The Experts below are selected from a list of 303 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

F. Xavier Pi-sunyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cholecystokinin and Stomach Distension combine to reduce food intake in humans.
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory integrative and comparative physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Harry R. Kissileff, Julie C. Carretta, Allan Geliebter, F. Xavier Pi-sunyer
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gastric Distension can enhance the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on reduction of food intake in men and women. Eight normal-weight subjects o...

  • Peptides that Regulate Food Intake Cholecystokinin and Stomach Distension combine to reduce food intake in humans
    American Journal of Physiology-regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Harry R. Kissileff, Julie C. Carretta, Allan Geliebter, F. Xavier Pi-sunyer
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gastric Distension can enhance the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on reduction of food intake in men and women. Eight normal-weight subjects of each gender were tested four times each with either CCK or saline infusion crossed with gastric Distension or no Distension. Intravenous infusion of a low dose of CCK octapeptide (CCK-8; 112 ng/min for 23 min) combined with a subthreshold gastric Distension induced by a water-filled balloon (300 ml) resulted in a significant (means ± SED: 191 ± 61 g in men, 209 ± 61 g in women, and 200 ± 43 g combined) reduction in intake of a liquid meal compared with saline infusion and unfilled gastric balloon. This combined effect was the result of a large and significant CCK effect when the Stomach was distended (CCK vs. saline with Distension: 169 ± 43 g) and a small and insignificant Distension effect (Distension vs. no Distension without CCK: 31 ± 43 g). The CCK effect alone on intake (CCK vs. saline) without Distension was not significant in men (72 ± 61 g) but was significant in women (121 ± 61 g). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CCK's suppression of food intake is enhanced when the Stomach is distended.

Mario Cannas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • GABAA receptors expression pattern in rat brain following low pressure Distension of the Stomach.
    Neuroscience, 2008
    Co-Authors: Maurizio Sabbatini, Claudio Molinari, Elena Grossini, David A.s.g. Mary, Giovanni Vacca, Valentina Piffanelli, Mario Cannas
    Abstract:

    Abstract It is known that gastric mechanoreceptor stimuli are widely integrated into neuronal circuits that involve visceral nuclei of hindbrain as well as several central brain areas. GABAergic neurons are widely represented in hindbrain nuclei controlling gastric motor functions, but limited information is available specifically about GABAA-responding neurons in brain visceral areas. The present investigation was designed to determine the central sensory neuronal pathways and their GABAA-α1 and -α3 receptor presenting neurons that respond to gastric mechanoreceptor stimulation within the entire rat brain. Low pressure gastric Distension was used to deliver physiological mechanical stimuli in anesthetized rats, and different protocols of gastric Distension were performed to mimic different stimulation patterns with and without sectioning vagal and/or splanchnic afferent nerves. Mapping of activated neurons was investigated using double colorimetric immunohistochemistry for GABAA-α1 or -α3 subunits and c-Fos. Following Stomach Distension, neurons expressing GABAA receptors with α1 or α3 subunits were detected. Low frequency gastric Distension induced c-Fos expression in nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) only, whereas in the high frequency gastric Distension c-Fos positive nuclei were found in lateral reticular nucleus and in NTS in addition to some forebrain areas. In contrast, during the tonic-rapid gastric Distension the neuronal activation was found in hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain areas. Moreover different protocols of gastric stimulation activated diverse patterns of neurons presenting GABAA-α1 or -α3 receptors within responding brain nuclei, which may indicate a probable functional significance of differential expression of GABAA-responding neurons. The same protocol of gastric Distension performed in vagotomized rats has confirmed the primary role of the vagus in the response of activation of gastric brain areas, whereas neuronal input of splanchnic origins was shown to play an important role in modulating the mechanogastric response of brain areas.

  • Cardiovascular effects and c-Fos expression in the rat hindbrain in response to innocuous Stomach Distension.
    Brain research bulletin, 2005
    Co-Authors: Claudio Molinari, Elena Grossini, David A.s.g. Mary, Maurizio Sabbatini, Mario Cannas, Giovanni Vacca
    Abstract:

    The present work was planned to study the effects of non-noxious gastric Distension on hemodynamic variables and on cardiovascular hindbrain areas detected by means of c-Fos immunoreactivity, to determine the afferent and central mechanisms involved. In anesthetized rats, innocuous Stomach Distension increased arterial blood pressure and heart rate and induced c-Fos immunoreactivity within nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus ambiguus, ventrolateral medulla and lateral reticular nucleus. Bilateral vagotomy abolished the pressor response and c-Fos immunoreactivity in nucleus ambiguus and ventrolateral medulla. Also, c-Fos immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in nucleus tractus solitarii and lateral reticular nucleus. After bilateral splanchnicotomy the pressor and tachycardic responses caused by gastric Distension were reduced. c-Fos immunoreactivity in nucleus tractus solitarii, lateral reticular nucleus and nucleus ambiguus was reduced in comparison to the intact rats. In ventrolateral medulla a preferential localization of c-Fos immunoreactivity was found within its caudal portion. It was shown that such gastric Distension, known to activate low threshold mechanoreceptors, induced cardiovascular effects via both vagal and splanchnic afferents and involving their central convergence and interaction in modulating the baroreceptor buffer system.

  • The pattern of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the hindbrain of the rat following Stomach Distension
    Experimental Brain Research, 2004
    Co-Authors: Maurizio Sabbatini, C. Molinari, E. Grossini, D. A. S. G. Mary, G. Vacca, Mario Cannas
    Abstract:

    It has been previously shown that the walls of the Stomach contain vagal and splanchnic afferents, connected to low and high threshold (LT and HT) gastric receptors, that convey physiological and noxious information to areas of the hindbrain involved mainly in the control of gastrointestinal function. Because Distension of the Stomach also reflexly increases the sympathetic drive to the cardiovascular system, the present study was planned to examine the pattern of activation of all nuclei encountered throughout the hindbrain in response to gastric Distension. In anaesthetized rats, the stimulus was controlled by employing different transmural pressures and frequencies of Distension, and c-Fos immunohistochemistry was used to characterize neuronal activation. Low intensity stimulation induced c-Fos expression in the cranial part of nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), the nucleus ambiguus (NA), the lateral reticular area (LRt) and the ventrolateral medulla (RVL/CVL). At low frequency of stimulation c-Fos positive nuclei (p.n.) were found in NTS only. At high frequency of stimulation an increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity was found. High intensity stimulation induced c-Fos expression in area postrema (AP), the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVe) and the caudal part of the NTS. At low frequency, only the number of c-Fos p.n. was increased. Increasing the frequency of stimulation induced c-Fos expression in further nuclei such as the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), the inferior olive subnuclei (IOn), the oral part of spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5O) and locus coeruleus (LC). At higher frequencies c-Fos immunoreactivity decreased in NTS and LRt, disappeared in VLM and increased in NA. Thus Stomach Distension activated several neuronal excitatory and inhibitory circuits that are involved in the control of gastrointestinal function as well as in cardiovascular, respiratory and pain regulation. The differences in c-Fos immunoreactivity induced by changing the Distension patterns suggested interactions between groups of vagal and splanchnic afferents.

Harry R. Kissileff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cholecystokinin and Stomach Distension combine to reduce food intake in humans.
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory integrative and comparative physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Harry R. Kissileff, Julie C. Carretta, Allan Geliebter, F. Xavier Pi-sunyer
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gastric Distension can enhance the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on reduction of food intake in men and women. Eight normal-weight subjects o...

  • Peptides that Regulate Food Intake Cholecystokinin and Stomach Distension combine to reduce food intake in humans
    American Journal of Physiology-regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Harry R. Kissileff, Julie C. Carretta, Allan Geliebter, F. Xavier Pi-sunyer
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that gastric Distension can enhance the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on reduction of food intake in men and women. Eight normal-weight subjects of each gender were tested four times each with either CCK or saline infusion crossed with gastric Distension or no Distension. Intravenous infusion of a low dose of CCK octapeptide (CCK-8; 112 ng/min for 23 min) combined with a subthreshold gastric Distension induced by a water-filled balloon (300 ml) resulted in a significant (means ± SED: 191 ± 61 g in men, 209 ± 61 g in women, and 200 ± 43 g combined) reduction in intake of a liquid meal compared with saline infusion and unfilled gastric balloon. This combined effect was the result of a large and significant CCK effect when the Stomach was distended (CCK vs. saline with Distension: 169 ± 43 g) and a small and insignificant Distension effect (Distension vs. no Distension without CCK: 31 ± 43 g). The CCK effect alone on intake (CCK vs. saline) without Distension was not significant in men (72 ± 61 g) but was significant in women (121 ± 61 g). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CCK's suppression of food intake is enhanced when the Stomach is distended.

Maurizio Sabbatini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • GABAA receptors expression pattern in rat brain following low pressure Distension of the Stomach.
    Neuroscience, 2008
    Co-Authors: Maurizio Sabbatini, Claudio Molinari, Elena Grossini, David A.s.g. Mary, Giovanni Vacca, Valentina Piffanelli, Mario Cannas
    Abstract:

    Abstract It is known that gastric mechanoreceptor stimuli are widely integrated into neuronal circuits that involve visceral nuclei of hindbrain as well as several central brain areas. GABAergic neurons are widely represented in hindbrain nuclei controlling gastric motor functions, but limited information is available specifically about GABAA-responding neurons in brain visceral areas. The present investigation was designed to determine the central sensory neuronal pathways and their GABAA-α1 and -α3 receptor presenting neurons that respond to gastric mechanoreceptor stimulation within the entire rat brain. Low pressure gastric Distension was used to deliver physiological mechanical stimuli in anesthetized rats, and different protocols of gastric Distension were performed to mimic different stimulation patterns with and without sectioning vagal and/or splanchnic afferent nerves. Mapping of activated neurons was investigated using double colorimetric immunohistochemistry for GABAA-α1 or -α3 subunits and c-Fos. Following Stomach Distension, neurons expressing GABAA receptors with α1 or α3 subunits were detected. Low frequency gastric Distension induced c-Fos expression in nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) only, whereas in the high frequency gastric Distension c-Fos positive nuclei were found in lateral reticular nucleus and in NTS in addition to some forebrain areas. In contrast, during the tonic-rapid gastric Distension the neuronal activation was found in hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain areas. Moreover different protocols of gastric stimulation activated diverse patterns of neurons presenting GABAA-α1 or -α3 receptors within responding brain nuclei, which may indicate a probable functional significance of differential expression of GABAA-responding neurons. The same protocol of gastric Distension performed in vagotomized rats has confirmed the primary role of the vagus in the response of activation of gastric brain areas, whereas neuronal input of splanchnic origins was shown to play an important role in modulating the mechanogastric response of brain areas.

  • Cardiovascular effects and c-Fos expression in the rat hindbrain in response to innocuous Stomach Distension.
    Brain research bulletin, 2005
    Co-Authors: Claudio Molinari, Elena Grossini, David A.s.g. Mary, Maurizio Sabbatini, Mario Cannas, Giovanni Vacca
    Abstract:

    The present work was planned to study the effects of non-noxious gastric Distension on hemodynamic variables and on cardiovascular hindbrain areas detected by means of c-Fos immunoreactivity, to determine the afferent and central mechanisms involved. In anesthetized rats, innocuous Stomach Distension increased arterial blood pressure and heart rate and induced c-Fos immunoreactivity within nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus ambiguus, ventrolateral medulla and lateral reticular nucleus. Bilateral vagotomy abolished the pressor response and c-Fos immunoreactivity in nucleus ambiguus and ventrolateral medulla. Also, c-Fos immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in nucleus tractus solitarii and lateral reticular nucleus. After bilateral splanchnicotomy the pressor and tachycardic responses caused by gastric Distension were reduced. c-Fos immunoreactivity in nucleus tractus solitarii, lateral reticular nucleus and nucleus ambiguus was reduced in comparison to the intact rats. In ventrolateral medulla a preferential localization of c-Fos immunoreactivity was found within its caudal portion. It was shown that such gastric Distension, known to activate low threshold mechanoreceptors, induced cardiovascular effects via both vagal and splanchnic afferents and involving their central convergence and interaction in modulating the baroreceptor buffer system.

  • The pattern of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the hindbrain of the rat following Stomach Distension
    Experimental Brain Research, 2004
    Co-Authors: Maurizio Sabbatini, C. Molinari, E. Grossini, D. A. S. G. Mary, G. Vacca, Mario Cannas
    Abstract:

    It has been previously shown that the walls of the Stomach contain vagal and splanchnic afferents, connected to low and high threshold (LT and HT) gastric receptors, that convey physiological and noxious information to areas of the hindbrain involved mainly in the control of gastrointestinal function. Because Distension of the Stomach also reflexly increases the sympathetic drive to the cardiovascular system, the present study was planned to examine the pattern of activation of all nuclei encountered throughout the hindbrain in response to gastric Distension. In anaesthetized rats, the stimulus was controlled by employing different transmural pressures and frequencies of Distension, and c-Fos immunohistochemistry was used to characterize neuronal activation. Low intensity stimulation induced c-Fos expression in the cranial part of nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), the nucleus ambiguus (NA), the lateral reticular area (LRt) and the ventrolateral medulla (RVL/CVL). At low frequency of stimulation c-Fos positive nuclei (p.n.) were found in NTS only. At high frequency of stimulation an increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity was found. High intensity stimulation induced c-Fos expression in area postrema (AP), the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVe) and the caudal part of the NTS. At low frequency, only the number of c-Fos p.n. was increased. Increasing the frequency of stimulation induced c-Fos expression in further nuclei such as the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), the inferior olive subnuclei (IOn), the oral part of spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5O) and locus coeruleus (LC). At higher frequencies c-Fos immunoreactivity decreased in NTS and LRt, disappeared in VLM and increased in NA. Thus Stomach Distension activated several neuronal excitatory and inhibitory circuits that are involved in the control of gastrointestinal function as well as in cardiovascular, respiratory and pain regulation. The differences in c-Fos immunoreactivity induced by changing the Distension patterns suggested interactions between groups of vagal and splanchnic afferents.

Norbert Thürauf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Effects of a Normal Rate versus a Slow Intervalled Rate of Oral Nutrient Intake and Intravenous Low Rate Macronutrient Application on Psychophysical Function - Two Pilot Studies.
    Frontiers in psychology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Melanie Y. Denzer-lippmann, Stephan Bachlechner, Jan Wielopolski, Marie Fischer, Andrea Buettner, A. Doerfler, Christof Schöfl, Gerald Münch, Johannes Kornhuber, Norbert Thürauf
    Abstract:

    Stomach Distension and energy per time are factors influencing satiety. Moreover, different rates of nutrient intake induce different Stomach Distension. The goal of our studies was to elucidate the influence of different oral rates of nutrient intake (normal rate versus slow intervalled rate; study I) and intravenous low rate macronutrient application (protein, carbohydrate, fat) or placebo (study II) on psychophysical function. The pilot studies investigated the effects of 1) study I: a mixed nutrient solution (1/3 protein, 1/3 fat, 1/3 carbohydrates) 2) study II: intravenous macronutrient infusions (protein, carbohydrate, fat) or placebo on psychophysical function (mood, hunger, food craving, alertness, smell intensity ratings and hedonic ratings) in human subjects. In study I 10 male subjects (age range: 21-30 years) completed the study protocol participating in both test conditions and in study II 20 male subjects (age range: 19-41 years) completed the study protocol participating in all test conditions. Additionally, metabolic function was analyzed and cognitive and olfactory tests were conducted twice starting 100 min before the beginning of the intervention and 240 min after. Psychophysical (mood, hunger, fat-, protein-, carbohydrate-, sweets- and vegetable-craving), alertness and metabolic function tests were performed seven times on each examination day. Greater effects on hunger and food cravings were observed for normal rate of intake compared to slow intervalled rate of intake and intravenous low rate macronutrient application. Our findings potentially confirm that volume of the food ingested and a higher rate of energy per time contribute to satiety during normal rate of food intake, while slow intervalled rate of food intake and intravenous low rate macronutrient application showed no effects on satiation. Our results motivate the view that a certain amount of volume of the food ingested and a certain energy per time ratio are necessary to reduce hunger and food craving.