The Experts below are selected from a list of 309 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sander Nieuwenhuis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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speed and lateral inhibition of Stimulus Processing contribute to individual differences in stroop task performance
Frontiers in Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Marnix Naber, Anneke Vedder, Stephen B R E Brown, Sander NieuwenhuisAbstract:The Stroop task is a popular neuropsychological test that measures executive control. Strong Stroop interference is commonly interpreted in neuropsychology as a diagnostic marker of an impairment in executive control, possibly reflecting executive dysfunction. However, popular models of the Stroop task indicate that several other aspects of colour and word Processing may also account for individual differences in the Stroop task, independent of executive control. Here we use new approaches to investigate the degree to which individual differences in Stroop interference correlate with the relative Processing speed of word and colour stimuli, and the lateral inhibition between visual stimuli. We conducted an electrophysiological and behavioural experiment to measure (1) how quickly an individual’s brain processes words and colours presented in isolation (P3 latency), and (2) the strength of an individual’s lateral inhibition between visual representations with a visual illusion. Both measures explained at least 40% of the variance in Stroop interference across individuals. As these measures were obtained in contexts not requiring any executive control, we conclude that the Stroop effect also measures an individual’s pre-set way of Processing visual features such as words and colours. This study highlights the important contributions of Stimulus Processing speed and lateral inhibition to individual differences in Stroop interference, and challenges the general view that the Stroop task primarily assesses executive control.
Alfons O Hamm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the facilitated Processing of threatening faces an erp analysis
Emotion, 2004Co-Authors: Harald T Schupp, Markus Junghöfer, Jessica Stockburger, Arne Ohman, Almut I Weike, Alfons O HammAbstract:Threatening, friendly, and neutral faces were presented to test the hypothesis of the facilitated perceptual Processing of threatening faces. Dense sensor event-related brain potentials were measured while subjects viewed facial stimuli. Subjects had no explicit task for emotional categorization of the faces. Assessing early perceptual Stimulus Processing, threatening faces elicited an early posterior negativity compared with nonthreatening neutral or friendly expressions. Moreover, at later stages of Stimulus Processing, facial threat also elicited augmented late positive potentials relative to the other facial expressions, indicating the more elaborate perceptual analysis of these stimuli. Taken together, these data demonstrate the facilitated perceptual Processing of threatening faces. Results are discussed within
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The facilitated Processing of threatening faces: An ERP analysis
Emotion, 2004Co-Authors: Harald T Schupp, Markus Junghöfer, Jessica Stockburger, Arne Ohman, Almut I Weike, Alfons O HammAbstract:Threatening, friendly, and neutral faces were presented to test the hypothesis of the facilitated perceptual Processing of threatening faces. Dense sensor event-related brain potentials were measured while subjects viewed facial stimuli. Subjects had no explicit task for emotional categorization of the faces. Assessing early perceptual Stimulus Processing, threatening faces elicited an early posterior negativity compared with nonthreatening neutral or friendly expressions. Moreover, at later stages of Stimulus Processing, facial threat also elicited augmented late positive potentials relative to the other facial expressions, indicating the more elaborate perceptual analysis of these stimuli. Taken together, these data demonstrate the facilitated perceptual Processing of threatening faces. Results are discussed within the context of an evolved module of fear (A. Ohman & S. Mineka, 2001).
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attention and emotion an erp analysis of facilitated emotional Stimulus Processing
Neuroreport, 2003Co-Authors: Harald T Schupp, Markus Junghöfer, Almut I Weike, Alfons O HammAbstract:: Recent event-related potential studies observed an early posterior negativity (EPN) reflecting facilitated Processing of emotional images. The present study explored if the facilitated Processing of emotional pictures is sustained while subjects perform an explicit non-emotional attention task. EEG was recorded from 129 channels while subjects viewed a rapid continuous stream of images containing emotional pictures as well as task-related checkerboard images. As expected, explicit selective attention to target images elicited large P3 waves. Interestingly, emotional stimuli guided Stimulus-driven selective encoding as reflected by augmented EPN amplitudes to emotional stimuli, in particular to stimuli of evolutionary significance (erotic contents, mutilations, and threat). These data demonstrate the selective encoding of emotional stimuli while top-down attentional control was directed towards non-emotional target stimuli.
Harald T Schupp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Implicit and Explicit Attention to Pictures and Words: An fMRI-Study of Concurrent Emotional Stimulus Processing
Frontiers in Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Tobias Flaisch, Martin A. Imhof, Ralf Schmälzle, Klaus Ulrich Wentz, Bernd Ibach, Harald T SchuppAbstract:The present study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural Processing of concurrently presented emotional stimuli under varying explicit and implicit attention demands. Specifically, in separate trials, participants indicated the category of either pictures or words. The words were placed over the center of the pictures and the picture-word compound-stimuli were presented for 1500 ms in a rapid event-related design. The results reveal pronounced main effects of task and emotion: the picture categorization task prompted strong activations in visual, parietal, temporal, frontal, and subcortical regions; the word categorization task evoked increased activation only in left extrastriate cortex. Furthermore, beyond replicating key findings regarding emotional picture and word Processing, the results point to a dissociation of semantic-affective and sensory-perceptual processes for words: while emotional words engaged semantic-affective networks of the left hemisphere regardless of task, the increased activity in left extrastriate cortex associated with explicitly attending to words was diminished when the word was overlaid over an erotic image. Finally, we observed a significant interaction between Picture Category and Task within dorsal visual-associative regions, inferior parietal, and dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortices: during the word categorization task, activation was increased in these regions when the words were overlaid over erotic as compared to romantic pictures. During the picture categorization task, activity in these areas was relatively decreased when categorizing erotic as compared to romantic pictures. Thus, the emotional intensity of the pictures strongly affected brain regions devoted to the control of task-related word or picture Processing. These findings are discussed with respect to the interplay of obligatory Stimulus Processing with task-related attentional control mechanisms.
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the facilitated Processing of threatening faces an erp analysis
Emotion, 2004Co-Authors: Harald T Schupp, Markus Junghöfer, Jessica Stockburger, Arne Ohman, Almut I Weike, Alfons O HammAbstract:Threatening, friendly, and neutral faces were presented to test the hypothesis of the facilitated perceptual Processing of threatening faces. Dense sensor event-related brain potentials were measured while subjects viewed facial stimuli. Subjects had no explicit task for emotional categorization of the faces. Assessing early perceptual Stimulus Processing, threatening faces elicited an early posterior negativity compared with nonthreatening neutral or friendly expressions. Moreover, at later stages of Stimulus Processing, facial threat also elicited augmented late positive potentials relative to the other facial expressions, indicating the more elaborate perceptual analysis of these stimuli. Taken together, these data demonstrate the facilitated perceptual Processing of threatening faces. Results are discussed within
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The facilitated Processing of threatening faces: An ERP analysis
Emotion, 2004Co-Authors: Harald T Schupp, Markus Junghöfer, Jessica Stockburger, Arne Ohman, Almut I Weike, Alfons O HammAbstract:Threatening, friendly, and neutral faces were presented to test the hypothesis of the facilitated perceptual Processing of threatening faces. Dense sensor event-related brain potentials were measured while subjects viewed facial stimuli. Subjects had no explicit task for emotional categorization of the faces. Assessing early perceptual Stimulus Processing, threatening faces elicited an early posterior negativity compared with nonthreatening neutral or friendly expressions. Moreover, at later stages of Stimulus Processing, facial threat also elicited augmented late positive potentials relative to the other facial expressions, indicating the more elaborate perceptual analysis of these stimuli. Taken together, these data demonstrate the facilitated perceptual Processing of threatening faces. Results are discussed within the context of an evolved module of fear (A. Ohman & S. Mineka, 2001).
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attention and emotion an erp analysis of facilitated emotional Stimulus Processing
Neuroreport, 2003Co-Authors: Harald T Schupp, Markus Junghöfer, Almut I Weike, Alfons O HammAbstract:: Recent event-related potential studies observed an early posterior negativity (EPN) reflecting facilitated Processing of emotional images. The present study explored if the facilitated Processing of emotional pictures is sustained while subjects perform an explicit non-emotional attention task. EEG was recorded from 129 channels while subjects viewed a rapid continuous stream of images containing emotional pictures as well as task-related checkerboard images. As expected, explicit selective attention to target images elicited large P3 waves. Interestingly, emotional stimuli guided Stimulus-driven selective encoding as reflected by augmented EPN amplitudes to emotional stimuli, in particular to stimuli of evolutionary significance (erotic contents, mutilations, and threat). These data demonstrate the selective encoding of emotional stimuli while top-down attentional control was directed towards non-emotional target stimuli.
Catherine Lord - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stimulus Processing and error monitoring in more able kindergarteners with autism spectrum disorder a short review and a preliminary event related potentials study
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2018Co-Authors: Jennie K Grammer, Nurit Benrey, Frederick J Morrison, Catherine LordAbstract:Deficits in executive functions (EF) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been identified. However, there is limited evidence about patterns of deficits in EF-related skills, especially at the neurobiological level, in young children with ASD and little is known about how these skills are related to other domains of functioning and symptom severity. In this study, we provide a focused review of EF-related Event-Related Potentials (ERP) studies in children with ASD, accompanied by preliminary data for neurophysiological correlates of EF on a child-friendly Go/No-go task. We focus our preliminary investigation on ERPs associated with Stimulus Processing (N2, P3) and error monitoring (error/correct-related negativity [ERN, CRN], error positivity [Pe]) in 5-year-old kindergarteners with ASD and typical controls matched on age, gender, and task accuracy. Children with ASD showed significantly greater amplitudes of ERN/CRN compared to matched controls, suggesting heightened response monitoring. The ASD group also showed less distinct inhibitory P3 compared to the TD group, potentially suggesting atypical Stimulus Processing. In children with ASD, higher autism symptom severity was correlated with larger P3. Better behavioral performance on an EF-related task was correlated with smaller CRN. Our study is the first investigation to demonstrate the presence of N2, P3, ERN/CRN and Pe in kindergartners with ASD. The potential links between ERP patterns and behavioral and clinical features in more-able children with ASD highlight the need for further exploration into the functional mechanisms of these atypical neural activities and for more focused behavioral interventions targeting cognitive control and response monitoring. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Stimulus Processing and error monitoring in more‐able kindergarteners with autism spectrum disorder: a short review and a preliminary Event‐Related Potentials study
European Journal of Neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Jennie K Grammer, Nurit Benrey, Frederick J Morrison, Catherine LordAbstract:Deficits in executive functions (EF) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been identified. However, there is limited evidence about patterns of deficits in EF-related skills, especially at the neurobiological level, in young children with ASD and little is known about how these skills are related to other domains of functioning and symptom severity. In this study, we provide a focused review of EF-related Event-Related Potentials (ERP) studies in children with ASD, accompanied by preliminary data for neurophysiological correlates of EF on a child-friendly Go/No-go task. We focus our preliminary investigation on ERPs associated with Stimulus Processing (N2, P3) and error monitoring (error/correct-related negativity [ERN, CRN], error positivity [Pe]) in 5-year-old kindergarteners with ASD and typical controls matched on age, gender, and task accuracy. Children with ASD showed significantly greater amplitudes of ERN/CRN compared to matched controls, suggesting heightened response monitoring. The ASD group also showed less distinct inhibitory P3 compared to the TD group, potentially suggesting atypical Stimulus Processing. In children with ASD, higher autism symptom severity was correlated with larger P3. Better behavioral performance on an EF-related task was correlated with smaller CRN. Our study is the first investigation to demonstrate the presence of N2, P3, ERN/CRN and Pe in kindergartners with ASD. The potential links between ERP patterns and behavioral and clinical features in more-able children with ASD highlight the need for further exploration into the functional mechanisms of these atypical neural activities and for more focused behavioral interventions targeting cognitive control and response monitoring. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Jan De Houwer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the automaticity of relational Stimulus Processing: The (extrinsic) relational Simon task.
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Adriaan Spruyt, Jan De HouwerAbstract:: We introduce the (extrinsic) relational Simon task as a tool for capturing automatic relational Stimulus Processing. In three experiments, participants responded to a perceptual relation between two stimuli. Results showed that participants were faster and more accurate to respond when the (task-irrelevant) conceptual relation between these stimuli was compatible (rather than incompatible) with the (extrinsic) relational meaning of the required responses. This effect was replicated irrespective of the type of Stimulus materials used, irrespective of the similarity between the relational information that was task-relevant and the relational information that was task-irrelevant, and irrespective of the complexity of the task-irrelevant relational information. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence showing that relational Stimulus Processing can occur under conditions of automaticity.
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On the automaticity of relational Stimulus Processing
Psychological Research, 2017Co-Authors: Niclas Heider, Adriaan Spruyt, Jan De HouwerAbstract:While it is widely accepted that the semantic analysis of a Stimulus can take place in an automatic fashion, it is typically assumed that non-automatic processes are required to process the relation of one Stimulus relative to other stimuli. Nevertheless, there is evidence to support the idea that such relational Stimulus Processing can also take place under automaticity conditions. We examined this hypothesis further in four sequential priming experiments in which participants were asked to categorize target objects as larger or smaller than a reference object (i.e., a football or a car). Crucially, some primes were objects that were larger than the small reference object but smaller than the large reference object (e.g., a bike). Results showed that the impact of these primes upon target responding was dependent on the size of the reference object. When the size of the reference object was small, these primes facilitated responses towards large targets relative to small targets. Vice versa, when the size of the reference object was large, the same set of primes facilitated responses towards small targets relative to large targets. This result was obtained when the size of the reference object was manipulated block-wise (Experiments 1 and 3), trial-wise (Experiments 2 and 4), and even when the primes were presented near subjective recognition thresholds (Experiment 4). Taken together, our findings provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that complex relational Stimulus Processing can take place under automaticity conditions. A possible underlying mechanism is proposed.
