The Experts below are selected from a list of 32385 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Margarita Estevezabe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structural Logic of welfare politics
2008Co-Authors: Margarita EstevezabeAbstract:Some countries provide universalistic social security benefits, whereas others provide more fragmented social security benefits. Similarly, some countries rely on functional equivalents that allow for occupational targeting, whereas others emphasize geographical targeting. This chapter employs an institutional model of welfare politics to explain why certain policy choices are more likely in a specific institutional context. I use the term Structural Logic to describe my approach, because political institutions have been known to “structure” politics (Steinmo, Thelen, and Longstreth eds. 1992). Political institutions structure politics by defining the rules of the game (Hall and Taylor 1996; Kato 1996). In so doing, they shape incentives and thereby affect the likelihood of certain actors triumphing over others in the political game. This means that when the structure of the political system changes, so political outcomes are likely to change. The task of this chapter is to identify the institutions that structure welfare politics and to specify the ways in which they do. While the rest of the book applies the Structural Logic to explain welfare development in postwar Japan, this chapter develops the Logic in ways that are applicable to all advanced industrial countries. This chapter constructs a Structural Logic of welfare politics in two steps by focusing on institutional factors that affect (a) veto player configurations; and (b) veto players' distributive incentives. Veto players, by definition, are those actors whose consent is required for successful legislation.
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welfare and capitalism in postwar japan historical patterns of Structural Logic in postwar japan
2008Co-Authors: Margarita EstevezabeAbstract:Chapter 2 has demonstrated that it is possible to construct a Structural Logic of social protection by identifying the configuration of veto players and the specific institutional constraints on their preferences (that is, district magnitude and the relative importance of the personal vote). This chapter applies my Structural Logic approach to explain welfare state development in Japan. In contrast to the more comparative orientation of the previous chapter, this chapter claims that my Structural Logic approach can explain two sets of variations in policy outcomes within the same country: (i) cross-policy variations during the same period; and (ii) historical variations. To put it simply, cross-policy variations can be understood as a reflection of the relative power of different actors and their preferences. In other words, programs sought by influential actors have a better chance of being adopted, whereas programs they oppose have a worse chance. My Structural Logic explains cross-policy variations by predicting which actors have the most power in a specific institutional context. Granted this approach, it follows that policy shifts in social protection happen when (i) the veto player configuration changes; and/or (ii) veto players' preferences change. Historical shifts in welfare politics can be understood in terms of the shifts in the power distribution within a polity and the changes in the preferences of the veto players. This chapter proceeds in four sections. Section 1 chronicles historical shifts in the government type, district magnitude, and the relative importance of the personal vote that occurred in postwar Japan.
Rizov Vladimir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The photographic city: Modernity and the origin of urban photography
'Informa UK Limited', 2020Co-Authors: Rizov VladimirAbstract:The concern of this text is the relationship between the city and photography. In order to examine the interrelation between the two, a significant case has been identified with Paris in mid-Haussmannisation in the period of mid to late 19th century. However, the particular focus utilised here is that of the Structural Logic of space and visibility in relation to photography. Photographs by the photographer commissioned to document the changes of Haussmannisation, Charles Marville, are used to illustrate the interrelations between street, façade, map and photograph. Key to this discussion is the context of modernity and its inheritance from the Enlightenment. Ultimately, this article puts forward a notion of the photographic city as the idea that modern Western cities are constructed on principles of transparency, order and legibility, which not only facilitated modern photography, but also allowed it to reproduce the city as exemplary of those same principles
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Photographic Cities and the Photographic Production of Space: Eugène Atget’s Paris and Thomas Annan’s Glasgow
University of York, 2018Co-Authors: Rizov VladimirAbstract:This text is concerned with the origin of documentary photography, and its relation to urban space and archival institutions. In order to examine the interrelations between the three, two conjunctures have been identified – that of Paris post-Haussmannisation in early 20th century and Glasgow mid-slum clearance in mid-19th century. First, this project argues for the significance of the relationship between the Structural Logic of space and visibility in relation to photography. In order to demonstrate this, a notion of the photographic city is put forward as the idea that modern Western cities are constructed on principles of transparency, order, and legibility, which not only facilitated modern photography, but also, in turn, allowed it to reproduce the city as exemplary of those same principles. Second, a discussion of documentary photography, through the analysis of archived photographs by Eugène Atget of Paris (examined in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London) and by Thomas Annan of Glasgow (examined in the Mitchell Library in Glasgow), will be provided. The photographs comprising the two case studies will be examined in a threefold manner: first, as images; second, as material products of a practice; and third, as institutional documents. Third, the production of photographs as documentary will be related to a theoretical discussion of photography as a spatial practice by drawing on the work of Henri Lefebvre. It will be argued that documentary photography is a practice of producing knowledge of and meaning about the space being documented, and thus it will be demonstrated that both photographers engaged in practices of appropriating the space they are representing. Finally, a theoretical argument will be defended for the photographic production of space. Ultimately, this project puts forward an argument for considering the spatial practices that constitute documentary photography, while engaging with photographs and their production, storage, and interpretation
Philippa Pattison - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structural Logic of intraorganizational networks
Organization Science, 2010Co-Authors: Olaf N Rank, Garry Robins, Philippa PattisonAbstract:In this study we examine the Structural Logic underlying complex intraorganizational networks. Drawing on different propositions about Structural regularities in networks and using a comparative case study, we empirically investigate the Structural Logic of collaborative networks for the strategic decision process in two German corporations. In both organizations, data were gathered on cooperative relationships between all managers belonging to the top two management levels. We model Structural regularities at the dyadic and the extradyadic level by applying a class of multivariate exponential random graph models. Our findings contribute to the existing literature in three ways: (1) Although networks are particularly likely to exhibit some types of Structural regularities (e.g., reciprocity and transitivity), there are other relational forms such as cycles that seem to be of limited relevance. (2) Structural regularities are not limited to a single type of relation but may comprise instrumental and affective relational ties simultaneously. (3) An organization's formal cooperation structure has surprisingly limited influence on the Structural patterns of cooperation, whereas friendship ties are embedded in managers' regular interaction patterns in many different ways.
Mark M Davis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the evolutionary and Structural Logic of antigen receptor diversity
Seminars in Immunology, 2004Co-Authors: Mark M DavisAbstract:Most vertebrate species utilize antibody and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes to create a vast repertoire of antigen sensor molecules on their B and T lymphocytes, respectively. While the organization of these genes exhibits substantial variation between species, one common theme is that, in almost every case, there is at least one variable region with a highly diverse CDR3 region and often much less diversity elsewhere in the binding site. Whereas with αβ TCRs this skewing of diversity correlates well with the need to recognize diverse peptides bound to MHC molecules, this cannot explain why this same pattern is evident in immunoglobulins (Igs) or γδ TCRs. Instead we have postulated that in the primary repertoire, all or most antigen receptors have a bipartite binding site, in which diverse CDR3 loops act as a highly antigen specific ‘core’ whereas other CDRs bind in a largely opportunistic fashion. In the case of antibodies, somatic hypermutation then acts to improve the complementarity to a given antigen and increase antibody affinity. A test of this model in mice engineered to have a very limited V region repertoire shows that primary antibodies can be generated that are highly specific for distinct antigens, yet identical in sequence except for their VH CDR3. Furthermore, very high affinity antibodies can be raised by repeated immunizations, showing that somatic hypermutation can mold these low affinity antibodies into high affinity ones. Thus, the wide variations seen in V region repertoires amongst vertebrates is likely to be of lesser importance than the preservation of one or more diverse CDR3 regions.
Olaf N Rank - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structural Logic of intraorganizational networks
Organization Science, 2010Co-Authors: Olaf N Rank, Garry Robins, Philippa PattisonAbstract:In this study we examine the Structural Logic underlying complex intraorganizational networks. Drawing on different propositions about Structural regularities in networks and using a comparative case study, we empirically investigate the Structural Logic of collaborative networks for the strategic decision process in two German corporations. In both organizations, data were gathered on cooperative relationships between all managers belonging to the top two management levels. We model Structural regularities at the dyadic and the extradyadic level by applying a class of multivariate exponential random graph models. Our findings contribute to the existing literature in three ways: (1) Although networks are particularly likely to exhibit some types of Structural regularities (e.g., reciprocity and transitivity), there are other relational forms such as cycles that seem to be of limited relevance. (2) Structural regularities are not limited to a single type of relation but may comprise instrumental and affective relational ties simultaneously. (3) An organization's formal cooperation structure has surprisingly limited influence on the Structural patterns of cooperation, whereas friendship ties are embedded in managers' regular interaction patterns in many different ways.
