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Joseph D. Shorthouse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • development of Stem Galls induced by diplolepis triforma hymenoptera cynipidae on rosa acicularis rosaceae
    Canadian Entomologist, 2006
    Co-Authors: Jonathan J Leggo, Joseph D. Shorthouse
    Abstract:

    Le cynips Diplolepis triforma Shorthouse et Ritchie provoque la formation de galles fusiformes a logettes multiples a partir des bourgeons foliaires sur les tiges de Rosa acicularis Lindl. dans le centre et l'ouest du Canada. Nous avons fixe et sectionne a l'aide de techniques histologiques botaniques des galles a tous les stades de leur developpement afin d'illustrer, pour la premiere fois, les capacites exceptionnelles des cynips cecidogenes pour modifier leur hote, ce qui les distingue des autres insectes phytophages. Les etapes importantes de la cecidogenese, par lesquelles D. triforma prend le controle des tissus de l'hote attaque et en devie le developpement pour procurer le gite et la nourriture a ses larves, inclut la proliferation de cellules parenchymateuses a cytoplasme dense au milieu des bandes de procambium au point de contact de l'oeuf, l'apparition de cellules nourricieres au moment ou les larves commencent a s'alimenter, l'elaboration de nouveaux tissus de xyleme et phloeme s'etendant des faisceaux vasculaires non affectes vers les logettes des larves, la formation de plusieurs couches de cellules nourricieres durant la periode d'alimentation des larves et l'apparition de cellules sclerenchymateuses autour de chaque logette larvaire. Nous expliquons le role de ces tissus dans les biologie des insectes cecidogenes.

  • comparison of the development of Stem Galls induced by aulacidea hieracii hymenoptera cynipidae on hawkweed and by diplolepis spinosa hymenoptera cynipidae on rose
    Botany, 2006
    Co-Authors: Monica Slivam D D Sliva, Joseph D. Shorthouse
    Abstract:

    Plant Galls induced by two distantly related species of cynipid wasps, Aulacidea hieracii Bouche, which belongs to a basal lineage and induces Galls on Hieracium umbellatum L., and Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead), which belongs to a derived group and induces Galls on Rosa blanda Ait. and Rosa rugosa Thunb., were compared. As gall characters are determined by the wasp rather than the host plant, we hypothesized that information on gall development would contribute to our understanding of the evolution of the cynipid complex. Galls induced by both species are spherical and multichambered and arise on Stems. All stages of gall development were examined including host plant response to oviposition and the eggs, gall induction, reaction of the plant to larval feeding, and the formation of nutritive cells, vascular tissues, and sclerenchyma within the gall during growth and maturation. Galls of A. hieracii develop in a manner similar to Galls inhabited by inquiline cynipids, a basal lineage to which they are close...

  • allocation patterns of organic nitrogen and mineral nutrients within Stem Galls of diplolepis spinosa and diplolepis triforma hymenoptera cynipidae on wild roses rosaceae
    Canadian Entomologist, 2000
    Co-Authors: Mark G St John, Joseph D. Shorthouse
    Abstract:

    Nous avons compare les concentrations d'azote (N) organique et des mineraux Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P et S dans les tissus des galles de Diplolepis spinosa (Ashmead) et de Diplolepis triforma Shorthouse et Ritchie durant les phases de croissance et de maturation, avec celles de tissus d'eglantiers sains et de tissus situes au-dela des galles, dans le but de mieux comprendre les relations entre ces cynips gallicoles et leurs hotes respectifs, les eglantiers Rosa blanda Aiton et Rosa acicularis Lindsey. Les concentrations de N et de la plupart des mineraux etaient plus faibles dans les galles que dans le tissus sains ou les tissus en position distale par rapport aux galles, ce qui semble indiquer que ces cynips sont capables de controler, mais non de concentrer les elements nutritifs dans leurs galles, Les concentrations de nutriments mineraux chez les larves des deux especes de guepes gallicoles et chez leurs parasitoides ont ete determinees dans les galles en phase de maturation. Les quantites absolues de la plupart des mineraux dans les tissus des galles etaient en correlation positive avec le nombre d'insectes habitant la galle, ce qui indique que le transport des nutriments vers les galles est du a l'action individuelle des guepes gallicoles. Les concentrations de nutriments dans les larves a maturite des parasitoides etaient les memes que celles trouvees dans les larves a maturite des guepes gallicoles, ce qui explique pourquoi le parasitisme des guepes gallicoles n'a pas d'influence sur les concentrations ou sur les quantites de nutriments dans les galles. Les galles de D. triforma contenaient de plus grandes concentrations de N et de la plupart des mineraux que les galles de D. spinosa. De meme, les larves de D. trifoma et les parasitoides qui s'en nourrissent avaient de plus grandes concentrations de N et de mineraux que les larves de D. spinosa et leurs parasitoides, Les galles des deux especes avaient des concentrations de nutriments differentes de celles des tissus sains ou de tissus situes au-dela des galles. Les galles des deux especes ont subi des diminutions saisonnieres de leurs concentrations de nutriments. Les parasitoides de chacune des especes de guepe gallicole avaient generalement une composition minerale semblable a celle de leur hote.

  • developmental morphology of Stem Galls of diplolepis nodulosa hymenoptera cynipidae and those modified by the inquiline periclistus pirata hymenoptera cynipidae on rosa blanda rosaceae
    Botany, 1998
    Co-Authors: Scott E Brooks, Joseph D. Shorthouse
    Abstract:

    Diplolepis nodulosa (Beutenmuller) induces small, single-chambered, prosoplasmic Galls in Stems of Rosa blanda Ait. Gall initiation begins when adult females deposit a single egg into the procambium of R. blanda buds. Pith cells at the distal pole of the egg lyse forming a chamber into which the hatching larva enters. Cells lining the chamber differentiate into nutritive cells, which serve as the larval food. Gall growth is characterized by the proliferation of parenchymatous nutritive cells causing gall enlargement. A separate gall vasculature does not form, but instead, gall tissues are irrigated by the existing Stem vasculature. Maturation begins when gall tissues cease proliferating and differentiate into distinct layers concentrically arranged around the larval chamber. The innermost layer is composed of cytoplasmically dense nutritive tissue, followed by parenchymatous nutritive tissue, sclerenchyma, cortex, and epidermis. Parenchymatous nutritive tissue differentiates into nutritive tissue and is c...

Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Spatiotemporal variation in phenolic levels in Galls of calophyids on Schinus polygama (Anacardiaceae)
    Journal of Plant Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Lubia M. Guedes, Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias, Narciso Aguilera, José Becerra, Bruno G. Ferreira, Sebastián Riquelme, Katia Sáez-carrillo, Claudia Pérez, Evelyn Bustos
    Abstract:

    The expression of plant secondary metabolism is strongly controlled by plant both in time and space. Although the variation of secondary metabolites, such as soluble and structural phenolics (e.g., lignins), has been largely observed in gall-inducing insects, and compared to their non-galled host organs, only a few datasets recording such variation are available. Accordingly, the relative importance of spatiotemporal variability in phenolic contents, and the influence of gall developmental stages on the original composition of host organs are poorly discussed. To address this knowledge gap, we histochemically determined the sites of polyphenol and lignin accumulation, and the polyphenol contents in three developmental stages of two calophyid Galls and their correspondent host organs. Current results indicate that the compartmentalization of phenolics and lignins on Schinus polygama (Cav.) Cabrera follows a similar pattern in the two-calophyid Galls, accumulating in the outer (the external tissue layers) and in the inner tissue compartments (the cell layers in contact with the gall chamber). The non-accumulation in the median compartment (median parenchyma layers of gall wall with vascular bundles, where gall inducer feeds) is important for the inducer, because its mouth apparatus enter in contact with the cells of this compartment. Also, the concentration of phenolics has opposite dynamics, decreasing in leaf Galls and increasing in Stem Galls, in temporal scale, i.e., from maturation toward senescence. The concentration of phenolics in non-galled host organs, and in both Galls indicated the extended phenotype of Calophya rubra (Blanchard) and C. mammifex Burckhardt & Basset (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Calophyidae) over the same host plant metabolic potentiality.

  • Leaf and Stem Galls of Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabr (Anacardiaceae): Anatomical and chemical implications
    Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Lubia M. Guedes, Narciso Aguilera, José Becerra, Víctor Hernández, Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias
    Abstract:

    Abstract Galling insects commonly induce anatomical and metabolic changes in their host plant tissues, which is true for Schinus polygamus (Cav.) Cabr. (Anacardiaceae) in Chile. Currently, anatomical and chemical changes induced by galling insects in Stems and leaves of S. polygamus were analyzed. Methanolic extracts of non-galled and galled tissues were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Differences in the secondary metabolite profiles, and their relation with plant responses to gall development were evidenced. Transverse sections of non-galled host organs and Galls were done, and observed under light and scanning electron microscopies. One Stem gall (conical) and one leaf gall (globoid) morphotypes were identified. The globoid and conical Galls have dense trichomes, large nymphal chambers, and develop mainly by tissue hyperplasia. The chemical profiles of Stems, leaves and Galls are distinct, except for the concomitant detection of pyrogallol in Galls. The highest abundance of terpenes and phenols in gall tissues were identified, and two triterpenes were firstly reported for the non-galled tissues of S. polygamus. Host plant tissues are highly responsive to the Psyllidae stimuli toward the over development of a phenolic-rich parenchyma, which ends up favouring the Callophya sp. establishment and gall development.

  • Phenotypic plasticity and similarity among gall morphotypes on a superhost, Baccharis reticularia (Asteraceae).
    Plant biology (Stuttgart Germany), 2014
    Co-Authors: Anete Teixeira Formiga, Geraldo Wilson Fernandes, Fernando A. O. Silveira, Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias
    Abstract:

    Understanding factors that modulate plant development is still a challenging task in plant biology. Although research has highlighted the role of abiotic and biotic factors in determining final plant structure, we know little of how these factors combine to produce specific developmental patterns. Here, we studied patterns of cell and tissue organisation in galled and non-galled organs of Baccharis reticularia, a Neotropical shrub that hosts over ten species of galling insects. We employed qualitative and quantitative approaches to understand patterns of growth and differentiation in its four most abundant gall morphotypes. We compared two leaf Galls induced by sap-sucking Hemiptera and Stem Galls induced by a Lepidopteran and a Dipteran, Cecidomyiidae. The hypotheses tested were: (i) the more complex the Galls, the more distinct they are from their non-galled host; (ii) Galls induced on less plastic host organs, e.g. Stems, develop under more morphogenetic constraints and, therefore, should be more similar among themselves than Galls induced on more plastic organs. We also evaluated the plant sex preference of gall-inducing insects for oviposition. Simple Galls were qualitative and quantitatively more similar to non-galled organs than complex Galls, thereby supporting the first hypothesis. Unexpectedly, Stem Galls had more similarities between them than to their host organ, hence only partially supporting the second hypothesis. Similarity among Stem Galls may be caused by the restrictive pattern of host Stems. The opposite trend was observed for host leaves, which generate either similar or distinct gall morphotypes due to their higher phenotypic plasticity. The Relative Distance of Plasticity Index for non-galled Stems and Stem Galls ranged from 0.02 to 0.42. Our results strongly suggest that both tissue plasticity and gall inducer identity interact to determine plant developmental patterns, and therefore, final gall structure.

  • a unique seasonal cycle in a leaf gall inducing insect the formation of Stem Galls for dormancy
    Journal of Natural History, 2009
    Co-Authors: Samuel J M R Goncalves, Gilson R P Moreira, Rosy Mary Dos Santos Isaias
    Abstract:

    The mechanisms by which gall‐inducing insects cope with variation in their host plant phenology are poorly known. Pseudotectococcus rolliniae Hodgson and Goncalves (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) induces leaf Galls in Rollinia laurifolia Schltdl. (Annonaceae), which loses its leaves during the dry season. The fate of the gall‐inducing stage during that season was determined by sampling a natural population of P. rolliniae during 3 years. Morphometric comparison among different larval instars and morphological descriptions of plant and gall features were performed. Crawlers leave the Galls before leaf fall and move to the Stems, where they induce a second gall morphotype and undergo dormancy throughout the dry season. They moult when the vernal rains begin, move to sprouting leaves and induce leaf Galls, as second‐instar nymphs, not as crawlers as is usual for Eriococcidae. This is the first report of an insect gall induced for dormancy, which is likely to be a true diapause phenomenon.

Dhileepan Kunjithapatham - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Biological control of prickly acacia (Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica): New gall-inducing agents from Africa
    2019
    Co-Authors: Dhileepan Kunjithapatham, Shi Boyang, Callander Jason, Taylor Dianne, Teshome Mindaye, Neser Stefan, Diagne Nathalie, King Anthony
    Abstract:

    Biological control is the most economically viable management option for prickly acacia (Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica), a serious weed of grazing areas in western Queensland, Australia. Biological control efforts so far have focused on agents from Pakistan, Kenya, South Africa and India, with limited success to date. Hence, the search for new agents, focusing on gall-inducers, was redirected to Ethiopia and Senegal, based on plant genotype and climate matching. Surveys were conducted on V. nilotica subspecies with moniliform fruits including the invasive subspecies indica. Prospective biological control agents have been identified based on damage potential, field host range and climate match. A gall thrips (Acaciothrips ebneri [Karny]) inducing shoot-tip rosette Galls, a gall mite (Aceria sp. 3) deforming leaflets, rachides and shoot-tips in Ethiopia and Senegal and a tephritid fly (Notomma mutilum [Bezzi]) inducing Stem-Galls in Senegal have been prioritized for further studies. The gall thrips from Ethiopia has been imported into quarantine in Brisbane, Australia and host specificity tests are in progress. The eriophyid gall mite from Ethiopia has been imported into quarantine in Pretoria, South Africa and host specificity tests are also in progress there. Results to date suggest that both agents are highly host specific at the subspecies level of the target weed. Future research will focus on the host specificity testing of the tephritid gall fly from Senegal which has been imported in quarantine in Brisbane, Australia

  • Biological control of prickly acacia (Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica) in Australia: prospective agents from Ethiopia and Senegal
    Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society, 2017
    Co-Authors: Dhileepan Kunjithapatham, Shi Boyang, Callander Jason, Teshome Mindaye, Neser Stefan, Diagne Nathalie, King, Anthony M.
    Abstract:

    Prickly acacia (Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica) is a serious weed of grazing areas in western Queensland and has the potential to spread throughout northern Australia. Biological control is the most economically viable management option for prickly acacia. Biological control efforts so far have focused on agents from Pakistan, Kenya, South Africa and India, with limited success to date. Hence, search for new biological control agents was redirected to Ethiopia and Senegal with V. nilotica subspecies with moniliform fruits, similar to subsp. indica. Surveys conducted in Ethiopia (July 2014, December 2015 and November 2016) and in Senegal (March 2017) identified natural populations of V. nilotica in the Oromia, Amhara and Afar regions in Ethiopia (subsp. indica, subsp. tomentosa and subsp. leiocarpa), and in the Kaolack and in the Senegal River Valley regions in Senegal (subsp. tomentosa and subsp. adstringens). In Ethiopia, a gall thrips (Acaciothrips ebneri) inducing shoot-tip rosette Galls, a gall midge (Lopesia niloticae) inducing leaf rachis Galls, and three morphologically distinct eriophyid gall mites (Aceria sp.): type-1 forming red, spherical leaflet Galls; type-2 forming creamy-white fluted leaflet Galls; and type-3 deforming leaflets, rachides and shoot-tips were prioritised as prospective biological control agents. In Senegal, in addition to the gall thrips, a morphologically different eriophyid gall mite (Aceria sp.) (type-4 deforming emerging leaflets and rachides) and a yet to be identified tephritid inducing Stem Galls were identified as prospective biological control agents. Based on damage potential, field host range, geographic range and climate match, the gall thrips from Ethiopia was imported into high-security quarantine in Brisbane, Australia and host specificity tests are in progress. The type-3 eriophyid gall mite from Ethiopia has been imported into quarantine in Pretoria, South Africa for colony establishment and host specificity testing. Future native range surveys will focus on subsp. nilotica with moniliform fruits in climatically suitable areas in Egypt

David Adamski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Rodrigo M. Feitosa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Ant fauna associated with Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota (Polypodiaceae) fern Galls
    Elsevier, 2019
    Co-Authors: Marcelo Guerra Santos, Gabriela Fraga Porto, Isabella Rodrigues Lancellotti, Rodrigo M. Feitosa
    Abstract:

    Galls are neoformed plant structures created by cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy induced by a number of organisms, especially insects. After adult insects hatch, senescent Galls may remain on the host plant and be occupied by a succession of fauna, the most important and dominant being ants. This study aimed at characterizing the ant fauna successor of Stem Galls induced by microlepidoptera in Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota (Polypodiaceae). Four collections were carried out in the municipality of Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The Galls were packed in plastic bags and taken to the laboratory. Ants were euthanized and conserved in 70° GL alcohol and later identified. A total of 49 Stem Galls were collected and analyzed, 15 containing microlepidoptera galler larvae, one a parasitoid wasp and 33 without the microlepidoptera or parasitoid (67%). Twelve of these Galls (39%) contained ants. Six ant species were recorded (Camponotus crassus, Crematogaster curvispinosa, Crematogaster sericea, Procryptocerus sampaioi, Tapinoma atriceps, and Wasmannia auropunctata), all native to Brazil. Ant occupation in M. squamulosa seems to be associated with senescent Galls due to hatching of the galler insect, which leaves a hole that allows ants to colonize it, in other words, an opportunistic domatia. Senescent Galls resulting from the death of galler insects do not seem to facilitate ant occupation. Keywords: EcosyStem engineers, Fern–insect interactions, Myrmecophily, Pteridophyte

  • Ant fauna associated with Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota (Polypodiaceae) fern Galls
    Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 2019
    Co-Authors: Marcelo Guerra Santos, Gabriela Fraga Porto, Isabella Rodrigues Lancellotti, Rodrigo M. Feitosa
    Abstract:

    Abstract Galls are neoformed plant structures created by cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy induced by a number of organisms, especially insects. After adult insects hatch, senescent Galls may remain on the host plant and be occupied by a succession of fauna, the most important and dominant being ants. This study aimed at characterizing the ant fauna successor of Stem Galls induced by microlepidoptera in Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota (Polypodiaceae). Four collections were carried out in the municipality of Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The Galls were packed in plastic bags and taken to the laboratory. Ants were euthanized and conserved in 70° GL alcohol and later identified. A total of 49 Stem Galls were collected and analyzed, 15 containing microlepidoptera galler larvae, one a parasitoid wasp and 33 without the microlepidoptera or parasitoid (67%). Twelve of these Galls (39%) contained ants. Six ant species were recorded (Camponotus crassus, Crematogaster curvispinosa, Crematogaster sericea, Procryptocerus sampaioi, Tapinoma atriceps, and Wasmannia auropunctata), all native to Brazil. Ant occupation in M. squamulosa seems to be associated with senescent Galls due to hatching of the galler insect, which leaves a hole that allows ants to colonize it, in other words, an opportunistic domatia. Senescent Galls resulting from the death of galler insects do not seem to facilitate ant occupation.

  • the role of senescent Stem Galls over arboreal ant communities structure in eremanthus erythropappus dc macleish asteraceae trees
    Sociobiology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Leonardo Rodrigues Dos Santos, Rodrigo M. Feitosa, Marco Antonio Alves Carneiro
    Abstract:

    The extensive occupation of canopy trees by ants can be attributed to many factors, such as the presence of structures that provide food and shelter. Structures induced by other insects in host plants, like senescent Galls, can provide shelter and a nesting place for many species of ants. The main objectives of this work were: (1) to describe the ant communities found in canopies of candeia trees (Eremanthus erythropappus), including the species which use Galls as nesting sites; (2) verify the role of Galls in determining the structure and composition of the ant communities and (3) to evaluate whether the size and shape of Galls are important to the choice of nesting sites by ants. Specifically, the following questions were investigated: 1 – Are larger Galls more frequently occupied by ants than smaller Galls? 2 – Does gall shape (globular and fusiform) influence occupation? 3 – Which species of ants are present in the canopies of candeias and which are occupying Galls? Senescent Galls were collected in locations in the southern portion of the Espinhaco Mountain Range, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. In total, 3,195 Galls were collected and 19 ant species were recorded. Only 176 Galls (5.5%) had been occupied by ants, and these were represented by 11 species. The most frequent species found occupying Galls were Myrmelachista nodigera, with 48 colonies; Nesomyrmex spininodis, with 37 colonies; and Crematogaster complex crinosa sp. 1, with 29 colonies. The ants occupied Galls with greater volume and diameter. Even considering the low occupation frequency, senescent Galls in E. erythropappus are used by ants, either as outstations or satellite nests of polydomic colonies, and may be important in determining ant species composition in canopy trees.