The Experts below are selected from a list of 9 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Christoph J Griessenauer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve
    Nerves and Nerve Injuries, 2015
    Co-Authors: Richard Camara, Christoph J Griessenauer
    Abstract:

    The vagus nerve has a larger distribution than any other cranial nerve. Originating in the medulla, the vagus nerve innervates structures in the neck, thorax, and abdomen and has influence over cardiac and digestive functions. As the vagus nerve travels from the brain stem to the abdomen, it gives off many branches. Two branches of great importance are the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. The vagus nerve carries five different fiber types: general somatic Afferent, general Visceral Afferent, Special Visceral Afferent, general Visceral efferent, and Special Visceral efferent fibers. A neurological exam and, if necessary, imaging and electrophysiological testing, are useful in diagnosing and localizing pathology of the vagus nerve.

Richard Camara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve
    Nerves and Nerve Injuries, 2015
    Co-Authors: Richard Camara, Christoph J Griessenauer
    Abstract:

    The vagus nerve has a larger distribution than any other cranial nerve. Originating in the medulla, the vagus nerve innervates structures in the neck, thorax, and abdomen and has influence over cardiac and digestive functions. As the vagus nerve travels from the brain stem to the abdomen, it gives off many branches. Two branches of great importance are the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. The vagus nerve carries five different fiber types: general somatic Afferent, general Visceral Afferent, Special Visceral Afferent, general Visceral efferent, and Special Visceral efferent fibers. A neurological exam and, if necessary, imaging and electrophysiological testing, are useful in diagnosing and localizing pathology of the vagus nerve.

Tasneem Arsiwalla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Crocodile Tears Syndrome
    2019
    Co-Authors: Pranav Modi, Tasneem Arsiwalla
    Abstract:

    The term “crocodile tears” is derived from the ancient belief that crocodiles weep after killing their victims. “crocodile tears syndrome,” also known as Bogorad syndrome, is the shedding of tears while eating or drinking in patients recovering from Bell’s Palsy. It is also referred to as gustatory lacrimation.AnatomyThe anatomy of the facial nerve is a mixed nerve that has motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components.Facial nerve has the following functional components: The Special Visceral efferent component (branchial motor) that innervates the muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric and the stapedius muscle which are derived from the second branchial arch. General Visceral efferent (Visceral motor) gives autonomic (parasympathetic) innervation to the lacrimal, salivary, and mucosal glands. Special Visceral Afferent (Special sensory) carries taste sensation from anterior two-thirds of the tongue. General somatic Afferent (general sensory) carries sensation from the skin of concha of the external ear. Facial Nerve NucleiThe facial motor nucleus (sympathetic) is a collection of lower motor neurons in the lower part of pons innervating the muscles of facial expression and stapedius. The part of the nucleus supplying the muscles of the lower half of the face receives cortico-nuclear innervation from the opposite hemisphere whereas the part of the nucleus supplying the muscles of the upper part of the face receives bilateral corticonuclear innervation.Behind the motor nucleus are the superior salivatory and lacrimatory nuclei which are parasympathetic. The superior salivatory nucleus receives information from the hypothalamus and taste sensation from the oral cavity. It innervates the submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands via preganglionic fibers.The lacrimatory nucleus receives information related to emotional responses from the hypothalamus. Information from the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve is also received by the lacrimatory nucleus which brings about reflex lacrimation upon irritation of the cornea or conjunctiva.Facial Nerve Course and its BranchesThe facial nerve consists of a motor and sensory root. The motor root loops around the abducens nucleus in the floor of the fourth ventricle and emerges at the junction of pons and medulla along with the sensory root. The 2 roots travel along with the eighth cranial nerve to reach the internal acoustic meatus, and the 2 roots fuse at the lower part of the meatus to form a single trunk. Within the meatus, the nerve gets divided into three parts by 2 bends following which it exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen. The facial nerve then crosses the stylomastoid process and enters the parotid gland at its posteromedial surface. It divides into its terminal branches ant the angle of the mandible: Temporal branches Zygomatic branches Buccal branches Mandibular branch Cervical branch Branches Within the Facial Canal Greater (superficial) petrosal nerve arises from the geniculate ganglion. It carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers and continues as the nerve of the pterygoid canal to finally synapse with the pterygopalatine ganglion. Postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion synapse with mucosal glands of the nose, palate, pharynx and also the lacrimal gland. The nerve to stapedius supplies the stapedius muscle which dampens excess vibrations of the stapes muscle. Chorda tympani carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue to the brain via the middle ear. Anatomically, the facial nerve (nervus intermedius) contains fibers for both the submandibular salivary gland and the lacrimal gland. After the facial nerve passes through the geniculate ganglion, the secretomotor fibers for the submandibular salivary gland travel with the main nerve trunk, whereas, the secretory fibers to the lacrimal gland disaffiliate from the facial nerve to join the greater petrosal nerve. These secretory fibers then relay in the sphenopalatine ganglion before innervating the lacrimal gland.

Pranav Modi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Crocodile Tears Syndrome
    2019
    Co-Authors: Pranav Modi, Tasneem Arsiwalla
    Abstract:

    The term “crocodile tears” is derived from the ancient belief that crocodiles weep after killing their victims. “crocodile tears syndrome,” also known as Bogorad syndrome, is the shedding of tears while eating or drinking in patients recovering from Bell’s Palsy. It is also referred to as gustatory lacrimation.AnatomyThe anatomy of the facial nerve is a mixed nerve that has motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components.Facial nerve has the following functional components: The Special Visceral efferent component (branchial motor) that innervates the muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric and the stapedius muscle which are derived from the second branchial arch. General Visceral efferent (Visceral motor) gives autonomic (parasympathetic) innervation to the lacrimal, salivary, and mucosal glands. Special Visceral Afferent (Special sensory) carries taste sensation from anterior two-thirds of the tongue. General somatic Afferent (general sensory) carries sensation from the skin of concha of the external ear. Facial Nerve NucleiThe facial motor nucleus (sympathetic) is a collection of lower motor neurons in the lower part of pons innervating the muscles of facial expression and stapedius. The part of the nucleus supplying the muscles of the lower half of the face receives cortico-nuclear innervation from the opposite hemisphere whereas the part of the nucleus supplying the muscles of the upper part of the face receives bilateral corticonuclear innervation.Behind the motor nucleus are the superior salivatory and lacrimatory nuclei which are parasympathetic. The superior salivatory nucleus receives information from the hypothalamus and taste sensation from the oral cavity. It innervates the submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands via preganglionic fibers.The lacrimatory nucleus receives information related to emotional responses from the hypothalamus. Information from the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve is also received by the lacrimatory nucleus which brings about reflex lacrimation upon irritation of the cornea or conjunctiva.Facial Nerve Course and its BranchesThe facial nerve consists of a motor and sensory root. The motor root loops around the abducens nucleus in the floor of the fourth ventricle and emerges at the junction of pons and medulla along with the sensory root. The 2 roots travel along with the eighth cranial nerve to reach the internal acoustic meatus, and the 2 roots fuse at the lower part of the meatus to form a single trunk. Within the meatus, the nerve gets divided into three parts by 2 bends following which it exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen. The facial nerve then crosses the stylomastoid process and enters the parotid gland at its posteromedial surface. It divides into its terminal branches ant the angle of the mandible: Temporal branches Zygomatic branches Buccal branches Mandibular branch Cervical branch Branches Within the Facial Canal Greater (superficial) petrosal nerve arises from the geniculate ganglion. It carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers and continues as the nerve of the pterygoid canal to finally synapse with the pterygopalatine ganglion. Postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion synapse with mucosal glands of the nose, palate, pharynx and also the lacrimal gland. The nerve to stapedius supplies the stapedius muscle which dampens excess vibrations of the stapes muscle. Chorda tympani carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue to the brain via the middle ear. Anatomically, the facial nerve (nervus intermedius) contains fibers for both the submandibular salivary gland and the lacrimal gland. After the facial nerve passes through the geniculate ganglion, the secretomotor fibers for the submandibular salivary gland travel with the main nerve trunk, whereas, the secretory fibers to the lacrimal gland disaffiliate from the facial nerve to join the greater petrosal nerve. These secretory fibers then relay in the sphenopalatine ganglion before innervating the lacrimal gland.

Kelly D. Flemming - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Sensory System
    Mayo Clinic Medical Neurosciences, 2017
    Co-Authors: Eduardo E. Benarroch, Jeremy K. Cutsforth-gregory, Kelly D. Flemming
    Abstract:

    The sensory system provides information to the central nervous system about the external world (exteroceptive) and the internal environment (interoceptive). Impulses traveling toward the central nervous system are called Afferent impulses. Afferent information may be transmitted as conscious data that are perceived by the organism and then used to modify behavior; as unconscious data that, although used to modify behavior, remain unperceived by the organism; or as both conscious and unconscious data. Afferent impulses are functionally subdivided into 4 categories: general somatic Afferent impulses (from skin, striated muscles, and joints), general Visceral Afferent impulses (largely unconscious, from serosal and mucosal surfaces, smooth muscle of the viscera, and baroreceptors), Special somatic Afferent impulses (relating to vision, hearing, and equilibrium), and Special Visceral Afferent impulses (relating to taste and smell).