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Colin A Booth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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use of palm mat geotextiles for rainSplash Erosion control
Geomorphology, 2010Co-Authors: Ranjan Bhattacharyya, M.a. Fullen, Kathleen Davies, Colin A BoothAbstract:Abstract Soil detachment by raindrop action (rainSplash Erosion) is a very important subprocess of Erosion by water. It is a particular problem in the UK as most soils are sandy or loamy sand in texture and lands have gentle to medium slope. However, few studies report potential rainSplash Erosion control options under field conditions. Hence, the utilization of palm-mat geotextiles as a rainSplash Erosion control technique was investigated at Hilton, east Shropshire, U.K. (52°33′5.7″ N, 2°19′18.3″ W). Geotextile-mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Two-year field experiments were conducted at Hilton to study the effects of emplacing Borassus and Buriti mats on rainSplash Erosion of a loamy sand soil. Two sets (12 plots each) of experiments were established to study the effects of these mats on Splash height and Splash Erosion. Splash height needs to be known to assess the transport mechanism of major soil fraction and its constituents on sloping land by rainSplash. In both sets, six randomly-selected plots were covered with mats, and the rest were bare. Results (during 22/01/2007‒23/01/2009; total precipitation = 1731.5 mm) show that Borassus mat-covered plots had ∼ 89% ( P − 2 ) than bare plots (27.02 kg m − 2 ). Comparatively, mean Splash height from Borassus mat-covered plots (0.12 m) was significantly ( P P > 0.05) effect in rainSplash Erosion control during that period, although plots with Buriti mats significantly ( P − 2 ) and thickness (10 mm), respectively, compared with Borassus mats, were not effective in rainSplash Erosion control. Both mats did not significantly ( P > 0.05) improve selected soil properties (i.e., soil organic matter, particle size distribution, aggregate stability and total soil carbon) as soil organic matter (SOM) input from mat-decomposition was much less than total SOM content. However, the changes in fine and medium sand contents (after 2 years) in the Borassus covered plots were significantly ( P n = 6) related to the total rainSplash Erosion during 2007‒2009. Emplacement of Borassus and Buriti mats on bare soils did not decrease SOM contents after 2 years, indicating that improvements in some soil properties might occur over longer durations. After ∼ 10 months, Buriti mats lost ∼ 70% of their initial weight ( P C , %) decreased drastically ( P C to the initial condition, although mass per unit area decreased by ∼ 20% ( P
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utilizing palm leaf geotextile mats to conserve loamy sand soil in the united kingdom
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2009Co-Authors: Ranjan Bhattacharyya, M.a. Fullen, Kathleen Davies, Colin A BoothAbstract:Abstract Despite palm-leaf geotextile mats having the potential to advance soil conservation technologies, field studies using geotextiles as complete cover and buffer strips in reducing rates of soil Erosion by water are limited. Hence, the utilization of these mats as a potential soil conservation technique is investigated at Hilton, east Shropshire, UK (52°33′5.7″N, 2°19′18.3″W). Geotextile mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Field experiments have been conducted at Hilton since January 2007, to study the effects of emplacing Borassus and Buriti mats on the Erosion of a loamy sand soil. Two sets (12 plots each) of experiments were established to study the effects of Borassus and Buriti mats on Splash height and Splash Erosion. In both sets, 6 randomly-selected plots were completely covered with mats, and the rest were bare. Ten runoff plots (10 × 1 m on a 15° slope) were also established, with duplicate treatments to study the effectiveness of these mats for soil and water conservation. The treatments were: (i) bare soil; (ii) permanent grassed; (iii) bare soil with 1 m Borassus mat buffer zones at the lower end of the plots; (iv) bare soil with 1 m Buriti mat buffer zones at the lower end of the plots and (v) completely covered with Borassus mats. Results (during 22/01/07–21/01/08; total precipitation = 919.0 mm; n = 22 sets of measurements) indicate that Borassus mat-cover on bare soil significantly ( P −2 ). Plots with Borassus mats had 51% less mean Splash height than bare plots ( n = 21 sets of measurements). However, Buriti mat-cover on bare soils had no significant ( P n = 29 sets of measurements) showed permanent grass plots had the smallest runoff coefficient and the largest sediment yield reduction effectiveness (SYRE). Total runoff from the Borassus buffer zone plots (4.1 L m −2 ) was ∼83% less than the bare plots and total sediment yield was ∼93% less than the bare plots (2.32 kg m −2 ). Although, Borassus buffer zone plots had similar effects in reducing soil loss to Borassus completely-covered plots, the later treatment yielded ∼50% more runoff. Borassus buffer strip plots had less SYRE than the Buriti buffer zone plots. Mass per unit area and thickness of both geotextiles decreased after 3 months of surface application. However, moisture sorption depth and cover percentage of both geotextiles increased. Hence, it is recommended to cover palm-mat geotextiles as buffer strips for soil and water conservation on erodible moderate slopes.
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effects of palm mat geotextiles on the conservation of loamy sand soils in east shropshire uk
5th International Congress of the European Society for Soil Conservation "Soils changing in a changing World: the soils of tomorrow" Palermo Italy 25-, 2008Co-Authors: Ranjan Bhattacharyya, M.a. Fullen, Kathleen Davies, Colin A BoothAbstract:Some 30% of world arable land has become unproductive, largely due to soil Erosion. Considerable efforts have been devoted to studying and controlling water Erosion. However, there remains the need for efficient, environmentallyfriendly and economically-viable options. An innovative approach has used geotextiles constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Black Rhun Palm of West Africa) leaves to decrease soil Erosion. The effectiveness of employing palmmats to reduce soil Erosion have been investigated by measuring runoff, soil loss and soil Splash on humid temperate soils. Twelve experimental soil plots (each measuring 1.0 x 1.0 m) were established at Hilton, east Shropshire, UK, to study the effects of geotextiles on Splash Erosion (six plots completely covered with Borassus mats and six non-protected bare soil plots). Soil Splash was measured (10/06/02-09/02/04; total precipitation = 1038 mm) by collecting Splashed particles in a centrally positioned trap in each plot. An additional field study (25/03/02-10/05/04; total precipitation = 1320 mm) of eight experimental runoff plots (10 x 1 m on a 15 slope) were used at the same site, with duplicate treatments: (i) bare soil; (ii) grassed, (iii) bare soil with 1 m palm-mat buffer zones at the lower end of the plots and (iv) completely covered with palm-mats. Runoff volume and sediment yield were measured after each substantial storm. Results indicate that total Splash Erosion in bare plots was 34.2 g m and mean Splash height was 20.5 cm. The use of Borassus mats on bare soil significantly (P<0.05) reduced soil Splash height by ~31% and Splash Erosion by ~50%. Total runoff from bare plots was 3.58 L m and total sediment yield was 8.58 g m. Thus, application of geotextiles as 1 m protective buffer strips on bare soil reduced runoff by ~36% and soil Erosion by ~57%. Although total soil loss from the completely covered geotextile plots was ~16% less than the buffer zone plots, total runoff volume from the completely covered plots was ~94% more than the buffer zone plots. Thus, palm-mat (buffer strips) cover on vulnerable segments of the landscape is highly effective for soil and water conservation on temperate loamy sand soils. ISBN 978-3-923381-56-2, US ISBN 1-59326-249-3 © 2008 by CATENA VERLAG, 35447 Reiskirchen
Gang Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparison of different methods for assessing effects of soil interparticle forces on aggregate stability
Geoderma, 2021Co-Authors: Jingfang Liu, Gang Liu, Shiwei Zhao, Zilong WangAbstract:Abstract Soil interparticle forces, involving in van der Waals attractive force, and surface hydration and electrostatic repulsive forces, greatly influence the soil aggregate stability. However, current studies on methods for evaluating the impact of soil interparticle forces in aggregate stability are scarce. This research was aimed to examine the impact of soil interparticle forces on aggregate stability using diverse methods for different soil types. Soil aggregate stability was tested through the pipette method, wet sieving, and rainfall simulation, respectively characterized by aggregate stability index (ASI), mean weight diameter (MWD), and Splash Erosion mass (SE). Soil interparticle forces were adjusted by the changing concentrations of NaCl solution. The results showed that all three approaches can be applied to study the impact of soil interparticle forces on aggregate stability. The ASI, MWD, and SE showed little change below 10−2 mol L−1 NaCl concentration and then ASI and MWD increased at a high rate above 10−2 mol L−1 concentration of NaCl, while the SE showed the opposite trend. These results were as expected for soil interparticle forces. Moreover, for a single soil, a substantial correlation existed between the aggregate stability indicators obtained from three methods. However, the order of soil aggregate stability, measured by three methods were varied among soil types. Our results suggest that a single method cannot be applied to determine the aggregate stability of all soil types even if the breakdown mechanism was identical, because organic matter content and particle size distribution of soil are important factors influencing aggregate stability. Hence, in order to compare the difference in aggregate stability between various soils, multiple methods should be considered to investigate the impact of interparticle forces of soil on its aggregate stability. If a single method was to be chosen, wet sieving may be a good choice as it was not only relatively simple and time-saving but also reflected more comprehensive information about sizes and amount of fragments released from soil aggregates.
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Soil internal forces contribute more than raindrop impact force to rainfall Splash Erosion
Geoderma, 2018Co-Authors: Jingfang Liu, Gang Liu, Zhihua Yang, Xinmin Liu, Shiwei ZhaoAbstract:Abstract Soil internal forces, including electrostatic, hydration and van der Waals, play critical roles in aggregate stability, Erosion, and other processes related to soil and water. However, the extent to which soil internal forces influence Splash Erosion during rainfall remains unclear. In the present study, we used cationic-saturated soil samples to quantitatively separate the effects of soil internal and raindrop impact forces (external) on Splash Erosion through simulated rainfall experiments. An electrolyte solution was employed as rainfall material to represent the combined effects of soil internal and external forces on Splash Erosion. Ethanol was used to simulate the sole effect of soil external force on Splash Erosion. The soil Splash Erosion rate increased with increasing rainfall kinetic energy in experiments with electrolyte solution and ethanol and was also greatly influenced by soil internal forces. Moreover, the soil Splash Erosion rate increased first (from 1 to 10−2 mol L−1) then leveled off (from 10−2 to 10−4 mol L−1) with decreasing electrolyte concentration in the bulk solution. This finding was in agreement with the theoretical analysis of soil internal forces. The contribution rate of soil internal forces on Splash Erosion was >65% at a low electrolyte concentration ( 50%. Hence, soil internal forces exerted higher contribution to rainfall Splash Erosion than raindrop impact force under most field conditions. This work provides new understanding of the mechanism of soil Splash Erosion and establishes the possibility of controlling Splash Erosion by jointly regulating the soil internal and external forces.
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Soil internal forces initiate aggregate breakdown and Splash Erosion
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2018Co-Authors: Jingfang Liu, Gang Liu, Shiwei Zhao, Zilong Wang, Zhao, Sw Author), Northwest A&f Univ, Inst Soil Water Conservat, State Key Lab Soil Eros Dryland Far China.Abstract:Soil Erosion is a severe ecological and environmental problem and the main cause of land degradation in many places worldwide. Soil aggregate breakdown is the first key step of Splash Erosion and is strongly influenced by soil internal forces, including electrostatic, hydration, and van der Waals forces. However, little is known about the influence of soil internal forces on Splash Erosion. In this study, we demonstrated that both Splash Erosion rate (SER) and soil aggregate breaking strength (ABS) were significantly affected by soil internal forces. SER and ABS increased first (from 1 to 10(-2) mol L-1) then became stable (from 10(-2) to 10(-4) mol L-1) with decreasing electrolyte concentration in bulk solution. The electrolyte concentration of 10(-2) Mol L-1 in bulk solution was the critical point for both soils in Splash Erosion and soil aggregate stability. The experimental results can be well interpreted by the theoretical analysis of soil internal forces. The surface potential and electric field around soil particles increased with decreasing electrolyte concentration, thereby increasing the electrostatic repulsive force among soil particles. This phenomenon led to soil aggregate breakdown and release of fine soil particles. Soil Splash Erosion rate and aggregate stability showed a linear relationship (R-2 = 0.83). Our results suggest that soil internal forces induce soil aggregate breakdown and then release of fine soil particles when the soil was wetted, supplying the original material for Splash Erosion. Furthermore, the raindrop impact force is the driving mechanism causing soil particle movement. In summary, Splash Erosion could be due to the coupling effects of soil internal forces and the raindrop impact force. Our study provides a possible internal controlling method for reducing Splash Erosion by adjusting soil internal forces between soil particles
Magalhaes C.a.s. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Soil Mechanical Attributes And Splash Erosion On Samples Of Red-yellow Latosol Influenced By Sugarcane Vinasse [atributos Mecânicos E Erosão Por Salpicamento Em Amostras De Latossolo Vermelho-amarelo Sob Efeito De Vinhaça]
2015Co-Authors: Juliao L.g.f., De Lima J.m., Dias Jr. M.s., De Oliveira G.c., Ribeiro B.t., Magalhaes C.a.s.Abstract:The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of plonk on compressive behavior and mechanical attributes such as consistency, optimum moisture for compaction and maximum density of a Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) to evaluate the effect of plonk and compaction state in Splashed particles, from Lavras (MG) region. The plonk was obtained from an artisanal sugarcane brandy alembic. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected at 0 to 3 cm and 60 to 63 cm depths. Disturbed soil samples were used for soil characterization, determination of consistence limits and Normal Proctor essay after material incubation with plonk. Undisturbed soil samples were saturated with plonk or distilled water (control) during 48 hours for testing the compressibility and resistance to Splash by using simulated rainfall. The plonk altered the consistence limits of studied layers. For the 0-3 cm layer, the plonk reduced the friable range, and for the 60-63 cm layer the effect was in the opposite direction. For both layers, the plonk increased Dmax and decreased Uoptimum. Regardless of the plonk treatment, both layers presented the same load support capacity. The compaction degree of samples influenced the Splash Erosion. The increase of the applied pressure over the samples resulted in increase of Splash material quantity. At the 60-63 cm layer, the plonk treatment reduced the Splash material quantity by increasing the applied pressure, mainly when the samples were at field capacity
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Soil Mechanical Attributes And Splash Erosion On Samples Of Red-yellow Latosol Influenced By Sugarcane Vinasse [atributos Mecânicos E Erosão Por Salpicamento Em Amostras De Latossolo Vermelho-amarelo Sob Efeito De Vinhaça]
'FapUNIFESP (SciELO)', 2015Co-Authors: Juliao L.g.f., De Lima J.m., Dias Jr. M.s., De Oliveira G.c., Ribeiro B.t., Magalhaes C.a.s.Abstract:The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of plonk on compressive behavior and mechanical attributes such as consistency, optimum moisture for compaction and maximum density of a Red-Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) to evaluate the effect of plonk and compaction state in Splashed particles, from Lavras (MG) region. The plonk was obtained from an artisanal sugarcane brandy alembic. Undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected at 0 to 3 cm and 60 to 63 cm depths. Disturbed soil samples were used for soil characterization, determination of consistence limits and Normal Proctor essay after material incubation with plonk. Undisturbed soil samples were saturated with plonk or distilled water (control) during 48 hours for testing the compressibility and resistance to Splash by using simulated rainfall. The plonk altered the consistence limits of studied layers. For the 0-3 cm layer, the plonk reduced the friable range, and for the 60-63 cm layer the effect was in the opposite direction. For both layers, the plonk increased Dmax and decreased Uoptimum. Regardless of the plonk treatment, both layers presented the same load support capacity. The compaction degree of samples influenced the Splash Erosion. The increase of the applied pressure over the samples resulted in increase of Splash material quantity. At the 60-63 cm layer, the plonk treatment reduced the Splash material quantity by increasing the applied pressure, mainly when the samples were at field capacity.3511927Al-Durrah, M.M., Bradford, J.M., The mechanism of raindrop Splash on soil surfaces Soil Science Society of America Journal, 46 (5), pp. 1086-1090. , Madison, Sept./Oct. 1982Andrietta, M.G.S., Andrietta, S.R., Steckelberg, C., Stupiello, E.N.A., Bioethanol: Brazil, 30 years of Proalcool (2007) International Sugar Journal, 109, pp. 195-200Arasan, S., Yetimo, L.U.T., Effect of inorganic salt solutions on the consistency limits of two clays (2008) Turkish Journal Engineering Environmental Science, 32, pp. 107-115Bowles, J.E., (1986) Engineering Properties of Soils and Their Measurements, p. 218. , 3.ed. Auckland: McGraw-HillCamargo, O.A., Valadares, J.M.A.S., Geraldi, R.N., (1983) Características Químicas E Físicas De Solo Que Recebeu Vinhaça Por Longo Tempo, p. 30. , Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, Boletim técnico, 76Cardoso, M.G., (2006) Produção De Aguardente De Cana, p. 445. , 2.ed. Lavras: UFLAde Dias Jr., M.S., Miranda, E.E.V., Comportamento da curva de compactação de cinco solos da região de Lavras (MG) Ciência E Agrotecnologia, 24 (2), pp. 337-346. , Lavras, abr./jun. 2000de Dias Jr., M.S., Pierce, F.J., Revisão de literatura: O processo de compactação do solo e sua modelagem Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo, 20 (1), pp. 175-182. , Campinas, jan./fev. 1996de Dias Jr., M.S., Pierce, F.J., A simple procedure for estimating pre consolidation pressure from soil compression curves (1995) Soil Technology, 8, pp. 139-151. , London(1997) Manual De Métodos De Análise De Solo, p. 212. , EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA, 2.ed. Rio de Janeiro: CNPSFreire, W.J., Aguiar, M.A., Incorporação de vinhaça concentrada em dois solos distintos: Caracteríscticas químicas, físicas e mecânicas da mistura obtida (1993) Engenharia Agrícola, 13, pp. 85-96. , JaboticabalFreire, W.J., Cortez, L.A.B., (2000) Vinhaça De Cana-deaçúcar, p. 203. , Guaíba: AgropecuáriaGoldemberg, J., The Brazilian biofuels industry Biotechnology For Biofuels, 1 (6), pp. 1-7. , May 2008Hudson, N., (1995) Soil Conservation, p. 391. , 3.ed. Ames: Iowa State UniversityKondo, M.K., Dias Jr., M.S., Compressibilidade de três latossolos em função da umidade e uso (1999) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 23, pp. 211-218. , ViçosaMello, C.R., Ferreira, D.F., Silva, A.M., Lima, J.M., Análise de modelos matemáticos aplicados ao estudo de chuvas intensas Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 25 (3), pp. 693-698. , Viçosa, jul./set. 2001Ohtsubo, M., Takayama, M., Egashira, K., Relationships of consistency limits and activity to some physical and chemical properties of Ariake Marine clays Soils and Foundations, 23 (1), pp. 38-46. , Mar. 1983Ribeiro, B.T., Lima, J.M., Mello, C.R., Sá, M.A.C., Oliveira, G.C., Relationship between raindrops and ultrasonic energy on the disruption of a haplic cambisol Ciência E Agrotecnologia, 33 (3), pp. 814-823. , Lavras, maio/jun. 2009Rolim, M.M., Freire, W.J., Efeito da vinhaça concentrada sobre a estabilidade estrutural dos agregados do solo Engenharia Agrícola, 16 (3), pp. 69-76. , Jaboticabal, mar. 1997Schäffer, B., Stauber, M., Mueller, T.L., Müller, R., Schulin, R., Soil and macro-pores under uniaxial compression: I., mechanical stability of repacked soil and deformation of different types of macro-pores (2008) Geoderma, 146, pp. 183-191. , AmsterdamSchäffer, B., Stauber, M., Müller, R., Schulin, R., Changes in the macro-pore structure of restored soil caused by compaction beneath heavy agricultural machinery: A morphometric study European Journal of Soil Science, 58, pp. 1062-1073. , London Oct. 2007Severiano, E.C., Oliveira, G.C., de Dias Jr., M.S., Oliveira, L.F.C., Castro, M.B., Pressão de preconsolidação e intervalo hídrico ótimo como indicadores de alterações estruturais de um Latossolo e de um Cambissolo sob cana-de-açúcar (2008) Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo, 32, pp. 1419-1427. , ViçosaSilva, A.J.N., Cabeda, M.S.V., Compactação e compressibilidade do solo sob sistemas de manejo e níveis de umidade (2006) Revista Brasileira De Ciência Do Solo, 30, pp. 921-930. , ViçosaSilva, A.J.N., Cabeda, M.S.V., Carvalho, F.G., Matéria orgânica e propriedades físicas de um Argissolo Amarelo Coeso sob sistemas de manejo com cana-deaçúcar (2006) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 10 (3), pp. 579-586. , Campina GrandeSilva, E.T., Freire, W.J., Caracterização físico-mecânica de um solo tratado com vinhaça (1992) Agrárias, 12 (1-2), pp. 7-12Soane, B.D., Process of soil compaction under vehicular traffic and means of alleviating it (1986) Land Clearing and Development In the Tropics, pp. 265-297. , In: LAL, R. et al. (Ed.), Rotterdam: Balkem
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the hydrologic behavior of loess and marl soils in response to biochar and polyacrylamide mulching under laboratorial rainfall simulation conditions
Journal of Hydrology, 2021Co-Authors: Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Zeinab Hazbavi, Padidehsadat Sadeghi, Habibollah Younesi, Mahboobeh Kianiharchegani, Rafael Angulojaramillo, Laurent LassabatereAbstract:Abstract Due to the high costs associated with the control of soil Erosion, the precise selection of practical techniques towards this end is a prerequisite for sustainable land management. For the proper application of anti-Erosion measures, a good knowledge of the behavior of soil Erosion and hydrological properties is required. Research has indicated that biochar (BC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) are important soil amendments to enhance the physical and hydrological characteristics of soil. However, little is known about the response and mechanisms underlying the wearing away of Marl and Loess Erosion-prone soils treated with individually and with a combination of BC and PAM. Therefore, we tested the effectiveness of these anti-Erosion techniques on the variability of 1) hydrological components (i.e., time to runoff, the runoff coefficient, and infiltration), 2) runoff quality components (i.e., pH and electrical conductivity (EC)), and 3) Erosion components (i.e., upward-Splash, downward-Splash, net-Splash Erosion, soil loss, and sediment concentration) at two locations with the Marl and Loess soils under rainfall simulation conditions. The study treatments consisted of control (200 ml water), BC (800 g m−2), PAM (2 g m−2), and BC (800 g m−2) + PAM (2 g m−2). The treatments were sprayed uniformly over the small plots (0.3 × 0.5 × 0.5 m in dimension; 0.25 m2 in area) with a slope of 20% using three replicates. Rainfall with an intensity of 50 mm h−1 for 0.5 h was applied. The results showed that (a) the use of PAM alone delayed the time to runoff with a rate of 41.4% compared to the control treatment in the Marl soil, and all treatments delayed the time to runoff for the Loess soil (BC = 37.1% and PAM = BC + PAM = 12.9%); (b) among the study treatments, PAM had the greatest effect as it decreased the runoff coefficient by 2.47% and 13.67%, and improved infiltration by 0.02% and 0.13% in Marl and Loess soils, respectively; (c) BC and BC + PAM increased the pH values of the runoff whereas the application of PAM partially reduced the pH compared to the control plot in both the soils studied; (d) the application of BC and BC + PAM significantly (p
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Field measurement of effects of individual and combined application of biochar and polyacrylamide on Erosion variables in loess and marl soils
Science of the Total Environment, 2020Co-Authors: Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Zeinab Hazbavi, Mahboobeh Kiani-harchegani, Padidehsadat Sadeghi, Rafael Angulo-jaramillo, Laurent Lassabatere, Habibollah YounesiAbstract:Controlling soil Erosion, especially in its initial stages, is greatly important in natural resources management. Con- sequently, the present research aimed to control Splash and interrill Erosion in two soil types (marl at Marzan- Abad and loess at Maraveh-Tapeh sites in northern Iran) using biochar (BC) and polyacrylamide (PAM). We established 0.5 × 0.5-m plots and applied BC (800 g·m−2), PAM (2 g·m−2), and BC + PAM (800 g·m−2- + 2 g·m−2) with control plots and three replications on a slope of ~25%. We used a rainfall simulator to achieve rainfall intensity of 50 mm·h−1 with 30-min duration in the experiments. Analysis of the results obtained from the variables of Splash and interrill Erosion during the rainfall-runoff process showed that the PAM significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased all study variables of Splash Erosion. For interrill Erosion, it reduced the variables of soil loss and sediment concentration. However, the difference was not significant (p N 0.05) compared to the control plot and runoff from the two treatment sites increased relative to that from the control plots. The plot treated with BC showed decreased runoff volume, runoff coefficient, and soil loss compared to the control plot at the Marzan- Abad site, but the differences were not statistically significant (p N 0.05). However, the plot in which loess soil was treated with BC at the Maraveh-Tapeh site exhibited considerably (p ≤ 0.05) increased runoff and soil loss compared to the control plot. The entire results verified a wide range for benefit reduction of study treatments from +25.09 to −37.49% for runoff and from +38.59 to −231% for soil loss with more effectiveness for Maraveh- Tapeh Loess soil as well as combined application of BC and PAM. These findings contribute to improved under- standing of proper application of soil amendments to control runoff and soil loss in loam and loess soils.
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Influence of freeze-only and freezing-thawing cycles on Splash Erosion
KeAi, 2018Co-Authors: Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Mohammad Bagher Raeisi, Zeinab HazbaviAbstract:Soil Erosion is recognized as one of the most important types of land degradation in the world particularly in many developing countries like Iran. Water Erosion is initiated by Splash Erosion triggered by raindrop impact. Understanding the process of Splash Erosion under freezing and thawing conditions is essential to unravel soil Erosion mechanisms under temperate conditions leading to appropriate planning of soil and water conservation projects. The present study aimed to study the individual effects of freeze-only as well as freezing-thawing cycle on Splash Erosion in a loess soil from an Erosion prone area in mountainous northern regions of Iran. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions using Erosion plots. The Erosion plots were subjected to freeze only and freeze-thawing treatments by simulating cold conditions using a large cooling compartment system specifically manufactured for this purpose. The Splash Erosion under a designed simulated rainfall (1.2 mm min−1 for 30 min) was then measured as upward, downward and net Splash Erosion in Splash cups. The results showed that freeze only decreased the upward, downward and net Splash Erosion by 0.81 ± 0.43, 0.82 ± 0.29 and 0.85 ± 0.23% while freezing-thawing cycle decreased Splash Erosion to 0.93 ± 0.83, 0.61 ± 0.43 and 0.57 ± 0.36%. This may be attributed to temporary increase in soil strength and stability or surface sealing during freezing process leading to reduced Splash Erosion. Keywords: Experimental plots, Freezing effects, Rainfall simulation, Soil detachment proces
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different effects of sheep manure conditioner on runoff and soil loss components in eroded soil
Catena, 2016Co-Authors: Leila Gholami, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Mahdi HomaeeAbstract:Abstract Conservation of the soil surface by organic and inorganic amendments or stabilizers is often adopted to reduce runoff and Splash Erosion. The manure as an organic amendment is a resource which can be utilized for crop production and soil conservation. However, the effect of manure on mitigating soil Erosion on eroded soil has not been yet considered. The present study attempted to determine the efficiency of manure with rate of 0.3 kg m − 2 in changing the Splash Erosion, runoff, sediment concentration and soil loss under laboratory conditions. The study has been conducted for a sandy-loam soil taken from summer rangeland, the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran with simulated rainfall intensities of 30, 50, 70 and 90 mm/h and the slope of 30% in three replicates for each treatment. The obtained data from 36 Splash cups showed that the manure could reduce the Splash Erosion in all studied rainfall intensities and also the maximum reduction occurred in rainfall intensity of 30 mm/h. The results also showed that the manure affected differently in changing Splash Erosion, runoff and soil loss characteristics. The maximum changing for Splash Erosion, time to runoff, sediment concentration and soil loss was observed in the rainfall intensities of 30, 50, 90 and 90 mm/h, respectively. The results showed that the time to runoff had more effect in rainfall intensity of 50 mm/h with rate of — 115.95%. The maximum reducing runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss occurred in rainfall intensity of 50, 90 and 90 mm/h with rates of 8.98, 14.65 and 13.14%, respectively.
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Measuring sheet Erosion using synthetic color-contrast aggregates
Hydrological Processes, 2014Co-Authors: Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan, Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi, Mehdi Homaee, Mahmood ArabkhedriAbstract:The bulk of eroded soils measured at the outlets of plots, slopes and watersheds are suspended sediments, Splash-induced sheet Erosion. It is depending on rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture contents and contributes to a significant proportion of soil loss that usually is ignored in soil Erosion and sediment studies. A digital image processing method for tracing and measuring non-suspended soil particles detached/transported by Splash/runoff was therefore used in the present study. Accordingly, fine mineral pumice grains aggregated with white cement and coloured with yellow pigment powder, with the same size, shape and specific gravity as those of natural soil aggregates, called synthetic color-contrast aggregates, were used as tracers for detecting soil particle movement. Subsequently, the amount of non-suspended soil particles detached and moved downward the slope was inferred with the help of digital image processing techniques using MATLAB R2010B software (Mathworks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA). The present study was conducted under laboratory conditions with four simulated rainfall intensities between 30-90mmh-1, five antecedent soil moisture contents between 12-44 % vv-1 and a slope of 30%, using sandy loam soils taken from a summer rangeland in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran. A range of total transported soil between 90.34 and 1360.93gm-2 and net Splash Erosion between 36.82 and 295.78gm-2were observed. The results also showed the sediment redeposition ratio ranging from 87.27% [sediment delivery ratio (SDR)=12.73%] to 96.39% (SDR=3.61%) in various antecedent soil moisture contents of rainfall intensity of 30mmh-1 and from 80.55% (SDR=19.45%) to 89.42% (SDR=10.58%) in rainfall intensity of 90mmh-1. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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use of palm mat geotextiles for rainSplash Erosion control
Geomorphology, 2010Co-Authors: Ranjan Bhattacharyya, M.a. Fullen, Kathleen Davies, Colin A BoothAbstract:Abstract Soil detachment by raindrop action (rainSplash Erosion) is a very important subprocess of Erosion by water. It is a particular problem in the UK as most soils are sandy or loamy sand in texture and lands have gentle to medium slope. However, few studies report potential rainSplash Erosion control options under field conditions. Hence, the utilization of palm-mat geotextiles as a rainSplash Erosion control technique was investigated at Hilton, east Shropshire, U.K. (52°33′5.7″ N, 2°19′18.3″ W). Geotextile-mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Two-year field experiments were conducted at Hilton to study the effects of emplacing Borassus and Buriti mats on rainSplash Erosion of a loamy sand soil. Two sets (12 plots each) of experiments were established to study the effects of these mats on Splash height and Splash Erosion. Splash height needs to be known to assess the transport mechanism of major soil fraction and its constituents on sloping land by rainSplash. In both sets, six randomly-selected plots were covered with mats, and the rest were bare. Results (during 22/01/2007‒23/01/2009; total precipitation = 1731.5 mm) show that Borassus mat-covered plots had ∼ 89% ( P − 2 ) than bare plots (27.02 kg m − 2 ). Comparatively, mean Splash height from Borassus mat-covered plots (0.12 m) was significantly ( P P > 0.05) effect in rainSplash Erosion control during that period, although plots with Buriti mats significantly ( P − 2 ) and thickness (10 mm), respectively, compared with Borassus mats, were not effective in rainSplash Erosion control. Both mats did not significantly ( P > 0.05) improve selected soil properties (i.e., soil organic matter, particle size distribution, aggregate stability and total soil carbon) as soil organic matter (SOM) input from mat-decomposition was much less than total SOM content. However, the changes in fine and medium sand contents (after 2 years) in the Borassus covered plots were significantly ( P n = 6) related to the total rainSplash Erosion during 2007‒2009. Emplacement of Borassus and Buriti mats on bare soils did not decrease SOM contents after 2 years, indicating that improvements in some soil properties might occur over longer durations. After ∼ 10 months, Buriti mats lost ∼ 70% of their initial weight ( P C , %) decreased drastically ( P C to the initial condition, although mass per unit area decreased by ∼ 20% ( P
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utilizing palm leaf geotextile mats to conserve loamy sand soil in the united kingdom
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2009Co-Authors: Ranjan Bhattacharyya, M.a. Fullen, Kathleen Davies, Colin A BoothAbstract:Abstract Despite palm-leaf geotextile mats having the potential to advance soil conservation technologies, field studies using geotextiles as complete cover and buffer strips in reducing rates of soil Erosion by water are limited. Hence, the utilization of these mats as a potential soil conservation technique is investigated at Hilton, east Shropshire, UK (52°33′5.7″N, 2°19′18.3″W). Geotextile mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Field experiments have been conducted at Hilton since January 2007, to study the effects of emplacing Borassus and Buriti mats on the Erosion of a loamy sand soil. Two sets (12 plots each) of experiments were established to study the effects of Borassus and Buriti mats on Splash height and Splash Erosion. In both sets, 6 randomly-selected plots were completely covered with mats, and the rest were bare. Ten runoff plots (10 × 1 m on a 15° slope) were also established, with duplicate treatments to study the effectiveness of these mats for soil and water conservation. The treatments were: (i) bare soil; (ii) permanent grassed; (iii) bare soil with 1 m Borassus mat buffer zones at the lower end of the plots; (iv) bare soil with 1 m Buriti mat buffer zones at the lower end of the plots and (v) completely covered with Borassus mats. Results (during 22/01/07–21/01/08; total precipitation = 919.0 mm; n = 22 sets of measurements) indicate that Borassus mat-cover on bare soil significantly ( P −2 ). Plots with Borassus mats had 51% less mean Splash height than bare plots ( n = 21 sets of measurements). However, Buriti mat-cover on bare soils had no significant ( P n = 29 sets of measurements) showed permanent grass plots had the smallest runoff coefficient and the largest sediment yield reduction effectiveness (SYRE). Total runoff from the Borassus buffer zone plots (4.1 L m −2 ) was ∼83% less than the bare plots and total sediment yield was ∼93% less than the bare plots (2.32 kg m −2 ). Although, Borassus buffer zone plots had similar effects in reducing soil loss to Borassus completely-covered plots, the later treatment yielded ∼50% more runoff. Borassus buffer strip plots had less SYRE than the Buriti buffer zone plots. Mass per unit area and thickness of both geotextiles decreased after 3 months of surface application. However, moisture sorption depth and cover percentage of both geotextiles increased. Hence, it is recommended to cover palm-mat geotextiles as buffer strips for soil and water conservation on erodible moderate slopes.
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effects of palm mat geotextiles on the conservation of loamy sand soils in east shropshire uk
5th International Congress of the European Society for Soil Conservation "Soils changing in a changing World: the soils of tomorrow" Palermo Italy 25-, 2008Co-Authors: Ranjan Bhattacharyya, M.a. Fullen, Kathleen Davies, Colin A BoothAbstract:Some 30% of world arable land has become unproductive, largely due to soil Erosion. Considerable efforts have been devoted to studying and controlling water Erosion. However, there remains the need for efficient, environmentallyfriendly and economically-viable options. An innovative approach has used geotextiles constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Black Rhun Palm of West Africa) leaves to decrease soil Erosion. The effectiveness of employing palmmats to reduce soil Erosion have been investigated by measuring runoff, soil loss and soil Splash on humid temperate soils. Twelve experimental soil plots (each measuring 1.0 x 1.0 m) were established at Hilton, east Shropshire, UK, to study the effects of geotextiles on Splash Erosion (six plots completely covered with Borassus mats and six non-protected bare soil plots). Soil Splash was measured (10/06/02-09/02/04; total precipitation = 1038 mm) by collecting Splashed particles in a centrally positioned trap in each plot. An additional field study (25/03/02-10/05/04; total precipitation = 1320 mm) of eight experimental runoff plots (10 x 1 m on a 15 slope) were used at the same site, with duplicate treatments: (i) bare soil; (ii) grassed, (iii) bare soil with 1 m palm-mat buffer zones at the lower end of the plots and (iv) completely covered with palm-mats. Runoff volume and sediment yield were measured after each substantial storm. Results indicate that total Splash Erosion in bare plots was 34.2 g m and mean Splash height was 20.5 cm. The use of Borassus mats on bare soil significantly (P<0.05) reduced soil Splash height by ~31% and Splash Erosion by ~50%. Total runoff from bare plots was 3.58 L m and total sediment yield was 8.58 g m. Thus, application of geotextiles as 1 m protective buffer strips on bare soil reduced runoff by ~36% and soil Erosion by ~57%. Although total soil loss from the completely covered geotextile plots was ~16% less than the buffer zone plots, total runoff volume from the completely covered plots was ~94% more than the buffer zone plots. Thus, palm-mat (buffer strips) cover on vulnerable segments of the landscape is highly effective for soil and water conservation on temperate loamy sand soils. ISBN 978-3-923381-56-2, US ISBN 1-59326-249-3 © 2008 by CATENA VERLAG, 35447 Reiskirchen
