The Experts below are selected from a list of 145623 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Shakti Malan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The importance of theory in shaping Social impact Monitoring: lessons from the Berg River Dam, South Africa
Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 2007Co-Authors: Nigel Rossouw, Shakti MalanAbstract:The outputs and outcome of a Social-Monitoring programme is a direct result of the theoretical framework used by the practitioner. One approach is to adopt Social impact Monitoring frameworks that identify impacts through a deductive process of objective rationality. This often results in checklist reporting and a myopic focus on predetermined themes (such as employment, housing, education, health). This approach blinds the practitioner to issues that fall outside their frame of analysis. This paper is a narrative reflection by the authors on the changing theoretical frameworks evident at the different stages of Social Monitoring on the Berg River Dam. Lessons learnt are that: the purpose of Social Monitoring is to promote Social sustainability; explicit theoretical models at each stage of the environmental assessment and management process (that is, at the Social impact assessment, environmental management plan (EMP) design and EMP implementation stage) are imperative to guide the Monitoring programme; a...
Olivier Pays - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Interactions among Social Monitoring, anti-predator vigilance and group size in eastern grey kangaroos
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2010Co-Authors: François-rené Favreau, Ann Wilson Goldizen, Olivier PaysAbstract:Group size is known to affect both the amount of time that prey animals spend in vigilance and the degree to which the vigilance of group members is synchronized. However, the variation in group-size effects reported in the literature is not yet understood. Prey animals exhibit vigilance both to protect themselves against predators and to monitor other group members, and both forms of vigilance presumably influence group-size effects on vigilance. However, our understanding of the patterns of individual investment underlying the time sharing between anti-predator and Social vigilance is still limited. We studied patterns of variation in individual vigilance and the synchronization of vigilance with group size in a wild population of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) subject to predation, in particular focusing on peripheral females because we expected that they would exhibit both Social and anti-predator vigilance. There was no global effect of group size on individual vigilance. The lack of group-size effect was the result of two compensating effects. The proportion of time individuals spent looking at other group members increased, whereas the proportion of time they spent scanning the environment decreased with group size; as a result, overall vigilance levels did not change with group size. Moreover, a degree of synchrony of vigilance occurred within groups and that degree increased with the proportion of vigilance time peripheral females spent in anti-predator vigilance. Our results highlight the crucial roles of both Social and anti-predator components of vigilance in the understanding of the relationship between group size and vigilance, as well as in the synchronization of vigilance among group members.
Karen Paul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Corporate Social Monitoring in the United States, Great Britain, and South Africa: A Comparative Analysis
Studies in Economic Ethics and Philosophy, 1996Co-Authors: Karen PaulAbstract:Corporate Social Monitoring in the United States, Great Britain, and South Africa provides a way of evaluating corporate Social performance on a systematic and comprehensive basis. A comparison of the schemes used in these three countries is presented including key constituencies, methods of evaluation, and dimensions being evaluated.
-
Corporate Social Monitoring: A Comparison of the Relative Values of Religious Activists and Public Affairs Officers
Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 1996Co-Authors: Krishnamurty Muralidhar, Karen Paul, Bernadette M. RufAbstract:Corporate Social Monitoring is conducted in a routine, organized, comprehensive manner by religious activists who participate in the Social investing movement by presenting shareholder resolutions for proxy statements and for discussion at stockholder meetings. The Inter faith Center for Corporate Responsibility (ICCR), an ecumenical group with headquarters in New York City, is the main organization through which these activities are coordinated. For more than 25 years this group has met quarterly to exchange information about corporate activities, to identify issues in corporate Social performance, and to submit shareholder resolutions (Smith, 1992). The ICCR provides a forum where religious activists can initiate the negotiations that often result in resolutions not being put forward because of positive actions "voluntarily" taken by corporations (Sethi, 1982).2 The corporate officer who often deals with these religious activists is the public affairs officer. The role of the public affairs officer is to scan the environment for potentially significant issues in order to communicate to top management what can and often what should be done to meet emerging Social demands (Marx, 1990). The public affairs officer also communicates to external constituencies the ways in which the corporation has responded or intends to respond to their demands (Meznar and Nigh, 1993). The legitimization and even the
-
Applications of corporate Social Monitoring systems; types, dimensions, and goals
Journal of Business Ethics, 1992Co-Authors: Karen Paul, Steven D. LydenbergAbstract:This article discusses the development and application of various types of corporate Social Monitoring systems. Boycotts are a relatively simple form of Social Monitoring system which aim to produce changes in corporate Social behavior. Boycotts may be organized by a single group, or by a number of groups simultaneously. Rating systems may be organized around a single issue, such as the Sullivan Principles rating scheme, or may include multiple companies and multiple issues, such as shopping guides or ethical investment systems.
-
Applications of corporate Social Monitoring systems; types, dimensions, and goals
Journal of Business Ethics, 1992Co-Authors: Karen Paul, Steven D. LydenbergAbstract:This article discusses the development and application of various types of corporate Social Monitoring systems. Boycotts are a relatively simple form of Social Monitoring system which aim to produce changes in corporate Social behavior. Boycotts may be organized by a single group, or by a number of groups simultaneously. Rating systems may be organized around a single issue, such as the Sullivan Principles rating scheme, or may include multiple companies and multiple issues, such as shopping guides or ethical investment systems. Monitoring systems may be unidimensional or multidimensional, qualitative or quantitative, and absolute or relative. Consumers and investors appear to be the groups most likely to be targeted in these schemes. The importance of these Monitoring systems appears to be increasing as both consumers and investors become more interested in using Social criteria in decision-making.
Andreas Koenig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The effects of group size and reproductive status on vigilance in captive Callithrix jacchus.
American journal of primatology, 2012Co-Authors: Ashley D. Gosselin-ildari, Andreas KoenigAbstract:Previous work on mammals and birds has often demonstrated a negative relationship between group size and individual vigilance. However, this relationship has received only weak support in nonhuman primates. This result may be due to the failure to distinguish different forms of vigilance such as antipredatory vigilance and Social Monitoring. Here, we tested the effects of group size, reproductive status (breeding vs. nonbreeding), and sex on antipredatory vigilance and Social Monitoring in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Behavioral observations using one-zero sampling were conducted on adult members of three captive groups of small, medium, and large size. Data were analyzed using a series of general linear models (GLMs) analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs). We found an overall negative group size effect on antipredatory vigilance and that breeders, especially breeding males, were significantly more vigilant than nonbreeders. Conversely, we found that Social Monitoring increased with group size. Unlike the results for antipredatory vigilance, neither breeders and nonbreeders nor males and females differed in their amounts of Social Monitoring. However, the effect of group size appeared to differ for nonbreeding males compared to all other adults. Our results generally support the idea that individuals in larger groups are safer with breeding males likely playing a prominent role in protection from predation. The increase in Social Monitoring may be related to increased reproductive competition with the presence of adult offspring, but future studies need to clarify the target of Social Monitoring in both breeders and nonbreeders. Overall, the study underlines the importance of distinguishing different forms of vigilance and other factors as they may confound the effects of group size on antipredatory vigilance. Am. J. Primatol. 74:613–621, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ann Wilson Goldizen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Interactions among Social Monitoring, anti-predator vigilance and group size in eastern grey kangaroos
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2010Co-Authors: François-rené Favreau, Ann Wilson Goldizen, Olivier PaysAbstract:Group size is known to affect both the amount of time that prey animals spend in vigilance and the degree to which the vigilance of group members is synchronized. However, the variation in group-size effects reported in the literature is not yet understood. Prey animals exhibit vigilance both to protect themselves against predators and to monitor other group members, and both forms of vigilance presumably influence group-size effects on vigilance. However, our understanding of the patterns of individual investment underlying the time sharing between anti-predator and Social vigilance is still limited. We studied patterns of variation in individual vigilance and the synchronization of vigilance with group size in a wild population of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) subject to predation, in particular focusing on peripheral females because we expected that they would exhibit both Social and anti-predator vigilance. There was no global effect of group size on individual vigilance. The lack of group-size effect was the result of two compensating effects. The proportion of time individuals spent looking at other group members increased, whereas the proportion of time they spent scanning the environment decreased with group size; as a result, overall vigilance levels did not change with group size. Moreover, a degree of synchrony of vigilance occurred within groups and that degree increased with the proportion of vigilance time peripheral females spent in anti-predator vigilance. Our results highlight the crucial roles of both Social and anti-predator components of vigilance in the understanding of the relationship between group size and vigilance, as well as in the synchronization of vigilance among group members.