The Experts below are selected from a list of 1311 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Antoine Bechara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis: revisiting the role of the ‘body-loop’ in decision-making
Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 2018Co-Authors: Tasha Poppa, Antoine BecharaAbstract:The Somatic Marker Hypothesis is one of the most influential neurocognitive theories of emotion and decision-making. A key aspect of the Somatic Marker Hypothesis is the ‘body-loop’, which is the claim that emotive events that are expressed in the body can influence decision-making via afferent feedback to the brain. The body-loop has often been the subject of debate. However, evidence for the neural and peripheral mechanisms that support interactions between bodily states and cognitive functions has consistently emerged. The purpose of this article is to outline an updated neurophysiological account of how Somatic states may be triggered, and how they bias decisions through afferent feedback. We largely focus on vagus nerve-dependent feedback mechanisms, which demonstrate how interoceptive signals can shape high order cognition and goal-directed behavior.
-
the Somatic Marker framework as a neurological theory of decision making review conceptual comparisons and future neuroeconomics research
Journal of Economic Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Martin Reimann, Antoine BecharaAbstract:A great deal of contemporary decision research in economics, business, psychology, and neuroscience now accepts the idea that emotions play a significant role in decision-making. Almost 20 years ago, insights from studies on brain lesion patients set the cornerstone for this stream of research and led to the formulation of the Somatic Marker Hypothesis. Despite some debate, the Somatic Marker framework is still providing a unique neuroanatomical and cognitive framework that helps explain the role of emotion in decision-making. In this article, we review the neurological background, core mechanisms, and critiques of the Somatic Marker theory, put into perspective conceptually related approaches that link emotion to decision-making, and present an outlook for future neuroeconomics research.
-
iowa gambling task performance and emotional distress interact to predict risky sexual behavior in individuals with dual substance and hiv diagnoses
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2010Co-Authors: Margaret C Wardle, Antoine Bechara, Raul Gonzalez, Eileen M MartinthormeyerAbstract:HIV+ substance-dependent individuals (SDIs) show emotional distress and executive impairment, but in isolation these poorly predict sexual risk. We hypothesized that an executive measure sensitive to emotional aspects of judgment (Iowa Gambling Task; IGT) would identify HIV+ SDIs whose sexual risks were influenced by emotional distress. We assessed emotional distress and performance on several executive tasks in 190 HIV+ SDIs. IGT performance interacted significantly with emotional distress, such that only in better performers were distress and risk related. Our results are interpreted using the Somatic Marker Hypothesis and indicate that the IGT identifies HIV+ SDIs for whom psychological distress influences HIV risk.
-
the role of emotion in decision making a cognitive neuroscience perspective
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2006Co-Authors: Nasir H Naqvi, Baba Shiv, Antoine BecharaAbstract:Decision making often occurs in the face of uncertainty about whether one's choices will lead to benefit or harm. The Somatic-Marker Hypothesis is a neurobiological theory of how decisions are made in the face of uncertain outcome. This theory holds that such decisions are aided by emotions, in the form of bodily states, that are elicited during the deliberation of future consequences and that mark different options for behavior as being advantageous or disadvantageous. This process involves an interplay between neural systems that elicit emotional/bodily states and neural systems that map these emotional/bodily states.
-
the Somatic Marker Hypothesis a neural theory of economic decision
Games and Economic Behavior, 2005Co-Authors: Antoine Bechara, Antonio R. DamasioAbstract:Modern economic theory ignores the influence of emotions on decision-making. Emerging neuroscience evidence suggests that sound and rational decision making, in fact, depends on prior accurate emotional processing. The Somatic Marker Hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision-making and its influence by emotion. The key idea of this Hypothesis is that decision-making is a process that is influenced by Marker signals that arise in bioregulatory processes, including those that express themselves in emotions and feelings. This influence can occur at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur consciously, and some of which occur non-consciously. Here we review studies that confirm various predictions from the Hypothesis, and propose a neural model for economic decision, in which emotions are a major factor in the interaction between environmental conditions and human decision processes, with these emotional systems providing valuable implicit or explicit knowledge for making fast and advantageous decisions.
Antonio R. Damasio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis and Political Life
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2019Co-Authors: Marco Verweij, Antonio R. DamasioAbstract:The Somatic Marker Hypothesis has not always been fully understood, or properly applied, in political science. The Hypothesis was developed to explain the personally and socially harmful decision-making of neurological patients who appeared to have largely intact cognitive skills. It posits that affect (consisting of emotions, feelings, and drives) facilitates and expands cognition, is grounded in states of bodily physiology and on the processing of those states in the entire nervous system, and is shaped by a person’s past experiences in similar situations. Thus far, it has received empirical support from lesion studies, experiments based on the Iowa Gambling Task, and brain imaging studies. The Somatic Marker Hypothesis is not compatible with key assumptions on which various influential political and social approaches are based. It disagrees with the largely cognitive view of decision-making presented in rational choice analysis. Contrary to behavioral public policy, the Somatic Marker Hypothesis emphasizes the extent to which affect and cognition are integrated and mutually enabling. Finally, it differs from poststructuralist frameworks by highlighting the constraints that evolutionarily older bodily and neuronal networks impose on decision-making. Rather, the Somatic Marker Hypothesis implies that political decision-making is socially constructed yet subject to constraints, is often sluggish but also is prone to wholesale, occasional reversals, takes place at both conscious and unconscious levels, and subserves dynamic, sociocultural homeostasis.
-
the Somatic Marker Hypothesis a neural theory of economic decision
Games and Economic Behavior, 2005Co-Authors: Antoine Bechara, Antonio R. DamasioAbstract:Modern economic theory ignores the influence of emotions on decision-making. Emerging neuroscience evidence suggests that sound and rational decision making, in fact, depends on prior accurate emotional processing. The Somatic Marker Hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision-making and its influence by emotion. The key idea of this Hypothesis is that decision-making is a process that is influenced by Marker signals that arise in bioregulatory processes, including those that express themselves in emotions and feelings. This influence can occur at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur consciously, and some of which occur non-consciously. Here we review studies that confirm various predictions from the Hypothesis, and propose a neural model for economic decision, in which emotions are a major factor in the interaction between environmental conditions and human decision processes, with these emotional systems providing valuable implicit or explicit knowledge for making fast and advantageous decisions.
-
The Iowa Gambling Task and the Somatic Marker Hypothesis: some questions and answers.
Trends in cognitive sciences, 2005Co-Authors: Antoine Bechara, Hanna Damasio, Daniel Tranel, Antonio R. DamasioAbstract:A recent study by Maia and McClelland on participants' knowledge in the Iowa Gambling Task suggests a different interpretation for an experiment we reported in 1997. The authors use their results to question the evidence for the Somatic Marker Hypothesis. Here we consider whether the authors' conclusions are justified.
-
the Somatic Marker Hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 1996Co-Authors: Antonio R. DamasioAbstract:In this article I discuss a Hypothesis, known as the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, which I believe is relevant to the understanding of processes of human reasoning and decision making. The ventromedial sector of the prefrontal cortices is critical to the operations postulated here, but the Hypothesis does not necessarily apply to prefrontal cortex as a whole and should not be seen as an attempt to unify frontal lobe functions under a single mechanism. The key idea in the Hypothesis is that 'Marker' signals influence the processes of response to stimuli, at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur overtly (consciously, 'in mind') and some of which occur covertly (non-consciously, in a non-minded manner). The Marker signals arise in bioregulatory processes, including those which express themselves in emotions and feelings, but are not necessarily confined to those alone. This is the reason why the Markers are termed Somatic: they relate to body-state structure and regulation even when they do not arise in the body proper but rather in the brain's representation of the body. Examples of the covert action of 'Marker' signals are the undeliberated inhibition of a response learned previously; the introduction of a bias in the selection of an aversive or appetitive mode of behaviour, or in the otherwise deliberate evaluation of varied option-outcome scenarios. Examples of overt action include the conscious 'qualifying' of certain option-outcome scenarios as dangerous or advantageous. The Hypothesis rejects attempts to limit human reasoning and decision making to mechanisms relying, in an exclusive and unrelated manner, on either conditioning alone or cognition alone.
-
executive and cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex the Somatic Marker Hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 1996Co-Authors: Antonio R. DamasioAbstract:In this article I discuss a Hypothesis, known as the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, which I believe is relevant to the understanding of processes of human reasoning and decision making. The ventromedial sector of the prefrontal cortices is critical to the operations postulated here, but the Hypothesis does not necessarily apply to prefrontal cortex as a whole and should not be seen as an attempt to unify frontal lobe functions under a single mechanism. The key idea in the Hypothesis is that ‘Marker’ signals influence the processes of response to stimuli, at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur overtly (consciously, ‘in mind’) and some of which occur covertly (non-consciously, in a non-minded manner). The Marker signals arise in bioregulatory processes, including those which express themselves in emotions and feelings, but are not necessarily confined to those alone. This is the reason why the Markers are termed Somatic: they relate to body-state structure and regulation even when they do not arise in the body proper but rather in the brain’s representation of the body. Examples of the covert action of ‘Marker’ signals are the undeliberated inhibition of a response learned previously; the introduction of a bias in the selection of an aversive or appetitive mode of behaviour, or in the otherwise deliberate evaluation of varied option-outcome scenarios. Examples of overt action include the conscious ‘qualifying’ of certain option-outcome scenarios as dangerous or advantageous. The Hypothesis rejects attempts to limit human reasoning and decision making to mechanisms relying, in an exclusive and unrelated manner, on either conditioning alone or cognition alone.
James L. Mcclelland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis: still many questions but no answers: Response to Bechara et al.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2005Co-Authors: Tiago V. Maia, James L. McclellandAbstract:The writing of this article was supported by a fellowship from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Portugal) to T.V.M. and by NIMH grant MH64445 to J.L.M.
-
a reexamination of the evidence for the Somatic Marker Hypothesis what participants really know in the iowa gambling task
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2004Co-Authors: Tiago V. Maia, James L. McclellandAbstract:‡Bechara, Damasio, and coworkers [Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D. & Damasio, A. R. (1997) Science 275, 1293–1295] have reported that normal participants decide advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy in a simple card game designed to mimic real-life decision-making. Bechara et al. have used this result to support their view that nonconscious Somatic Markers can guide advantageous behavior. By using more sensitive methods, we show that participants have much more knowledge about the game than previously thought. In fact, participants report knowledge of the advantageous strategy more reliably than they behave advantageously. Furthermore, when they behave advantageously, their verbal reports nearly always reveal evidence of quantitative knowledge about the outcomes of the decks that would be sufficient to guide such advantageous behavior. In addition, there is evidence that participants also have access to more qualitative reportable knowledge. These results are compatible with the view that, in this task, both overt behavior and verbal reports reflect sampling from consciously accessible knowledge; there is no need to appeal to nonconscious Somatic Markers. We also discuss the findings of other studies that similarly suggest alternative interpretations of other evidence previously used to support a role for Somatic Markers in decision-making.
Joseph P. Newman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Testing Damasio's Somatic Marker Hypothesis with psychopathic individuals: risk takers or risk averse?
Journal of abnormal psychology, 1999Co-Authors: William A. Schmitt, Chad A. Brinkley, Joseph P. NewmanAbstract:Damasio and colleagues (A. R. Damasio, 1994; A. R. Damasio, D. Tranel, & H. Damasio, 1990) have theorized about a possible relationship between Somatic Markers and the behavior of psychopathic individuals (Ps), but, to date, there are no published data regarding the proposed relationship. The authors assessed 86 Caucasian and 71 African American male offenders using R. D. Hare's (1991) Psychopathy Checklist--Revised and used a modified version of Bechara and colleagues' (A. Bechara, A. R. Damasio, H. Damasio, & S. W. Anderson, 1994; A. Bechara, H. Damasio, D. Tranel, & A. R. Damasio, 1997) gambling task to test the Hypothesis that Ps would, consistent with the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, fail to become risk averse. Results indicated that level of anxiety, but not psychopathy, was predictive of response choices. Several limitations and implications of the study are noted. Language: en
Martin Schmucker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Psychopathy, risk taking, and attention: a differentiated test of the Somatic Marker Hypothesis.
Journal of abnormal psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Friedrich Lösel, Martin SchmuckerAbstract:A. R. Damasio's (1994) Somatic Marker Hypothesis relates psychopathy to deficits in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Using the gambling task (A. Bechara, A. R. Damasio, H. Damasio, & S. Anderson, 1994), the authors tested this premise and the role of attention as a moderator. Forty-nine male prison inmates were assessed with the Psychopathy Checklist--Revised (R. D. Hare, 1991), the gambling task, and standardized tests on attention-concentration, and intelligence. Results revealed no general relation between psychopathy and gambling task performance. However, psychopathic inmates with low attention scores gambled worse than did the attentive ones. They also had more previous convictions. In nonpsychopathic individuals, attention had no impact. Different processing strategies for psychopathic and nonpsychopathic individuals are proposed to explain these findings.