The Experts below are selected from a list of 102 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
T A Lovick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The periaqueductal gray-rostral medulla connection in the defence reaction: efferent pathways and descending control mechanisms.
Behavioural brain research, 1993Co-Authors: T A LovickAbstract:Neuronal systems controlling cardiovascular components of emotional responses must have the capacity to generate different patterns of response and must also be able to modify those patterns in response to changes in environmental circumstances. Using the cardiovascular "defence" response as a model, evidence is presented to show that sympathetic premotor neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) possess such properties. Neurones in the RVLM act as relays in the descending efferent pathway to the sympathetic outflows from the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (dPAG) which integrates the characteristic "defensive" pattern of cardiovascular response that accompanies activation of the midbrain aversive system. Activity in this pathway can be modulated, at the level of the RVLM, by a descending pathway which originates in the ventrolateral PAG. It is suggested that both the dorsolateral and the ventrolateral control systems in the PAG become activated during periods of physical or emotional stress, particularly those which involve sustained motor activity. Activity in the dorsal system initiates cardiovascular components of aversive/defensive behaviour whilst the ventrolateral system plays an important role in initiating the recuperative phase of behaviour characterised by sympathoinhibition, muscular relaxation and immobility which follows a Stressful Encounter.
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The periaqueductal gray-rostral medulla connection in the defence reaction : efferent pathways and descending control mechanisms
Behavioural Brain Research, 1993Co-Authors: T A LovickAbstract:Abstract Neuronal systems controlling cardiovascular components of emotional responses must have the capacity to generate different patterns of response and must also be able to modify those patterns in response to changes in environmental circumstances. Using the cardiovascular “defence” response as a model, evidence is presented to show that sympathetic premotor neurones of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) possess such properties. Neurones in the RVLM act as relays in the descending efferent pathway to the sympathetic outflows from the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (dPAG) which integrates the characteristic “defensive” pattern of cardiovascular response that accompanies activation of the midbrain aversive system. Activity in this pathway can be modulated, at the level of the RVLM, by a descending pathway which originates in the ventrolateral PAG. It is suggested that both the dorsolateral and the ventrolateral control systems in the PAG become activated during periods of physical or emotional stress, particularly those which involve sustained motor activity. Activity in the dorsal system initiates cardiovascular componens of aversive/defensive behaviour whilst the ventrolateral system plays an important role in initiating the recuperative phase of behaviour characterised by sympathoinhibition, muscular relaxation and immobility which follows a Stressful Encounter.
Isabella Aluani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a brief positive psychological intervention prior to a potentially Stressful task facilitates more challenge like cardiovascular reactivity in high trait anxious individuals
Psychophysiology, 2021Co-Authors: Andreas Schwerdtfeger, Christian Rominger, Bernhard Weber, Isabella AluaniAbstract:When confronted with stress, anxious individuals tend to evaluate the demands of an upcoming Encounter as higher than the available resources, thus, indicating threat evaluations. Conversely, evaluating available resources as higher than the demands signals challenge. Both types of evaluations have been related to specific cardiovascular response patterns with higher cardiac output relative to peripheral resistance indicating challenge and higher peripheral resistance relative to cardiac output signaling threat. The aim of this research was to evaluate whether a brief positive psychological exercise (best possible selves intervention) prior to a potentially stress-evoking task shifted the cardiovascular profile in trait anxious individuals from a threat to a challenge type. We randomly assigned 74 participants to either a best possible selves or a control exercise prior to performing a sing a song stress task and assessed their level of trait anxiety. Cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were continuously recorded through baseline, preparation, stress task, and recovery, respectively, as well as self-reported affect. Trait anxiety was related to higher CO in the best possible selves group and lower CO in the control group. While high trait anxious individuals in the control group showed increasing TPR reactivity, they exhibited a nonsignificant change in the best possible selves group. Moreover, in the latter group a stress-related decrease in positive affect in high trait anxious participants was prevented. Findings suggest that concentrating on strengths and positive assets prior to a potentially Stressful Encounter could trigger a more adaptive coping in trait anxious individuals.
Ellen C. Egan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Description of a Stressful Encounter: appraisal, threat, and challenge.
The Journal of nursing education, 1994Co-Authors: Kenneth R. Burns, Ellen C. EganAbstract:The purpose of this study was to examine a potentially Stressful event for students, the midterm examination, using the Lazarus transactional stress model. At two time periods during an academic term, 50 students responded to questionnaires focused on the midterm examination and its outcome. Responses were used to identify changes in appraisals, personal stakes, perceptions of threat and challenge; to determine these variables' relations to each other and to the examination grade; and to determine the best predictors of threat, challenge, and grade. Results indicated that threat and challenge perceptions were the only variables that changed as the situation evolved; they were negatively correlated. The best predictor of threat and challenge was control, while the only variable that correlated with grade was harm.
Gunilla Steen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmia modified by ability to adapt to Stressful situations.
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2004Co-Authors: Lena André-petersson, Gunnar Engström, Bo Hedblad, Lars Janzon, Gunilla Steen, Patrik TydénAbstract:BACKGROUND: Ventricular arrhythmia is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and mortality but many individuals with this abnormality live long and healthy lives. The aim of this study is to analyse the prognostic significance of frequent and complex ventricular arrhythmia in men who differed regarding ability to adapt to a Stressful situation. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: The serial Color Word Test is a semi-experimental way to assess how individuals behave in a Stressful Encounter. This test was included in the prospective cohort study 'Men born in 1914' together with 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings at a baseline examination in 1982/83. Behaviour in the test was categorized as either adaptive or maladaptive. Behaviour in the test and occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia at baseline were analyzed in relation to incidence of myocardial infarction and mortality during approximately 14 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed that ventricular arrhythmia was not associated with the incidence of myocardial infarction or all-cause mortality in the presence of an adaptive behaviour. Ventricular arrhythmia together with a maladaptive behaviour was associated with the incidence of myocardial infarction [relative risk (RR) 2.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37 to 4.31] and with all-cause mortality (RR 1.56; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.41) during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A maladaptive behaviour in a Stressful Encounter makes men with electrocardiographically detected ventricular arrhythmias more vulnerable and thereby exposed to an increased risk of a future myocardial infarction and overall mortality.
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Incidence of cardiac events in hypertensive men related to adaptive behavior in Stressful Encounters
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Lena André-petersson, Bo Hedblad, Lars Janzon, Bo Hagberg, Gunilla SteenAbstract:The Serial Color Word Test was administered at baseline to 253 hypertensive men participating in the prospective cohort study of cardiovascular diseases “Men born in 1914” in Malmö, Sweden. This test of psychological adaptation to a Stressful Encounter was used to investigate whether susceptibility to stress moderates the risk of a cardiac event in association with hypertension. Adaptive behavior, as measured by test performance, can be categorized in two dimensions. The regression dimension refers to linear change of time spent in the test session whereas the variability dimension refers to nonlinear change. Both dimensions consist of four different patterns. At follow-up (mean time = 8.2 ±3.5 years), the risk of a cardiac event varied between men with different adaptive patterns. One pattern, the Curnulative- Dissociative pattern of the variability dimension, characterized by a discontinuous and fluctuating time-consumption, was associated to an almost three-fold risk of a cardiac event during follow-up (relative risk [RR], 2.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 - 6.70, p = .010) after adjustment for medical-, socioeconomic-, and lifestyle-related factors. No association existed between adaptive patterns and overall mortality.
Lena André-petersson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmia modified by ability to adapt to Stressful situations.
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2004Co-Authors: Lena André-petersson, Gunnar Engström, Bo Hedblad, Lars Janzon, Gunilla Steen, Patrik TydénAbstract:BACKGROUND: Ventricular arrhythmia is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and mortality but many individuals with this abnormality live long and healthy lives. The aim of this study is to analyse the prognostic significance of frequent and complex ventricular arrhythmia in men who differed regarding ability to adapt to a Stressful situation. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: The serial Color Word Test is a semi-experimental way to assess how individuals behave in a Stressful Encounter. This test was included in the prospective cohort study 'Men born in 1914' together with 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings at a baseline examination in 1982/83. Behaviour in the test was categorized as either adaptive or maladaptive. Behaviour in the test and occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia at baseline were analyzed in relation to incidence of myocardial infarction and mortality during approximately 14 years of follow-up. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed that ventricular arrhythmia was not associated with the incidence of myocardial infarction or all-cause mortality in the presence of an adaptive behaviour. Ventricular arrhythmia together with a maladaptive behaviour was associated with the incidence of myocardial infarction [relative risk (RR) 2.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37 to 4.31] and with all-cause mortality (RR 1.56; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.41) during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A maladaptive behaviour in a Stressful Encounter makes men with electrocardiographically detected ventricular arrhythmias more vulnerable and thereby exposed to an increased risk of a future myocardial infarction and overall mortality.
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Cognitive function and cardiovascular disease in relation to hypertension and adaptive behavior in the serial Color Word Test. Results from population study "Men born in 1914" in Malmö, Sweden.
2001Co-Authors: Lena André-peterssonAbstract:"Men born in 1914" is a prospective cohort study on the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease. The study is run by the Department of Community Medicine, Lund University, Malmo. Five hundred men participated in the study when it started with a baseline examination in 1982/83. The men were then 68 years old. The psychological part of the study included tests of cognitive function and the serial Color Word Test. The incidence of cardiac events, strokes and deaths has continuously been monitored since baseline. In 1995/96, when the men were 81 years old, a follow-up examination took place, including both a medical and a psychological investigation. Study I showed, that blood pressure level at the age of 68 may be associated with concurrent cognitive test-performance. A negative association was found between the most severe stage of hypertension and visual memory and psychomotor speed. This suggested that these two tests are sensitive to the deleterious effects of hypertension. In Study II cognitive decline between 68 and 81 years was studied in relation to baseline blood pressure. These results suggested that a small part of the variability in cognitive decline on tests measuring spatial ability and spatial memory could be attributed to blood pressure level at the age of 68. The serial Color Word Test is a semi-experimental way to measure how individuals adapt in a conflicting and Stressful Encounter. This test was used in Studies III, IV, and V and was analyzed in relation to incidence of a cardiac event and incidence of a stroke in hypertensive men. In Study V it was analyzed in association with 28 days and one year survival following a myocardial infarction among all men who had experienced such an event. Study III showed that among hypertensive men, the Cumulative-dissociative pattern, of the Variability dimension in the serial Color Word Test, was associated with an almost threefold risk of suffering a cardiac event during the follow-up time. These findings showed that different ways of handling a Stressful task were associated with distinct outcomes and that these adaptive patterns modified the risk of a cardiac event in association with hypertension. Study IV showed that hypertensive men whose behavior was categorized as Cumulative-dissociative in the Regression dimension were vulnerable to stress and consequently exposed to an increased risk of a future stroke. Study V showed that the Cumulative-dissociative pattern of the Regression dimension was univariately associated with mortality within 28 days. The Dissociative and the Cumulative-dissociative patterns, likewise of the Regression dimension, were independently associated with mortality within one year. The serial Color Word Test can be an aid in identifying a subgroup of individuals whose adaptive pattern in a Stressful Encounter makes them more vulnerable to stress and thereby at an increased risk of a future cardiovascular event.
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Incidence of cardiac events in hypertensive men related to adaptive behavior in Stressful Encounters
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Lena André-petersson, Bo Hedblad, Lars Janzon, Bo Hagberg, Gunilla SteenAbstract:The Serial Color Word Test was administered at baseline to 253 hypertensive men participating in the prospective cohort study of cardiovascular diseases “Men born in 1914” in Malmö, Sweden. This test of psychological adaptation to a Stressful Encounter was used to investigate whether susceptibility to stress moderates the risk of a cardiac event in association with hypertension. Adaptive behavior, as measured by test performance, can be categorized in two dimensions. The regression dimension refers to linear change of time spent in the test session whereas the variability dimension refers to nonlinear change. Both dimensions consist of four different patterns. At follow-up (mean time = 8.2 ±3.5 years), the risk of a cardiac event varied between men with different adaptive patterns. One pattern, the Curnulative- Dissociative pattern of the variability dimension, characterized by a discontinuous and fluctuating time-consumption, was associated to an almost three-fold risk of a cardiac event during follow-up (relative risk [RR], 2.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33 - 6.70, p = .010) after adjustment for medical-, socioeconomic-, and lifestyle-related factors. No association existed between adaptive patterns and overall mortality.