The Experts below are selected from a list of 142017 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Costas Panagopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gender and Social conformity do men and women respond differently to Social Pressure to vote
Social Influence, 2018Co-Authors: Aaron C. Weinschenk, Costas Panagopoulos, Karly Drabot, Sander Van Der LindenAbstract:In this paper, we re-analyze data from a large-scale field experiment (N = 344,084) on voter turnout in order to determine whether men and women respond differently to Social Pressure aimed at vote...
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Gender and Social conformity: Do men and women respond differently to Social Pressure to vote?
Social Influence, 2018Co-Authors: Aaron C. Weinschenk, Costas Panagopoulos, Karly Drabot, Sander Van Der LindenAbstract:AbstractIn this paper, we re-analyze data from a large-scale field experiment (N = 344,084) on voter turnout in order to determine whether men and women respond differently to Social Pressure aimed at voter mobilization. To date, there have been mixed results regarding the interaction between a person’s gender and receptivity to Social influence. On the whole, our analyses confirm prior findings that Social Pressure increases voter turnout but uncover little to no evidence of gender differences in receptivity to Social Pressure cues in the context of political participation.
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i ve got my eyes on you implicit Social Pressure cues and proSocial behavior
Political Psychology, 2014Co-Authors: Costas PanagopoulosAbstract:Explicit Social Pressure has been shown to be a powerful motivator of proSocial behavior-like voting in elections. In this study, I report the findings of a randomized field experiment designed to study the impact of more subtle, implicit Social-Pressure treatments. The results of the experiment, conducted in the October 2011 municipal elections in Key West, Florida, demonstrate that even subtle, implicit observability cues can effectively mobilize citizens to vote, perhaps as much as explicit surveillance cues. The findings speak more broadly to our understanding of human decision making, and even evolution, and provide fodder for the claim that humans are evolutionarily programmed to respond to certain stimuli. I interpret the evidence to support the notion that evolutionarily charged impulses, like exposure to images that implicitly signal the potential for surveillance and observability, are sufficient to overcome powerful collective action incentives to free ride.
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Life-cycle effects on Social Pressure to vote
Electoral Studies, 2014Co-Authors: Costas Panagopoulos, Marisa AbrajanoAbstract:Recent scholarship reveals Social Pressure can compel citizens to conform to Social norms like voting in elections. In this study, we investigate heterogeneity in the impact of Social Pressure to vote. We find that age, a key demographic characteristic, moderates the impact of Social Pressure. Using evidence from a large-scale randomized field experiment conducted in August 2006, we show that older voters are significantly more responsive to Social Pressure compared to younger voters. Given the emerging consensus that Social Pressure can be marshaled effectively to stimulate voting in elections, such investigations yield critical insights of both practical and theoretical significance.
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Social Pressure, Descriptive Norms, and Voter Mobilization
Political Behavior, 2013Co-Authors: Costas Panagopoulos, Christopher W. Larimer, Meghan CondonAbstract:Several recent field experimental studies show that Social Pressure raises the likelihood of turning out to vote in elections. Ratcheting up Social Pressure to show subjects their own as well as their neighbors’ prior voting history significantly increases the effectiveness of direct mail messages. A key component in stimulating this effect seems to be the presence of individual vote history. However, obtaining valid individual vote history is time-consuming, and providing such information on pieces of direct mail is costly compared to more generic get-out-the-vote (GOTV) messages. On the other hand, when voters are presented with less specific turnout information, such as vote history for the community at-large, the effects on turnout often dissipate. Sensitizing voters to such descriptive norms appears to do little to stimulate participation. To address this contrast, this study presents results from a voter mobilization field experiment conducted in Hawthorne, CA prior to the November 2011 municipal elections. The experiment is a fully crossed 2x3 factorial study in which subjects were randomly assigned to one of six conditions, in which they receive no mailing, a mailing with individual vote history only, a mailing with individual vote history and a message emphasizing high [or low] community-level turnout from a previous election, and a mailing emphasizing high [or low] community-level turnout only. County voter files were used to randomly assign voters to treatment and control and to report the effects of each mailing on voter turnout. We find that only messages that included information about subjects’ own voting histories effectively mobilized them to vote.
Gregory Roy Murray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A second look at partisanship’s effect on receptivity to Social Pressure to vote
Social Influence, 2019Co-Authors: Richard E. Matland, Gregory Roy MurrayAbstract:Social Pressure can exert a powerful, but sometimes counterproductive, influence on compliance with the Social norm of voting. Scholars have tested several implicit Social Pressure techniques to re...
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i only have eyes for you does implicit Social Pressure increase voter turnout
Political Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Richard E. Matland, Gregory Roy MurrayAbstract:Get-out-the-vote mailers using explicit Social Pressure consistently increase electoral turnout; however, they often generate a negative reaction or backlash. One approach to increase turnout, yet alleviate backlash, may be to use implicit Social Pressure. An implicit Social Pressure technique that has shown promise is to display a set of eyes. Researchers contend eyes generate a feeling of being watched, which cues subjects to act in more proSocial ways to demonstrate compliance with Social norms. Several studies support this argument, including two voter mobilization studies. The technique has not been widely tested, however, in the political context. In five randomized field experiments, we test the impact on turnout of mobilization mailers using eye displays. We extend previous research by testing for differences in effects between male and female eyes and across political cultures. The effects are substantively and statistically weak at best and inconsistent with previous findings.
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Mobilization Effects Using Mail Social Pressure, Descriptive Norms, and Timing
Political Research Quarterly, 2013Co-Authors: Gregory Roy Murray, Richard E. MatlandAbstract:We use field experiments in Texas and Wisconsin to address voter mobilization and turnout by evaluating nonpartisan get-out-the-vote (GOTV) messages delivered via mail during 2010 gubernatorial campaigns. We manipulate three factors in the messages: Social Pressure, descriptive- and injunctive-voting norm consistency, and message timing. The results present an initial field-based confirmation that norm-consistent messages increase turnout; demonstrate significant message timing effects, which are mediated by state election rules; and indicate Social Pressure’s effectiveness varies significantly more than previously found. These diverse findings suggest researchers place a greater emphasis on context when evaluating experiments and the effects of mobilization messages.
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An Experimental Test for 'Backlash' against Social Pressure Techniques Used to Mobilize Voters
American Politics Research, 2012Co-Authors: Richard E. Matland, Gregory Roy MurrayAbstract:This research explores the possibility of psychological reactance, or “backlash,” against political candidates who use Social Pressure to mobilize voters. There is a compelling theoretical argument and solid empirical evidence suggesting Social Pressure substantially increases voter turnout. There is, however, equally noteworthy evidence suggesting Social Pressure frequently stimulates a negative reaction in targets. This research uses a lab-in-the-field experimental design that employs a hypothetical Social Pressure message to evaluate whether a candidate’s use of Social Pressure to turnout voters may increase anger and hostility towards that candidate, possibly to the point it increases the likelihood a citizen will actually vote against that candidate. Our findings indicate Social Pressure mobilization techniques evoke consequential psychological reactance against their sponsor. Until future research can further assess these effects, we suggest Social Pressure mobilization techniques should be used by campaigns only after careful consideration.
Gregory J Norman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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youths exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ets associations with health beliefs and Social Pressure
Addictive Behaviors, 2003Co-Authors: Jennifer B Unger, Darleen Schuster, Louise A Rohrbach, Beth Howardpitney, Gregory J NormanAbstract:Youths' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a significant public health problem in the United States. This study examined the associations between health beliefs, Social Pressure, and exposure to ETS among high school youth. Data were collected in 65 schools in 18 California counties during the 1996–1997 school year as part of the Independent Evaluation of the California Tobacco Control, Prevention, and Education Program. The total sample (N=6902) represents 10th grade California youth attending public schools. The multiple group analysis approach of structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the associations of five constructs of the health belief model (HBM) and one construct of perceived Social Pressure with ETS exposure among nonsmokers and smokers. Results demonstrated that high perceived susceptibility to disease was significantly associated with lower levels of ETS exposure for both nonsmokers (β=−0.11, P<.01) and smokers (β=−0.20, P<.01). High Social Pressure to smoke was significantly associated with higher exposure to ETS for both nonsmokers (β=0.30, P<.01) and smokers (β=0.41, P<.01). Perceived barriers predicted lower exposure to ETS for nonsmokers (β=−0.09, P<.01) but higher exposure for smokers (β=0.11, P<.01). Cues to action and self-efficacy were not significantly associated with ETS exposure among nonsmokers or smokers. These findings underscore the need to increase the awareness of harms associated with second hand smoke and alter Social Pressure, to minimize exposure to ETS.
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Youths' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): associations with health beliefs and Social Pressure.
Addictive behaviors, 2003Co-Authors: Jennifer B Unger, Darleen Schuster, Louise A Rohrbach, Beth Howard-pitney, Gregory J NormanAbstract:Youths' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a significant public health problem in the United States. This study examined the associations between health beliefs, Social Pressure, and exposure to ETS among high school youth. Data were collected in 65 schools in 18 California counties during the 1996–1997 school year as part of the Independent Evaluation of the California Tobacco Control, Prevention, and Education Program. The total sample (N=6902) represents 10th grade California youth attending public schools. The multiple group analysis approach of structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the associations of five constructs of the health belief model (HBM) and one construct of perceived Social Pressure with ETS exposure among nonsmokers and smokers. Results demonstrated that high perceived susceptibility to disease was significantly associated with lower levels of ETS exposure for both nonsmokers (β=−0.11, P
Richard E. Matland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A second look at partisanship’s effect on receptivity to Social Pressure to vote
Social Influence, 2019Co-Authors: Richard E. Matland, Gregory Roy MurrayAbstract:Social Pressure can exert a powerful, but sometimes counterproductive, influence on compliance with the Social norm of voting. Scholars have tested several implicit Social Pressure techniques to re...
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i only have eyes for you does implicit Social Pressure increase voter turnout
Political Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Richard E. Matland, Gregory Roy MurrayAbstract:Get-out-the-vote mailers using explicit Social Pressure consistently increase electoral turnout; however, they often generate a negative reaction or backlash. One approach to increase turnout, yet alleviate backlash, may be to use implicit Social Pressure. An implicit Social Pressure technique that has shown promise is to display a set of eyes. Researchers contend eyes generate a feeling of being watched, which cues subjects to act in more proSocial ways to demonstrate compliance with Social norms. Several studies support this argument, including two voter mobilization studies. The technique has not been widely tested, however, in the political context. In five randomized field experiments, we test the impact on turnout of mobilization mailers using eye displays. We extend previous research by testing for differences in effects between male and female eyes and across political cultures. The effects are substantively and statistically weak at best and inconsistent with previous findings.
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Mobilization Effects Using Mail Social Pressure, Descriptive Norms, and Timing
Political Research Quarterly, 2013Co-Authors: Gregory Roy Murray, Richard E. MatlandAbstract:We use field experiments in Texas and Wisconsin to address voter mobilization and turnout by evaluating nonpartisan get-out-the-vote (GOTV) messages delivered via mail during 2010 gubernatorial campaigns. We manipulate three factors in the messages: Social Pressure, descriptive- and injunctive-voting norm consistency, and message timing. The results present an initial field-based confirmation that norm-consistent messages increase turnout; demonstrate significant message timing effects, which are mediated by state election rules; and indicate Social Pressure’s effectiveness varies significantly more than previously found. These diverse findings suggest researchers place a greater emphasis on context when evaluating experiments and the effects of mobilization messages.
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An Experimental Test for 'Backlash' against Social Pressure Techniques Used to Mobilize Voters
American Politics Research, 2012Co-Authors: Richard E. Matland, Gregory Roy MurrayAbstract:This research explores the possibility of psychological reactance, or “backlash,” against political candidates who use Social Pressure to mobilize voters. There is a compelling theoretical argument and solid empirical evidence suggesting Social Pressure substantially increases voter turnout. There is, however, equally noteworthy evidence suggesting Social Pressure frequently stimulates a negative reaction in targets. This research uses a lab-in-the-field experimental design that employs a hypothetical Social Pressure message to evaluate whether a candidate’s use of Social Pressure to turnout voters may increase anger and hostility towards that candidate, possibly to the point it increases the likelihood a citizen will actually vote against that candidate. Our findings indicate Social Pressure mobilization techniques evoke consequential psychological reactance against their sponsor. Until future research can further assess these effects, we suggest Social Pressure mobilization techniques should be used by campaigns only after careful consideration.
Christopher W. Larimer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Social Pressure, Descriptive Norms, and Voter Mobilization
Political Behavior, 2013Co-Authors: Costas Panagopoulos, Christopher W. Larimer, Meghan CondonAbstract:Several recent field experimental studies show that Social Pressure raises the likelihood of turning out to vote in elections. Ratcheting up Social Pressure to show subjects their own as well as their neighbors’ prior voting history significantly increases the effectiveness of direct mail messages. A key component in stimulating this effect seems to be the presence of individual vote history. However, obtaining valid individual vote history is time-consuming, and providing such information on pieces of direct mail is costly compared to more generic get-out-the-vote (GOTV) messages. On the other hand, when voters are presented with less specific turnout information, such as vote history for the community at-large, the effects on turnout often dissipate. Sensitizing voters to such descriptive norms appears to do little to stimulate participation. To address this contrast, this study presents results from a voter mobilization field experiment conducted in Hawthorne, CA prior to the November 2011 municipal elections. The experiment is a fully crossed 2x3 factorial study in which subjects were randomly assigned to one of six conditions, in which they receive no mailing, a mailing with individual vote history only, a mailing with individual vote history and a message emphasizing high [or low] community-level turnout from a previous election, and a mailing emphasizing high [or low] community-level turnout only. County voter files were used to randomly assign voters to treatment and control and to report the effects of each mailing on voter turnout. We find that only messages that included information about subjects’ own voting histories effectively mobilized them to vote.
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the enduring effects of Social Pressure tracking campaign experiments over a series of elections
Political Behavior, 2010Co-Authors: Tiffany C Davenport, Christopher B. Mann, Donald P. Green, Alan S. Gerber, Christopher W. Larimer, Costas PanagopoulosAbstract:Recent field experiments have demonstrated the powerful effect of Social Pressure messages on voter turnout. This research note considers the question of whether these interventions’ effects persist over a series of subsequent elections. Tracking more than one million voters from six experimental studies, we find strong and statistically significant enduring effects one and sometimes two years after the initial communication.
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Social Pressure and voter turnout evidence from a large scale field experiment
American Political Science Review, 2008Co-Authors: Alan S. Gerber, Donald P. Green, Christopher W. LarimerAbstract:Voter turnout theories based on rational self-interested behavior generally fail to predict significant turnout unless they account for the utility that citizens receive from performing their civic duty. We distinguish between two aspects of this type of utility, intrinsic satisfaction from behaving in accordance with a norm and extrinsic incentives to comply, and test the effects of priming intrinsic motives and applying varying degrees of extrinsic Pressure. A large-scale field experiment involving several hundred thousand registered voters used a series of mailings to gauge these effects. Substantially higher turnout was observed among those who received mailings promising to publicize their turnout to their household or their neighbors. These findings demonstrate the profound importance of Social Pressure as an inducement to political participation.
