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Regine Claßen-bockhoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The functional unit composed of style and hooded Staminode.
2015Co-Authors: Markus Jerominek, Regine Claßen-bockhoffAbstract:(A, B) Donax canniformis, (C, D) Goeppertia bachemiana. (A, C) before and (B, D) after the explosive style movement. The units differ in hooded Staminode (hs), style (st), trigger appendage (ta); and pollen plate (pp).
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Schematic illustration of the style movement in Marantaceae.
2015Co-Authors: Markus Jerominek, Regine Claßen-bockhoffAbstract:In the unreleased state (A) the style (white, st) is enveloped by the hooded Staminode (grey, hs). After deflecting the trigger appendage (ta) and lifting the basal plate (bp) the style is released and curls up (B). cp, contact point; ho, hood; pp, pollen plate.
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Floral synorganization and its influence on mechanical isolation and autogamy in Marantaceae
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012Co-Authors: Alexandra C. Ley, Regine Claßen-bockhoffAbstract:The flowers of Marantaceae (∼ 550 species) exhibit a highly derived pollination mechanism within Zingiberales, with a rapid and irreversible style movement based on a close synorganization of different floral parts. Given the complexity of the structure, we assume that little variation is possible if functionality is to be maintained. To test this, we investigated how much floral diversity exists in the clade and whether this diversity potentially influences the breeding system and placement of pollen on the pollinator. Flowers of 66 species covering the five major phylogenetic clades of the family were analysed. All species are similar in their basic flower construction: the fleshy Staminode forms the tunnel-shaped roof of the flower and narrows the tube with stiff swellings, and the hooded Staminode holds the style under tension and narrows the flower entrance with its trigger appendage. Despite morphological diversity of the pollination apparatus, functionality is maintained by coordinated variation of the fleshy and hooded Staminodes. Autogamy is usually avoided by herkogamy. However, in a few exceptions, subtle morphological changes alter the breeding system from allogamy to autogamy. Variable floral proportions allow for differential pollen deposition potentially causing mechanical isolation between sister taxa. This study clearly illustrates that structural variation is not only present in the highly synorganized flowers of Marantaceae, but that it also creates potentially new options for evolutionary diversification. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 168, 300–322.
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Ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversification of the hooded Staminode in Marantaceae
TAXON, 2010Co-Authors: Elke Pischtschan, Alexandra C. Ley, Regine Claßen-bockhoffAbstract:The flowers of Marantaceae are known for their unique pollination mechanism mediated by an explosive style movement. The mechanism is based on the highly modified elements of the inner androecial whorl, i.e., the single half-fertile anther and the fleshy and hooded Staminodes. We investigated 67 species across 24 genera to elucidate which parts of the hooded Staminode are shared by all species, thus likely under strong selection pressure, and which are allowed to vary. We treated hooded Staminodes as character syndromes and grouped them based on gross similarities. We identified characters underlying the similarity and investigated their diversity and developmental pathways. All hooded Staminodes correspond in their general morphology, development and vascularisation, suggesting they are homologous. Variable proportions, differential growth and the formation of secondary structures result in a diversity of morphologies. The hooded Staminodes can be grouped into ten distinct types. These morphological types are in accordance with the accepted clades of the family indicating their phylogenetic significance. The early diverging clades are characterised by stiff and elaborate Staminode structures whereas in more distantly diverging clades simplified forms appear. We conclude that elaborate structures are not essential to maintain the pollination mechanism and thus have been reduced in the course of evolution.
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Setting‐up tension in the style of Marantaceae
Plant biology (Stuttgart Germany), 2008Co-Authors: Elke Pischtschan, Regine Claßen-bockhoffAbstract:The Marantaceae stand out from other plant families through their unique style movement which is combined with a highly derived form of secondary pollen presentation. Although known for a long time, the mechanism underlying the movement is not yet understood. In this paper, we report an investigation into the biomechanical principles of this movement. For the first time we experimentally confirm that, in Maranta noctiflora, longitudinal growth of the maturing style within the ‘straitjacket’ of the hooded Staminode involves both arresting of the style before tripping and building up of potential for the movement. The longer the style grows in relation to the enclosing hooded Staminode, the more does its capacity for curling increase. We distinguish between the basic tension that a growing style builds up normally, even when the hooded Staminode is removed beforehand, and the induced tension which comes about only under the pressure of a too short hooded Staminode and which enables the movement. The results of our investigations are discussed in relation to previous interpretations, ranging from biomechanical to electrophysiological mechanisms.
Yong Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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floral structure and ontogeny of syndiclis lauraceae
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:Generic delimitation in the Beilschmiedia group of the Lauraceae remains ambiguous because flowering specimens of a few genera with confined distribution are poorly represented in herbaria, and a few floral characters important for taxonomy are still poorly known. Syndiclis is sporadically distributed in southwestern China, and is represented in the herbaria by only a few flowering specimens. We conducted field investigations to collect floral materials of four species and observed structures and ontogeny of the tiny flowers using both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the genus Syndiclis possesses flowers with huge variation in both merosity and organ number. Flowers of the genus are dimerous, trimerous, or tetramerous, or have mixed merosity with monomerous and dimerous, or dimerous and trimerous, or trimerous and tetramerous whorls. The number of Staminodes ranges from two to eight, depending on floral merosity, and on how many stamens of the third androecial whorl are reduced to Staminodes. The Staminodes of the fourth androecial whorl are comparable to the Staminodes in Potameia, but the Staminodes of the third androecial whorl of Syndiclis are relatively larger than the Staminodes in Potameia. They are erect or curved inwards, covering the ovary. The anthers are usually two-locular, but rarely one-locular or three-locular. Each stamen of the third androecial whorl bears two conspicuous and enlarged glands at the base. The lability of floral merosity and organ number of Syndiclis may have been caused by changes of pollination system and loss of special selective pressures that are present in most Lauraceous plants with fixed floral organ number. This study furthers our understanding of variation and evolution of a few important characters of the Beilschmiedia group and provides essential data for a revised generic classification of the group.
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Variation patterns of flowers in Syndiclis aff. marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, an irregular tetramerous flower bud, arrow highlighting a poorly developed tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), the stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) in the same orthostichy missing; B, a complex-whorled flower with trimerous plus dimerous whorls, arrow indicating a missing orthostichy including a tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2), and a Staminode of the fourth androecial whorl (S4); C, a regular tetramerous flower bud; D, a trimerous flower, showing fusion of two adjoining stamens from the third androecial whorl (S3) and the second androecial whorl (S2). Scale bars: A and B: bar = 100 μm; C and D: bar = 200 μm.Abbreviations. G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes; S4, the fourth androecial whorl including Staminodes.
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Variation of merosity in Syndiclis marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, a dimerous flower, arrow indicating a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) showing three locules; B, a complex-whorled flower with trimerous plus dimerous whorls, having five tepals and five fertile stamens, arrow pointing to a missing row of floral organs, leading to the loss of a tepal (P2), a stamen (S2), and a Staminode (S4); C, an irregular trimerous flower, arrow indicating a poorly developed tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), the adjacent stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) in the same series missing. Scale bars: A–C: bar = 500 μm. Abbreviations. C, carpel; G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes.
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Development of flowers of Syndiclis aff. marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, a cyme consisting of three flower buds, showing the triangular SAMs; B, three tepal primordia (P1) initiated at different rates; C, three inner tepal primordia (P2) initiated at different rates; D, three primordia of the first androecial whorl (S1) initiated; E, three primordia of the second androecial whorl (S2) initiated; F, three primordia of the third androecial whorl (S3) initiated; G, the carpel primordium initiated, arrow pointing to the staminodial primordium of the fourth androecial whorl (S4), a stamen of the third androecial whorl fused to a supernumerary stamen of the second androecial whorl; H–I, the lateral side of the carpel with concavity; J, the carpel flanks approximating one another, arrow indicating the ovular protuberance; K, fusion of the carpel flanks resulting in the enclosure of the ovule; L, a flower bearing seven tepals and seven fertile stamens, S2* and S3* representing two one-locular stamens, arrow marking the missing orthostichy leading to the loss of a tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2), and a Staminode of the fourth androecial whorl (S4). Scale bars: A–J: bar = 100 μm; K: bar = 300 μm; L = 1 mm. Abbreviations. C, carpel; G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S, a supernumerary staminal organ; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes; S4, the fourth androecial whorl including Staminodes.
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Comparison between Beilschmiedia turbinata Bing Liu et Y. Yang and B. yunnanensis Hu.
2013Co-Authors: Bing Liu, Yong Yang, Lei Xie, Gang ZengAbstract:A–E, B. turbinata Bing Liu & Y. Yang. A, leaf blade; B, the small type terminal bud bearing ferruginous-brown pubescence; C, leaf upper surface showing fine vein reticulation; D, flower (front part removed showing: a, the third whorl subsessile fertile stamen; b, the fourth whorl Staminode ); E, the large, ferruginous-furfuraceous turbinate fruits. F–J, B. yunnanensis Hu. F, leaf blade; G, the small type terminal bud bearing brownish pubescence; H, leaf upper surface showing fine vein reticulation; I, flower (front part removed showing: c, the third whorl stalked and glandular fertile stamen; d, the sagittate gland at the base of the third whorl stamen; e, the fourth whorl Staminode); J, the smaller ellipsoid fruits.
Ana Ortega-olivencia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does the Scrophularia Staminode Influence Female and Male Functions during Pollination
International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Josefa López, Tomás Rodríguez-riaño, Francisco J. Valtueña, José Luis Pérez-bote, Miguel González, Ana Ortega-olivenciaAbstract:Premise of research. Although approximately 30% of the genera in the Scrophulariaceae have Staminodes, the functionality of this organ has been scarcely investigated in most of the largest genera. The majority of Scrophularia species have Staminodes. Here, we investigated whether this organ acts as a pollinator attraction unit and enhances male and female flower functions.Methodology. We performed comparative experiments for 2 yr on two species with large Staminodes (Scrophularia lyrata and Scrophularia scorodonia) and one with a tiny Staminode (Scrophularia canina) from several Spanish populations involving control flowers with Staminodes and flowers with Staminodes manually removed.Pivotal results. The Staminode acts as an attraction unit to the reward in S. lyrata and S. scorodonia but not in S. canina. However, the results do not support the second function after a single floral visit, because pollen reception on the stigma and pollen collection by pollinators on one side and seed set on the other wer...
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Evolution of the Staminode in a representative sample of Scrophularia and its role as nectar safeguard in three widespread species.
Die Naturwissenschaften, 2015Co-Authors: Tomás Rodríguez-riaño, Josefa López, Francisco J. Valtueña, José Luis Pérez-bote, María Luisa Navarro-pérez, Ana Ortega-olivenciaAbstract:Approximately 30% of the genera of Scrophulariaceae s.str. have a Staminode, which is the remnant of a sterile stamen. However, there are no studies of the functionality or evolutionary pattern of Staminodes in that family. This paper investigates three Scrophularia species with different Staminode sizes to determine if the Staminode safeguards nectar from dilution by rainwater and if it influences pollinator behavior. We also study Staminode evolution and ancestral state reconstruction onto a phylogeny containing 71 species and subspecies with four different Staminode developmental stages: tiny, large, enormous, and absent. The results showed that large Staminodes did not hinder nectar collection or modify pollinator-visiting time but acted as a barrier to reduce rainwater entry. The latter reduced the dilution of nectar, which did not occur with tiny Staminodes. The phylogenetic study revealed that the ancestral state in the genus corresponds with the presence of a large Staminode vs. the tiny and enormous Staminodes that are considered as derived. The complete disappearance of the Staminode has occurred independently at least twice. Events occurred that increased or reduced the Staminode size in one of the clades (Clade II), which includes species of sect. Caninae; most of these events occurred during the Pleistocene (0.6-2.7 Ma).
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Floral Vascular Pattern in Some Scrophularia Species with Special Emphasis on Staminode and Nectariferous Disk
International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2015Co-Authors: Tomás Rodríguez-riaño, Josefa López, Francisco J. Valtueña, José Luis Pérez-bote, Carlos Mayo, Ana Ortega-olivenciaAbstract:Premise of research. Staminode function is very diverse, but in Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae), nothing is known about it. Some authors postulated that the Staminode was associated with nectar secretion in some Scrophularia species but without experimental verification. Besides, there is little information about flower vasculature of this genus and none about the free portion of the Staminode or the disk nectary, essential aspects to investigate, together with field experiments, if Staminode is associated with nectar secretion in this genus.Methodology. Flower, Staminode, and nectary vasculature were analyzed in the lab for three species with different Staminode sizes (S. scorodonia, S. lyrata, and S. canina). We studied cross sections and longitudinal sections of flowers using a rotary microtome and also fixed and submerged flowers in Herr’s liquid. For 2 yr in the field, nectar volume and concentration were measured three times per day in control flowers (with Staminode) and in flowers without staminod...
Gang Zeng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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floral structure and ontogeny of syndiclis lauraceae
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:Generic delimitation in the Beilschmiedia group of the Lauraceae remains ambiguous because flowering specimens of a few genera with confined distribution are poorly represented in herbaria, and a few floral characters important for taxonomy are still poorly known. Syndiclis is sporadically distributed in southwestern China, and is represented in the herbaria by only a few flowering specimens. We conducted field investigations to collect floral materials of four species and observed structures and ontogeny of the tiny flowers using both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the genus Syndiclis possesses flowers with huge variation in both merosity and organ number. Flowers of the genus are dimerous, trimerous, or tetramerous, or have mixed merosity with monomerous and dimerous, or dimerous and trimerous, or trimerous and tetramerous whorls. The number of Staminodes ranges from two to eight, depending on floral merosity, and on how many stamens of the third androecial whorl are reduced to Staminodes. The Staminodes of the fourth androecial whorl are comparable to the Staminodes in Potameia, but the Staminodes of the third androecial whorl of Syndiclis are relatively larger than the Staminodes in Potameia. They are erect or curved inwards, covering the ovary. The anthers are usually two-locular, but rarely one-locular or three-locular. Each stamen of the third androecial whorl bears two conspicuous and enlarged glands at the base. The lability of floral merosity and organ number of Syndiclis may have been caused by changes of pollination system and loss of special selective pressures that are present in most Lauraceous plants with fixed floral organ number. This study furthers our understanding of variation and evolution of a few important characters of the Beilschmiedia group and provides essential data for a revised generic classification of the group.
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Variation patterns of flowers in Syndiclis aff. marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, an irregular tetramerous flower bud, arrow highlighting a poorly developed tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), the stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) in the same orthostichy missing; B, a complex-whorled flower with trimerous plus dimerous whorls, arrow indicating a missing orthostichy including a tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2), and a Staminode of the fourth androecial whorl (S4); C, a regular tetramerous flower bud; D, a trimerous flower, showing fusion of two adjoining stamens from the third androecial whorl (S3) and the second androecial whorl (S2). Scale bars: A and B: bar = 100 μm; C and D: bar = 200 μm.Abbreviations. G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes; S4, the fourth androecial whorl including Staminodes.
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Variation of merosity in Syndiclis marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, a dimerous flower, arrow indicating a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) showing three locules; B, a complex-whorled flower with trimerous plus dimerous whorls, having five tepals and five fertile stamens, arrow pointing to a missing row of floral organs, leading to the loss of a tepal (P2), a stamen (S2), and a Staminode (S4); C, an irregular trimerous flower, arrow indicating a poorly developed tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), the adjacent stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) in the same series missing. Scale bars: A–C: bar = 500 μm. Abbreviations. C, carpel; G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes.
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Development of flowers of Syndiclis aff. marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, a cyme consisting of three flower buds, showing the triangular SAMs; B, three tepal primordia (P1) initiated at different rates; C, three inner tepal primordia (P2) initiated at different rates; D, three primordia of the first androecial whorl (S1) initiated; E, three primordia of the second androecial whorl (S2) initiated; F, three primordia of the third androecial whorl (S3) initiated; G, the carpel primordium initiated, arrow pointing to the staminodial primordium of the fourth androecial whorl (S4), a stamen of the third androecial whorl fused to a supernumerary stamen of the second androecial whorl; H–I, the lateral side of the carpel with concavity; J, the carpel flanks approximating one another, arrow indicating the ovular protuberance; K, fusion of the carpel flanks resulting in the enclosure of the ovule; L, a flower bearing seven tepals and seven fertile stamens, S2* and S3* representing two one-locular stamens, arrow marking the missing orthostichy leading to the loss of a tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2), and a Staminode of the fourth androecial whorl (S4). Scale bars: A–J: bar = 100 μm; K: bar = 300 μm; L = 1 mm. Abbreviations. C, carpel; G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S, a supernumerary staminal organ; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes; S4, the fourth androecial whorl including Staminodes.
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Comparison between Beilschmiedia turbinata Bing Liu et Y. Yang and B. yunnanensis Hu.
2013Co-Authors: Bing Liu, Yong Yang, Lei Xie, Gang ZengAbstract:A–E, B. turbinata Bing Liu & Y. Yang. A, leaf blade; B, the small type terminal bud bearing ferruginous-brown pubescence; C, leaf upper surface showing fine vein reticulation; D, flower (front part removed showing: a, the third whorl subsessile fertile stamen; b, the fourth whorl Staminode ); E, the large, ferruginous-furfuraceous turbinate fruits. F–J, B. yunnanensis Hu. F, leaf blade; G, the small type terminal bud bearing brownish pubescence; H, leaf upper surface showing fine vein reticulation; I, flower (front part removed showing: c, the third whorl stalked and glandular fertile stamen; d, the sagittate gland at the base of the third whorl stamen; e, the fourth whorl Staminode); J, the smaller ellipsoid fruits.
Bing Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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floral structure and ontogeny of syndiclis lauraceae
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:Generic delimitation in the Beilschmiedia group of the Lauraceae remains ambiguous because flowering specimens of a few genera with confined distribution are poorly represented in herbaria, and a few floral characters important for taxonomy are still poorly known. Syndiclis is sporadically distributed in southwestern China, and is represented in the herbaria by only a few flowering specimens. We conducted field investigations to collect floral materials of four species and observed structures and ontogeny of the tiny flowers using both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the genus Syndiclis possesses flowers with huge variation in both merosity and organ number. Flowers of the genus are dimerous, trimerous, or tetramerous, or have mixed merosity with monomerous and dimerous, or dimerous and trimerous, or trimerous and tetramerous whorls. The number of Staminodes ranges from two to eight, depending on floral merosity, and on how many stamens of the third androecial whorl are reduced to Staminodes. The Staminodes of the fourth androecial whorl are comparable to the Staminodes in Potameia, but the Staminodes of the third androecial whorl of Syndiclis are relatively larger than the Staminodes in Potameia. They are erect or curved inwards, covering the ovary. The anthers are usually two-locular, but rarely one-locular or three-locular. Each stamen of the third androecial whorl bears two conspicuous and enlarged glands at the base. The lability of floral merosity and organ number of Syndiclis may have been caused by changes of pollination system and loss of special selective pressures that are present in most Lauraceous plants with fixed floral organ number. This study furthers our understanding of variation and evolution of a few important characters of the Beilschmiedia group and provides essential data for a revised generic classification of the group.
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Variation patterns of flowers in Syndiclis aff. marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, an irregular tetramerous flower bud, arrow highlighting a poorly developed tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), the stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) in the same orthostichy missing; B, a complex-whorled flower with trimerous plus dimerous whorls, arrow indicating a missing orthostichy including a tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2), and a Staminode of the fourth androecial whorl (S4); C, a regular tetramerous flower bud; D, a trimerous flower, showing fusion of two adjoining stamens from the third androecial whorl (S3) and the second androecial whorl (S2). Scale bars: A and B: bar = 100 μm; C and D: bar = 200 μm.Abbreviations. G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes; S4, the fourth androecial whorl including Staminodes.
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Variation of merosity in Syndiclis marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, a dimerous flower, arrow indicating a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) showing three locules; B, a complex-whorled flower with trimerous plus dimerous whorls, having five tepals and five fertile stamens, arrow pointing to a missing row of floral organs, leading to the loss of a tepal (P2), a stamen (S2), and a Staminode (S4); C, an irregular trimerous flower, arrow indicating a poorly developed tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), the adjacent stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2) in the same series missing. Scale bars: A–C: bar = 500 μm. Abbreviations. C, carpel; G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes.
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Development of flowers of Syndiclis aff. marlipoensis.
2017Co-Authors: Gang Zeng, Bing Liu, David K. Ferguson, Jens G. Rohwer, Yong YangAbstract:A, a cyme consisting of three flower buds, showing the triangular SAMs; B, three tepal primordia (P1) initiated at different rates; C, three inner tepal primordia (P2) initiated at different rates; D, three primordia of the first androecial whorl (S1) initiated; E, three primordia of the second androecial whorl (S2) initiated; F, three primordia of the third androecial whorl (S3) initiated; G, the carpel primordium initiated, arrow pointing to the staminodial primordium of the fourth androecial whorl (S4), a stamen of the third androecial whorl fused to a supernumerary stamen of the second androecial whorl; H–I, the lateral side of the carpel with concavity; J, the carpel flanks approximating one another, arrow indicating the ovular protuberance; K, fusion of the carpel flanks resulting in the enclosure of the ovule; L, a flower bearing seven tepals and seven fertile stamens, S2* and S3* representing two one-locular stamens, arrow marking the missing orthostichy leading to the loss of a tepal of the inner tepal whorl (P2), a stamen of the second androecial whorl (S2), and a Staminode of the fourth androecial whorl (S4). Scale bars: A–J: bar = 100 μm; K: bar = 300 μm; L = 1 mm. Abbreviations. C, carpel; G, gland; P1, the outer whorl of tepals; P2, the inner whorl of tepals; S, a supernumerary staminal organ; S1, the first/outermost whorl of stamens; S2, the second whorl of stamens; S3, the third androecial whorl including either fertile stamens or Staminodes; S4, the fourth androecial whorl including Staminodes.
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Comparison between Beilschmiedia turbinata Bing Liu et Y. Yang and B. yunnanensis Hu.
2013Co-Authors: Bing Liu, Yong Yang, Lei Xie, Gang ZengAbstract:A–E, B. turbinata Bing Liu & Y. Yang. A, leaf blade; B, the small type terminal bud bearing ferruginous-brown pubescence; C, leaf upper surface showing fine vein reticulation; D, flower (front part removed showing: a, the third whorl subsessile fertile stamen; b, the fourth whorl Staminode ); E, the large, ferruginous-furfuraceous turbinate fruits. F–J, B. yunnanensis Hu. F, leaf blade; G, the small type terminal bud bearing brownish pubescence; H, leaf upper surface showing fine vein reticulation; I, flower (front part removed showing: c, the third whorl stalked and glandular fertile stamen; d, the sagittate gland at the base of the third whorl stamen; e, the fourth whorl Staminode); J, the smaller ellipsoid fruits.
