggressive and impulsive behaviors
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2018Co-Authors: Rashelle Jean Musci, Amie Bettencourt, Danielle Y. Sisto, Brion S. Maher, Katherine E. Masyn, Nicholas S IalongoAbstract:Previous research has demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between community Violence Exposure and disruptive behavior problems among youth. No study to date, however, has explored the potential interaction between Violence Exposure in early adolescence and genetics. We explore the gene x environment interaction's impact on teacher-rated aggressive and impulsive behaviors. Violence Exposure during the middle school years was assessed using self-report. Genetic data collection occurred in emerging adulthood. A polygenic score was created using findings from a conduct disorder symptomatology genome-wide association study. Three longitudinal classes of teacher reported aggressive and impulsive behavior were identified. We found a significant relationship between Violence Exposure and class membership. There was a significant GxE interaction, such that those with below average levels of the polygenic score and who were exposed to Violence were more likely to be in the moderately high aggressive and impulsive class as compared to the no to low class. These findings highlight the influence of genetic risk together with Violence Exposure on adolescent problem behavior. Although youth may have little control over the environments in which they live, interventions can and should focus on helping all youth. © 2018 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
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Temperament moderators of prospective associations between community Violence Exposure and urban African American adolescents' aggressive behavior
Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 2018Co-Authors: Rachel M. Tache, Sharon F Lambert, Jody M. Ganiban, Nicholas S IalongoAbstract:Research suggests that neighborhood risks are associated with internalizing symptoms for adolescents high on temperament characteristics related to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS). However, it is unclear whether newer conceptualizations of the BIS distinguishing fear from anxiety operate similarly. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the BIS attenuates community Violence Exposure effects on externalizing problems. The current study examined whether the BIS or the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) moderated associations between community Violence Exposure and internalizing and externalizing problems. Participants were 367 urban African American adolescents who reported on temperament characteristics in grade 9, and community Violence Exposure and adjustment problems in grades 9 and 10. Hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated that the FFFS, but not the BIS, moderated the association between community Violence Exposure and aggressive behavior. Grade 9 community Violence Exposure was positively associated with grade 10 aggression for adolescents low on FFFS, suggesting that the FFFS may partly differentiate community Violence-exposed adolescents’ aggressive behavior.
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Early Predictors of Urban Adolescents’ Community Violence Exposure
Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 2013Co-Authors: Sharon F Lambert, Amie Bettencourt, Catherine P. Bradshaw, Nicholas S IalongoAbstract:This study examined the extent to which individual, peer, and family factors predicted the onset of community Violence Exposure in middle and high school, as well as the indirect effects of early factors. We were particularly interested in the timing of Exposure to community Violence during adolescence, and thus conducted survival analyses on data from 632 urban youth, followed from first grade through high school. Early aggressive behavior and poor academic readiness were associated with an earlier onset of community Violence Exposure in adolescence. The effects of early aggression on community Violence Exposure and victimization were accounted for, in part, by peer rejection and deviant peer affiliation; there was no evidence of moderation by gender or parental monitoring. Findings highlight potential targets for preventive interventions with youth at risk of community Violence Exposure.
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Discrepancies between community Violence Exposure and perceived neighborhood Violence
Journal of Community Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Nicole L. Cammack, Sharon F Lambert, Nicholas S IalongoAbstract:Community Violence Exposure (CVE) has been identified as a significant public health concern given its association with numerous mental health problems. Perceptions of neighborhood Violence (PNV) also may adversely affect youth adjustment. In recognition that PNV may differ from individuals own experience of CVE, the current study utilized latent class analysis to examine the degree and consequences of consistency and discrepancy in adolescents community Violence Exposure and PNV. Participants included an epidemiologically-defined community sample of 456 African American adolescents (52% male; mean age=11.77). Results revealed three groups of youth: high CVE/high PNV, low CVE/low PNV, and low CVE/high PNV. Longitudinal analyses suggest that a discrepancy between CVE and PNV is important for understanding depressive and anxious symptoms among urban African American youth. Implications for intervention are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geri R Donenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does Parental Monitoring Moderate the Impact of Community Violence Exposure on Probation Youth’s Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behavior?
Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Wadiya Udell, Erin Emerson, Anna L. Hotton, Geri R DonenbergAbstract:The present study examined whether parental monitoring buffers the negative effects of communtity Violence Exposure on probation youth’s substance use and sexual risk behaviors. Among a sample of 347 Chicago youth on probation, ages 13–17 years, parental monitoring did not moderate the relationship between community Violence Exposure and probation youth’s sexual risk and substance use. However, parental monitoring was independently associated with less engagement in sexual risk and substance use, and community Violence Exposure was independently associated with more risk behavior among probation youth. The present study contributes to the growing literature on the impact of community Violence Exposure and parenting on adjudicated youth risk.
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patterns of Violence Exposure and sexual risk in low income urban african american girls
Psychology of Violence, 2012Co-Authors: Helen W Wilson, Briana A Woods, Erin Emerson, Geri R DonenbergAbstract:OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between Violence Exposure and sexual risk-taking among low-income, urban African American (AA) adolescent girls, considering overlap among different types and characteristics of Violence. METHODS: AA adolescent girls were originally recruited from outpatient mental health clinics serving urban, mostly low-SES communities in Chicago, IL as part of a two-year longitudinal investigation of HIV-risk behavior. A subsequent follow-up was completed to assess lifetime history of trauma and Violence Exposure. The current study (N=177) included Violence Exposure and sexual risk behavior reported at the most recent interview (ages 14-22). Multiple regression was used to examine combined and unique contributions of different types, ages, settings, and perpetrators or victims of Violence to variance in sexual risk. RESULTS: More extensive Violence Exposure and cumulative Exposure to different kinds of Violence were associated with overall unsafe sex, more partners, and inconsistent condom use. The most significant unique predictors, accounting for overlap among different forms of Violence, were physical victimization, adolescent Exposure, neighborhood Violence, and Violence involving dating partners. CONCLUSIONS: These findings put sexual risk in the context of broad traumatic experiences but also suggest that the type and characteristics of Violence Exposure matter in terms of sexual health outcomes. Violence Exposure should be addressed in efforts to reduce STIs among low-income, urban African American girls. Language: en
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Mechanisms linking Violence Exposure to health risk behavior in adolescence: Motivation to cope and sensation seeking
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2006Co-Authors: Sonya S. Brady, Geri R DonenbergAbstract:OBJECTIVE:: This study examined two potential mechanisms linking Violence Exposure and health risk behavior among adolescents in psychiatric care: sensation seeking and coping with stress through escape behavior. METHOD:: Male (59%) and female adolescents (N = 251), ages 12 to 19 years, from diverse ethnic backgrounds (61% African American, 19% white, 12% Latino, 8% biracial or other ethnicity) completed a computer-administered survey assessing study variables from 1999-2004. Overall clinic consent rate was 41%. Age and gender were included in all analyses. RESULTS:: Consistent with the literature on nonpsychiatric samples, Violence Exposure was associated with both increased substance use and sexual risk taking. Violence Exposure was not associated with motivation to engage in risk behavior as a means of escape, although motivation to cope through escape was associated with a greater likelihood of substance use. Sensation seeking was related to substance use and sexual risk taking among all adolescents and with Violence Exposure primarily within male adolescents. CONCLUSIONS:: Clinical interventions should promote adaptive coping strategies that emphasize maintaining healthy behavior, effective problem solving skills, and stress management techniques. Language: en
Jill G. Joseph - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maternal Distress Explains the Relationship of Young African American Mothers’ Violence Exposure With Their Preschoolers’ Behavior
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2010Co-Authors: Stephanie J. Mitchell, Amy Lewin, Andrew Rasmussen, Ivor B. Horn, Jill G. JosephAbstract:Adolescent mothers and their children are particularly susceptible to witnessing or directly experiencing Violence. Such Violence Exposure predicts maternal distress, parenting, and child behavior problems. The current study examined how mothers’ depressive symptoms, aggression, harsh disciplinary practices, and home environment independently explain the association between mothers’ Violence Exposure and children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior, controlling for their children’s Violence Exposure. Data were collected from 230 African American mothers living in Washington, DC who gave birth as adolescents and whose children were 3 to 5 years old. Path analysis revealed that the effect of mothers’ experienced Violence on children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior was mediated by mothers’ depressive symptoms and aggression. However, neither harsh discipline nor stimulation in the home environment acted as significant mediators, and there were no direct or indirect effects of mothers’ witnessed Violence on child behavior. This study builds on previous work by identifying an association between maternal Violence Exposure and children’s behavior, independent of children’s own Violence Exposure that is explained by mothers’ increased distress but not their parenting. These findings suggest that a potential means of preventing behavior problems in minority children born to adolescent mothers is to identify mothers who have been directly exposed to Violence and treat their depressive symptoms and aggressive behaviors.
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How does Violence Exposure affect the psychological health and parenting of young African-American mothers?
Social Science & Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Stephanie J. Mitchell, Amy Lewin, Ivor B. Horn, Kathy Sanders-phillips, Dawn Valentine, Jill G. JosephAbstract:Urban, minority, adolescent mothers are particularly vulnerable to Violence Exposure, which may increase their children's developmental risk through maternal depression and negative parenting. The current study tests a conceptual model of the effects of community and contextual Violence Exposure on the mental health and parenting of young, African-American mothers living in Washington, DC. A path analysis revealed significant direct effects of witnessed and experienced Violence on mothers' depressive symptoms and general aggression. Experiences of discrimination were also associated with increased depressive symptoms. Moreover, there were significant indirect effects of mothers' Violence Exposure on disciplinary practices through depression and aggression. These findings highlight the range of Violence young African-American mothers are exposed to and how these experiences affect their mental health, particularly depressive symptoms, and thus disciplinary practices.
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Violence Exposure and the Association between Young African American Mothers’ Discipline and Child Problem Behavior
Academic Pediatrics, 2009Co-Authors: Stephanie J. Mitchell, Amy Lewin, Andrew Rasmussen, Ivor B. Horn, Kathy Sanders-phillips, Dawn Valentine, Jill G. JosephAbstract:Objective Children of adolescent mothers are at increased risk of Violence Exposure and behavior problems, which have been linked to mothers' disciplinary practices. This study examines how the effect of young African American mothers' discipline on their preschool-age children's externalizing and internalizing behavior varies by mother and child Violence Exposure. Methods A sample of 230 African American mothers who gave birth as adolescents and their 3- to 6-year-old children were recruited from community-based day care and primary health care sites in the Washington, DC, metropolitan region. In-person interviews were conducted by trained research assistants who administered standard survey instruments. Results Hierarchical regression models revealed an interaction effect such that adolescent mothers' harsh disciplinary practices, specifically physical discipline strategies, were positively associated with young children's internalizing and externalizing behavior in the context of high or moderate, but not low, maternal Violence Exposure. Conclusions Compared with less Violence-exposed mothers, the harsh disciplinary practices of young African American mothers who have been exposed to high levels of Violence are more strongly associated with their children's problem behavior. Practitioners should screen mothers for Violence Exposure in order to address potential issues of discipline and behavior problems.
Robert J. Sokol - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The role of maternal acceptance in the relation between community Violence Exposure and child functioning
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Beth Nordstrom Bailey, Virginia Delaney-black, John H. Hannigan, Chandice Covington, Robert J. SokolAbstract:Children in the United States are exposed to considerable community Violence that has been linked to child functioning. However, not all those exposed, experience negative outcomes. Recent research has focused on factors that “buffer” or protect children from negative consequences of Violence Exposure. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the potential buffering or moderating role of maternal acceptance in the relationship between community Violence Exposure and internalizing and externalizing problems. Subjects were 268 urban African American first graders. Community Violence Exposure was significantly related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress, but did not correlate with either internalizing or externalizing problems for all children, after control for demographics, maternal mental health, and general life stress. However, children's perceptions of maternal acceptance moderated the relationship between Violence Exposure and internalizing and externalizing problems which included being withdrawn, anxious-depressed, and demonstrating delinquent behavior. Children with the lowest levels of self-reported maternal acceptance were most impacted by community Violence. In this sample of urban first graders, low levels of maternal acceptance placed children at greater risk for adverse outcomes associated with community Violence Exposure compared to moderate and high levels of maternal acceptance.
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Somatic Complaints in Children and Community Violence Exposure
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2005Co-Authors: Beth Nordstrom Bailey, Virginia Delaney-black, John H. Hannigan, Joel Ager, Robert J. Sokol, Chandice CovingtonAbstract:Somatic complaints of children in primary care settings often go unexplained despite attempts to determine a cause. Recent research has linked Violence Exposure to stress symptomatology and associated somatic problems. Unknown, however, is whether specific physical symptom complaints can be attributed, at least in part, to Violence Exposure. Urban African-American 6- and 7-year-old children (N = 268), residing with their biological mothers, recruited before birth, and without prenatal Exposure to hard illicit drugs participated. Children and mothers were evaluated in our hospital-based research laboratory, with teacher data collected by mail. Community Violence Exposure (Things I Have Seen and Heard), stress symptomatology (Levonn), and somatic complaints (teacher-and self-report items) were assessed. Additional data collected included prenatal alcohol Exposure, socioeconomic status, domestic Violence, maternal age, stress, somatic complaints and psychopathology, and child depression, abuse, and gender. Community Violence witnessing and victimization were associated with stress symptoms (r = .26 and .25, respectively, p
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Violence Exposure trauma and iq and or reading deficits among urban children
JAMA Pediatrics, 2002Co-Authors: Virginia Delaneyblack, Joel Ager, Chandice Covington, Steven J Ondersma, Beth Nordstromklee, Thomas Templin, James Janisse, Robert J. SokolAbstract:Background: Exposure to Violence in childhood has been associated with lower school grades. However, the association between Violence Exposure and performance on standardized tests (such as IQ or academic achievement) in children is unknown. It is also not known whether Violence Exposure itself or subsequent symptoms of trauma are primarily responsible for negative outcomes. Objective: To examine the relationship between Violence Exposure and trauma-related distress and standardized test performance among early school-aged urban children, controlling for important potential confounders. Design: A total of 299 urban first-grade children and their caregivers were evaluated using self-report, interview, and standardized tests. Main Outcome Measures: The child’s IQ (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised) and reading ability (Test of Early Reading Ability, second edition) were the outcomes of interest. Results: After controlling for confounders (child’s gender, caregiver’s IQ, home environment, socioeconomic status, and prenatal Exposure to substance abuse) Violence Exposure was related to the child’s IQ (P=.01) and reading ability (P=.045). Trauma-related distress accounted for additional variance in reading ability (P=.01). Using the derived regression equation to estimate effect sizes, a child experiencing both Violence Exposure and trauma-related distress at or above the 90th percentile would be expected to have a 7.5-point (SD, 0.5) decrement in IQ and a 9.8point (SD, 0.66) decrement in reading achievement. Conclusion: In this study, Exposure to Violence and trauma-related distress in young children were associated with substantial decrements in IQ and reading achievement.
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Violence Exposure, Trauma, and IQ and/or Reading Deficits Among Urban Children
JAMA Pediatrics, 2002Co-Authors: Virginia Delaney-black, Joel Ager, Chandice Covington, Steven J Ondersma, Thomas Templin, James Janisse, Beth Nordstrom-klee, Robert J. SokolAbstract:Background: Exposure to Violence in childhood has been associated with lower school grades. However, the association between Violence Exposure and performance on standardized tests (such as IQ or academic achievement) in children is unknown. It is also not known whether Violence Exposure itself or subsequent symptoms of trauma are primarily responsible for negative outcomes. Objective: To examine the relationship between Violence Exposure and trauma-related distress and standardized test performance among early school-aged urban children, controlling for important potential confounders. Design: A total of 299 urban first-grade children and their caregivers were evaluated using self-report, interview, and standardized tests. Main Outcome Measures: The child’s IQ (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised) and reading ability (Test of Early Reading Ability, second edition) were the outcomes of interest. Results: After controlling for confounders (child’s gender, caregiver’s IQ, home environment, socioeconomic status, and prenatal Exposure to substance abuse) Violence Exposure was related to the child’s IQ (P=.01) and reading ability (P=.045). Trauma-related distress accounted for additional variance in reading ability (P=.01). Using the derived regression equation to estimate effect sizes, a child experiencing both Violence Exposure and trauma-related distress at or above the 90th percentile would be expected to have a 7.5-point (SD, 0.5) decrement in IQ and a 9.8point (SD, 0.66) decrement in reading achievement. Conclusion: In this study, Exposure to Violence and trauma-related distress in young children were associated with substantial decrements in IQ and reading achievement.
Helen W Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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patterns of Violence Exposure and sexual risk in low income urban african american girls
Psychology of Violence, 2012Co-Authors: Helen W Wilson, Briana A Woods, Erin Emerson, Geri R DonenbergAbstract:OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between Violence Exposure and sexual risk-taking among low-income, urban African American (AA) adolescent girls, considering overlap among different types and characteristics of Violence. METHODS: AA adolescent girls were originally recruited from outpatient mental health clinics serving urban, mostly low-SES communities in Chicago, IL as part of a two-year longitudinal investigation of HIV-risk behavior. A subsequent follow-up was completed to assess lifetime history of trauma and Violence Exposure. The current study (N=177) included Violence Exposure and sexual risk behavior reported at the most recent interview (ages 14-22). Multiple regression was used to examine combined and unique contributions of different types, ages, settings, and perpetrators or victims of Violence to variance in sexual risk. RESULTS: More extensive Violence Exposure and cumulative Exposure to different kinds of Violence were associated with overall unsafe sex, more partners, and inconsistent condom use. The most significant unique predictors, accounting for overlap among different forms of Violence, were physical victimization, adolescent Exposure, neighborhood Violence, and Violence involving dating partners. CONCLUSIONS: These findings put sexual risk in the context of broad traumatic experiences but also suggest that the type and characteristics of Violence Exposure matter in terms of sexual health outcomes. Violence Exposure should be addressed in efforts to reduce STIs among low-income, urban African American girls. Language: en
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Research Review: The relationship between childhood Violence Exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2008Co-Authors: Helen W Wilson, Carla Smith Stover, Steven J. BerkowitzAbstract:Background: The connection between childhood Violence Exposure and antisocial behavior in adolescence has received much attention and has important implications for understanding and preventing criminal behavior. However, there are a limited number of well-designed prospective studies that can suggest a causal relationship, and little is known about the magnitude of the relationship. Methods: This meta-analysis provides a quantitative comparison of 18 studies (N = 18,245) assessing the relationship between childhood (before age 12) Violence Exposure and adolescent antisocial behavior. An overall effect size (Cohen's d) was calculated for each study, an average for the 18 studies, and averages for subsets of analyses within studies. Results: Results indicated a small effect from prospective studies (d = .31) and a large effect from cross-sectional studies (d = .88). The effect for victimization (d = .61) was larger than for witnessing Violence (d = .15). Conclusions: Effect size varied across studies employing different methodologies, populations, and conceptualizations of Violence Exposure and antisocial behavior. These findings do not support a simple, direct link from early Violence Exposure to antisocial behavior but suggest that many factors influence this relationship. Language: en
