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John W. Ensinck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thrittene homologous with Somatostatin 28 1 13 is a novel peptide in mammalian gut and circulation
Endocrinology, 2002Co-Authors: John W. Ensinck, Bruce H. Francis, Denis G. Baskin, Robin E Vogel, Ellen C Laschansky, Torsten P Vahl, Ross C Hoffman, Jonathan D Krakover, Michael R StammAbstract:PreproSomatostatin is a gene expressed ubiquitously among vertebrates, and at least two duplications of this gene have occurred during evolution. Somatostatin-28 (S-28) and Somatostatin-14 (S-14), C-terminal products of proSomatostatin (ProS), are differentially expressed in mammalian neurons, D cells, and enterocytes. One pathway for the generation of S-14 entails the excision of Arg 13 -Lys 14 in S-28, leading to equivalent amounts of S-28(1–12). Using an antiserum (F-4), directed to the N-terminal region of S-28 that does not react with S-28(1–12), we detected a peptide, in addition to S-28 and ProS, that was present in human plasma and in the intestinal tract of rats and monkeys. This F-4 reacting peptide was purified from monkey ileum; and its amino acid sequence, molecular mass, and chromatographic characteristics conformed to those of S-28(1–13), a peptide not described heretofore. When extracts of the small intestine were measured by RIA, there was a discordance in the ratio of peptides reacting with F-4 and those containing the C terminus of ProS, suggesting sites of synthesis for S-28(1–13) distinct from those for S-14 and S-28. This was supported by immunocytochemistry, wherein F-4 reactivity was localized in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrine cells and a widespread plexus of neurons within the wall of the distal gut while immunoreactivity to C-terminal domains of S-14 and S-28 in these neurons was absent. Further, F-4 immunoreactivity persisted in similar GI endocrine cells and myenteric neurons in mice with a targeted deletion of the preproSomatostatin gene. We believe that these data suggest a novel peptide produced in the mammalian gut, homologous with the 13 residues of the proximal region of S-28 but not derived from the ProS gene. Pending characterization of the gene from which this peptide is derived, its distribution, and function, we have designated this peptide as thrittene. Its localization in both GI endocrine cells and gut neurons suggests that thrittene may function as both a hormone and neurotransmitter. (Endocrinology 143: 2599 –2609, 2002)
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endogenous Somatostatin 28 modulates postprandial insulin secretion immunoneutralization studies in baboons
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 1997Co-Authors: John W. Ensinck, Robin E Vogel, Ellen C Laschansky, Ronald L. Prigeon, Steven E. Kahn, Donna J Koerker, David A DalessioAbstract:Somatostatin-28 (S-28), secreted into the circulation from enterocytes after food, and S-14, released mainly from gastric and pancreatic D cells and enteric neurons, inhibit peripheral cellular functions. We hypothesized that S-28 is a humoral regulator of pancreatic B cell function during nutrient absorption. Consistent with this postulate, we observed in baboons a two to threefold increase in portal and peripheral levels of S-28 after meals, with minimal changes in S-14. We attempted to demonstrate a hormonal effect of these peptides by measuring their concentrations before and after infusing a Somatostatin-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) into baboons and comparing glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels before and for 4 h after intragastric nutrients during a control study and on 2 d after mAb administration (days 1 and 2). Basal growth hormone (GH) and glucagon levels and parameters of insulin and glucose kinetics were also measured. During immunoneutralization, we found that (a) postprandial insulin levels were elevated on days 1 and 2; (b) GH levels rose immediately and were sustained for 28 h, while glucagon fell; (c) basal insulin levels were unchanged on day 1 but were increased two to threefold on day 2, coincident with decreased insulin sensitivity; and (d) plasma glucose concentrations were similar to control values. We attribute the eventual rise in fasting levels of insulin to its enhanced secretion in compensation for the heightened insulin resistance from increased GH action. Based on the elevated postmeal insulin levels after mAb administration, we conclude that S-28 participates in the enteroinsular axis as a decretin to regulate postprandial insulin secretion.
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Somatostatin 28 and coupling of human interdigestive intestinal motility and pancreatic secretion
Gastroenterology, 1992Co-Authors: Manfred Von Der Ohe, John W. Ensinck, Peter Layer, Christoph Wollny, Theo L Peeters, Christoph Beglingerv, H GoebellAbstract:To determine the effects of small increases in Somatostatin 28 plasma concentrations on human interdigestive gastrointestinal motility and pancreatic secretion, six fasting volunteers were intubated with gastroduodenal multilumen tubes and motility and pancreatic enzyme secretion were measured. Subjects received intravenous NaCl and Somatostatin 28 at 11 and 44 pmol.kg-1.h-1 for 120 minutes or at least one interdigestive cycle. The two doses increased plasma Somatostatin 28 levels within the physiological or into the supraphysiological range, respectively. Somatostatin 28 at 11 and 44 pmol.kg-1.h-1 decreased the length of the interdigestive motility cycle by 50% and 67% compared with controls, respectively (both P less than 0.002). Propagation velocity of the migrating motor complex (P less than 0.01) and plasma motilin were decreased (P less than 0.01). The smaller and larger dose decreased pancreatic enzyme outputs by 50% and 65%, respectively (P less than 0.005), but with the smaller dose, phase III-associated enzyme outputs were greater than phase I outputs. These findings suggest that small changes in Somatostatin 28 plasma concentrations modulate human interdigestive motility and pancreatic enzyme output while coupling of motor and secretory events is preserved.
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evidence for hormonal inhibition of exocrine pancreatic function by Somatostatin 28 in humans
Gastroenterology, 1992Co-Authors: Pius Hildebrand, John W. Ensinck, Klaus Gyr, Sandro Mossi, Jorg D Leuppi, Christoph EggenbergerAbstract:Somatostatin 28 (S-28), originating in gastrointestinal cells, is secreted into the circulation and increases in humans after ingestion of a mixed meal. To evaluate the possibility that the increased levels of S-28 post cibum might modulate the release of enzymes and bicarbonate from the exocrine pancreas, S-28 was infused intravenously into healthy volunteers to levels seen after food intake. During S-28 infusion, the output of lipase, trypsin, amylase, and bicarbonate stimulated by either exogenous cholecystokinin octapeptide or endogenous signals from intraduodenal administration of tryptophan or a mixture of amino acids was significantly reduced. It is concluded that S-28 released from the gut during food intake modulates pancreatic exocrine function in humans.
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effect of Somatostatin 28 on dynamics of insulin secretion in perfused rat pancreas
Diabetes, 1991Co-Authors: John W. Ensinck, Robin E Vogel, Ellen C Laschansky, David A DalessioAbstract:Somatostatin-28 (S-28), originating in gastrointestinal cells, is secreted into the circulatory system and rises in human plasma after ingestion of a mixed meal. Pancreatic beta-cells contain specific, high-affinity receptors for S-28, and it is plausible that this peptide is a physiological modulator of insulin secretion. To evaluate the effects of physiological concentrations of S-28 on glucose-mediated insulin secretion, we used the perfused in situ rat pancreas under two conditions: 1) "square-wave" glucose infusion from 2.8 to 11.1 mM and 2) ramping of glucose at 0.28 mM/min throughout 45 min. S-28 concentrations of 16, 32, and 80 pM were separately coinfused for 40 min in the first condition and at 16 pM in the second condition. During square-wave glucose infusion, biphasic insulin secretion was elicited with marked attenuation of both phases during coinfusion with the two higher concentrations of S-28. At 16 pM S-28, which approximates postprandial At 16 pM S-28, which approximates postprandial concentrations, only first-phase secretion was suppressed. During ramping of glucose, insulin was released gradually and, in the presence of 16 pM S-28, was shifted to the right, indicating an increase in threshold glucose levels for insulin secretion. We concluded that S-28, at levels achieved postprandially, modulates the release of insulin by altering the threshold of sensitivity to glucose.
Rafael Coveñas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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distribution of neurotensin and Somatostatin 28 1 12 in the minipig brainstem
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2016Co-Authors: Manuel Lisardo Sanchez, Elena Vecino, Rafael CoveñasAbstract:Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, an in depth study has been carried out for the first time on the distribution of fibres and cell bodies containing neurotensin and Somatostatin-28 (1-12) (SOM) in the minipig brainstem. The animals used were not treated with colchicine. The distribution of neurotensin- and SOM-immunoreactive fibres was seen to be quite similar and was moderate in the minipig brainstem: a close anatomical relationship between both neuropeptides was observed. The distribution of cell bodies containing neurotensin or SOM was quite different and restricted. Cell bodies containing neurotensin were found in four brainstem nuclei: nucleus centralis raphae, nucleus dorsalis raphae, in the pars centralis of the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini and in the nucleus ventralis raphae. Cell bodies containing SOM were found in six nuclei/regions of the brainstem: nucleus ambiguus, nucleus dorsalis motorius nervi vagus, formatio reticularis, nucleus parabrachialis medialis, nucleus reticularis lateralis and nucleus ventralis raphae. According to the observed anatomical distribution of the immunoreactive structures containing neurotensin or SOM, the peptides could be involved in sleep-waking, nociceptive, gustatory, motor, respiratory and autonomic mechanisms.
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mapping of Somatostatin 28 1 12 in the alpaca lama pacos brainstem
Microscopy Research and Technique, 2015Co-Authors: Eliana De Souza, L.a. Aguilar, Manuel Lisardo Sanchez, Zaida Diazcabiale, J A Narvaez, Rafael CoveñasAbstract:Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, we studied the distribution of cell bodies and fibers containing Somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca brainstem. Immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed throughout the whole brainstem: 34 brainstem nuclei/regions showed a high or a moderate density of these fibers. Perikarya containing the peptide were widely distributed throughout the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata. Cell bodies containing Somatostatin-28 (1-12) were observed in the lateral and medial divisions of the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, reticular formation (mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata), inferior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, pericentral division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, vestibular nucleus, motor dorsal nucleus of the vagus, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, and in the substantia nigra. This widespread distribution indicates that Somatostatin-28 (1-12) is involved in multiple physiological actions in the alpaca brainstem. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:363–374, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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mapping of tyrosine hydroxylase in the diencephalon of alpaca lama pacos and co distribution with Somatostatin 28 1 12
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 2013Co-Authors: P Marcos, L.a. Aguilar, M M Arroyojimenez, G Lozano, J Gonzalezfuentes, M J Lagartosdonate, Rafael CoveñasAbstract:Based on previous work describing the distribution of Somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the male alpaca (Lama pacos) diencephalon, and owing to the well known interactions between this peptide and the catecholaminergic system, the aims of this work are (1) to describe the distribution of putative catecholaminergic cell groups in the alpaca diencephalon and (2) to study the possible morphological basis of the interactions between these substances in the diencephalon of the alpaca by using double immunohistochemistry methods. Thus, the distribution of catecholaminergic cell groups in the alpaca diencephalon agrees with that previously described in the diencephalon of other mammalian species of the same order: the A11, A12, A13, A14 and A15d cell groups have been identified; however, we have observed an additional hitherto undescribed cell group containing tyrosine hydroxylase in the medial habenula. In addition, double-labelling procedures did not reveal neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase and Somatostatin, suggesting that the hypothalamic interactions between catecholamines and Somatostatin at intra-cellular level must be carried out by a Somatostatin molecule other than fragment (1-12). Otherwise, the overlapping distribution patterns of these substances would suggest some interconnections between groups of chemospecific neurons. These results could be the starting point for future studies on hypothalamic functions in alpacas, for example those concerning reproductive control, since other physiological studies have suggested that this species could have different regulatory mechanisms from other mammalian species. Our results support the Manger hypothesis that the same nuclear complement of neural systems exists in the brain of species of the same order.
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mapping of Somatostatin 28 1 12 in the alpaca diencephalon
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 2011Co-Authors: Rafael Coveñas, L.a. Aguilar, A Mangas, L E Medina, Manuel Lisardo Sanchez, Zaida Diazcabiale, J A NarvaezAbstract:Abstract Using an immunocytochemical technique, we report for the first time the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers containing Somatostatin-28 (1–12) in the alpaca diencephalon. Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-immunoreactive cell bodies were only observed in the hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus). However, immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed throughout the thalamus and hypothalamus. A high density of such fibers was observed in the central medial thalamic nucleus, laterodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, reuniens thalamic nucleus, rhomboid thalamic nucleus, subparafascicular thalamic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, dorsal hypothalamic area, around the fornix, lateral hypothalamic area, lateral mammilary nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus, and in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. The widespread distribution of Somatostatin-28 (1–12) in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the alpaca suggests that the neuropeptide could be involved in many physiological actions.
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distribution of Somatostatin 28 1 12 immunoreactivity in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog
Anatomy and Embryology, 2001Co-Authors: R Pegoreigosa, Rafael Coveñas, G Tramu, Pedro PesiniAbstract:The term Somatostatin refers to a family of peptides, mainly Somatostatin-14, Somatostatin-28 and Somatostatin-28 (1–12), which are the cleavage products of a single 116 amino acid-long preprosomatostain molecule. The production of antibodies to these peptides allows their localization in a number of neuronal populations throughout the entire neuroaxis in many mammals. The dog has been pointed out as an extremely useful animal model for studying age-related cognitive dysfunction and other neuronal changes associated with aging in which Somatostatin appears to be involved. However, only very scanty information is available with regard to the distribution of Somatostatin in the brain of the dog. In the present work we have determined the pattern of the distribution of Somatostatin-28 (1–12) immunoreactivity in the diencephalon and the brainstem of the dog. High to moderate densities of labeled perikarya were found in the anterior periventricular and arcuate hypothalamic nuclei, the reticular thalamic nucleus, in delimited parts of the nucleus of the brachium inferior colliculus, the retrorubral area, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the myelencephalic reticular formation and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Less dense population of Somatostatin cells were localized in other diencephalic and brainstem nuclei. The distribution of labeled fibers was even broader as in addition to those above mentioned there were a number of areas that appeared devoid of labeled perikarya. Many of the findings were similar to those reported in earlier works while others underlined the existence of inconsistencies in the distribution pattern of this peptide in the brain of mammals.
Gordon R. Greenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Somatostatin 28 regulates glp 1 secretion via Somatostatin receptor subtype 5 in rat intestinal cultures
American Journal of Physiology-endocrinology and Metabolism, 2002Co-Authors: Connie Chisholm, Gordon R. GreenbergAbstract:Five Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) bind Somatostatin-14 (S-14) and Somatostatin-28 (S-28), but SSTR5 has the highest affinity for S-28. To determine whether S-28 acting through SSTR5 mediates inhi...
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nutrient and peptide regulation of Somatostatin 28 secretion from intestinal cultures
Endocrinology, 1998Co-Authors: Patricia L Brubaker, Karen A Gronau, Sylvia L Asa, Gordon R. GreenbergAbstract:Of the two known forms of intestinal Somatostatin, Somatostatin-28 (S28) and S14, S28 predominates in the distal mucosa, whereas S14 is localized in the foregut. Although S14 release has been well studied, little is known about the factors regulating secretion of S28 from the intestine. Therefore, fetal rat intestinal cultures, which have been previously demonstrated to synthesize and secrete predominantly S28, were treated with potential nutrient, neuromodulator/transmitter, and peptide secretagogues (n = 4-6/experiment). Oleic acid dose dependently stimulated the release of Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) to 272 +/- 81% of the control value at 1.5 x 10(-4) M (P < 0.01). Gel permeation analysis (n = 3) demonstrated that this increment was accounted for not only by an increase in the release of S28, but also by an increase in that of S14, such that the secretion of both peptides was increased in parallel. Of the neuromodulators tested, only the enteric peptide gastrin-releasing peptide stimulated intestinal SLI secretion, to 386 +/- 60% of the control value at 10(-6) M (P < 0.001); similar to oleic acid, the effects on S28 and S14 were equivalent. Galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bethanechol, and epinephrine did not affect SLI release. The duodenal hormone secretin also stimulated SLI release to 310 +/- 78% of the control value at 10(-6) M (P < 0.001); however, secretin caused a preferential release of S14 over that of S28 (S14, 7.8 +/- 2.8-fold; S28, 1.5 +/- 0.1-fold). In contrast, gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, neurotensin, peptide YY, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor-alpha had no effect on intestinal SLI release. Thus, luminal nutrients and neuro/endocrine peptides exert differential effects on S28 release from the rat intestine compared with those on S14. These findings implicate S28 as a distinct regulatory peptide in the physiological setting.
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Differential neural regulation of circulating Somatostatin-14 and Somatostatin-28 in conscious dogs.
American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 1993Co-Authors: Gordon R. GreenbergAbstract:Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) released into the circulation after nutrients or secretagogues is heterogeneous. To determine whether similar neural pathways regulate secretion of SLI molecular forms, circulating Somatostatin-28 (S-28) and Somatostatin-14 (S-14) responses to ingestion of a solid meal, intraduodenal perfusion of a liquid defined formula meal, and intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP, 250 pmol.kg-1.h-1) were measured in four conscious dogs with and without cryogenic blockade of the cervical vagus nerves. SLI was separated by gel-filtration chromatography of extracted, acidified plasma and quantified by radioimmunoassay. Basal plasma concentrations of S-28 were 4.1 +/- 0.6 fmol/ml and of S-14 were 3.8 +/- 0.4 fmol/ml. Ingestion of the solid meal increased plasma SLI threefold, and elevations of S-28 and S-14 were equivalent. After the intraduodenal liquid meal or infusion of CCK-OP, plasma SLI rose twofold, but increments of S-28 exceeded S-14, comprising approximately 70% of SLI released. Vagal blockade by cooling reversibly inhibited both the S-28 and S-14 responses to the solid meal, intraduodenal liquid meal, and CCK-OP. In contrast, atropine (50 micrograms/kg iv), given after solid food, intraduodenal nutrients, and CCK-OP, suppressed S-28 but further increased S-14 responses. Atropine did not, however, alter the suppression of S-14 and S-28 by vagal cooling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
S Gonzalezbaron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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distribution of Somatostatin 28 1 12 in the cat brainstem an immunocytochemical study
Neuropeptides, 1992Co-Authors: M De Leon, Rafael Coveñas, J A Narvaez, G Tramu, J A Aguirre, S GonzalezbaronAbstract:Abstract We studied the distribution of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies in the cat brainstem. A moderate density of cell bodies containing the peptide was observed in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, retrofacial nucleus and in the lateral reticular nucleus, whereas a low density of such perikarya was found in the interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus incertus, nucleus sagulum, gigantocellular termental field, nucleus of the trapezoid body, nucleus praepositus hypoglosii, lateral and magnocellular tegmental fields, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus ambiguus and in the nucleus intercalatus. Moreover, a moderate density of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-immunoreactive processes was found in the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, dorsal tegmental nucleus, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal gray and in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum. Finally, few immunoreactive fibers were visualized in the interpeduncular nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, locus coeruleus, nucleus incertus, superior and inferior central nuclei, nucleus sagulum, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, nucleus praepositus hypoglosii, medial vestibular nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse area, nucleus ambiguus, retrofacial nucleus, postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, lateral reticular nucleus and laminar and alaminar spinal trigeminal nuclei.
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Somatostatin 28 1 12 like immunoreactivity in the cat diencephalon
Neuropeptides, 1991Co-Authors: M De Leon, Rafael Coveñas, J A Narvaez, G Tramu, J A Aguirre, S GonzalezbaronAbstract:Abstract Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, the location of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-like immunoreactive fibres and cell bodies in the cat diencephalon was studied. The hypothalamus was richer in Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-like immunoreactive structures than the thalamus. A high density of immunoreactive fibres was observed in the nuclei habenularis lateralis, paraventricularis anterior (its caudal part), filiformis, hypothalami ventromedialis, and regio praeoptica, whereas a moderate density was found in the nuclei paracentralis, supraopticus, supra chiasmaticus, hypothalamus posterior and area hypothalamica dorsalis. The nuclei lateralis dorsalis, lateralis posterior, medialis dorsalis, rhomboidens, centralis medialis, ventralis medialis, reuniens, anterior dorsalis, parataenialis, interanteromedialis, hypothalamus lateralis, hypothalamus dorsomedialis and arcuatus had the lowest density of immunoreactive fibres. In addition, a high or moderate density of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-like immunoreactive cell bodies was observed in the nuclei paraventricularis hypothalami, supraopticus, supra chiasmaticus, area hypothalamics dorsalis, subparafascicularis, hypothalamus posterior and hypothalamus anterior, whereas scarce immunoreactive perikarya were visualized in the nuclei lateralis dorsalis and parafascicularis. The distribution of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-like immunoreactive structures is compared with the location of other neuropeptides in the cat diencephalon.
J A Narvaez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mapping of Somatostatin 28 1 12 in the alpaca lama pacos brainstem
Microscopy Research and Technique, 2015Co-Authors: Eliana De Souza, L.a. Aguilar, Manuel Lisardo Sanchez, Zaida Diazcabiale, J A Narvaez, Rafael CoveñasAbstract:Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, we studied the distribution of cell bodies and fibers containing Somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca brainstem. Immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed throughout the whole brainstem: 34 brainstem nuclei/regions showed a high or a moderate density of these fibers. Perikarya containing the peptide were widely distributed throughout the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata. Cell bodies containing Somatostatin-28 (1-12) were observed in the lateral and medial divisions of the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, reticular formation (mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata), inferior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, pericentral division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, vestibular nucleus, motor dorsal nucleus of the vagus, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus praepositus hypoglossi, and in the substantia nigra. This widespread distribution indicates that Somatostatin-28 (1-12) is involved in multiple physiological actions in the alpaca brainstem. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:363–374, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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mapping of Somatostatin 28 1 12 in the alpaca diencephalon
Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, 2011Co-Authors: Rafael Coveñas, L.a. Aguilar, A Mangas, L E Medina, Manuel Lisardo Sanchez, Zaida Diazcabiale, J A NarvaezAbstract:Abstract Using an immunocytochemical technique, we report for the first time the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers containing Somatostatin-28 (1–12) in the alpaca diencephalon. Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-immunoreactive cell bodies were only observed in the hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus). However, immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed throughout the thalamus and hypothalamus. A high density of such fibers was observed in the central medial thalamic nucleus, laterodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, reuniens thalamic nucleus, rhomboid thalamic nucleus, subparafascicular thalamic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, dorsal hypothalamic area, around the fornix, lateral hypothalamic area, lateral mammilary nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus, and in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. The widespread distribution of Somatostatin-28 (1–12) in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the alpaca suggests that the neuropeptide could be involved in many physiological actions.
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distribution of Somatostatin 28 1 12 in the cat brainstem an immunocytochemical study
Neuropeptides, 1992Co-Authors: M De Leon, Rafael Coveñas, J A Narvaez, G Tramu, J A Aguirre, S GonzalezbaronAbstract:Abstract We studied the distribution of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies in the cat brainstem. A moderate density of cell bodies containing the peptide was observed in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, retrofacial nucleus and in the lateral reticular nucleus, whereas a low density of such perikarya was found in the interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus incertus, nucleus sagulum, gigantocellular termental field, nucleus of the trapezoid body, nucleus praepositus hypoglosii, lateral and magnocellular tegmental fields, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus ambiguus and in the nucleus intercalatus. Moreover, a moderate density of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-immunoreactive processes was found in the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, dorsal tegmental nucleus, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal gray and in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum. Finally, few immunoreactive fibers were visualized in the interpeduncular nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, locus coeruleus, nucleus incertus, superior and inferior central nuclei, nucleus sagulum, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, nucleus praepositus hypoglosii, medial vestibular nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse area, nucleus ambiguus, retrofacial nucleus, postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, lateral reticular nucleus and laminar and alaminar spinal trigeminal nuclei.
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Somatostatin 28 1 12 like immunoreactivity in the cat diencephalon
Neuropeptides, 1991Co-Authors: M De Leon, Rafael Coveñas, J A Narvaez, G Tramu, J A Aguirre, S GonzalezbaronAbstract:Abstract Using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique, the location of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-like immunoreactive fibres and cell bodies in the cat diencephalon was studied. The hypothalamus was richer in Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-like immunoreactive structures than the thalamus. A high density of immunoreactive fibres was observed in the nuclei habenularis lateralis, paraventricularis anterior (its caudal part), filiformis, hypothalami ventromedialis, and regio praeoptica, whereas a moderate density was found in the nuclei paracentralis, supraopticus, supra chiasmaticus, hypothalamus posterior and area hypothalamica dorsalis. The nuclei lateralis dorsalis, lateralis posterior, medialis dorsalis, rhomboidens, centralis medialis, ventralis medialis, reuniens, anterior dorsalis, parataenialis, interanteromedialis, hypothalamus lateralis, hypothalamus dorsomedialis and arcuatus had the lowest density of immunoreactive fibres. In addition, a high or moderate density of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-like immunoreactive cell bodies was observed in the nuclei paraventricularis hypothalami, supraopticus, supra chiasmaticus, area hypothalamics dorsalis, subparafascicularis, hypothalamus posterior and hypothalamus anterior, whereas scarce immunoreactive perikarya were visualized in the nuclei lateralis dorsalis and parafascicularis. The distribution of Somatostatin-28 (1–12)-like immunoreactive structures is compared with the location of other neuropeptides in the cat diencephalon.