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Casimir C. Akoh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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applications of Structured Lipids in selected food market segments and their evolving consumer demands
2018Co-Authors: Leslie Kleiner, Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Abstract This chapter aims to describe the role of Structured Lipids (SLs) in food applications, ranging from examples of commercially available products containing SLs, to current research on the application of SLs in selected market segments. Methodology for the synthesis of SLs is presented, with a focus on enzymatic technology rather than chemical methods. Selected applications of SLs in confectionery (chocolate and non-chocolate), omega-3 enriched oils, human milk fat analogues for use in infant formula, and plastic fats (shortenings and margarines) are discussed. With the objective of exemplifying how SLs could meet evolving market and consumer demands, selected current challenges within the applications are also discussed.
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Biotechnological and Novel Approaches for Designing Structured Lipids Intended for Infant Nutrition
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2017Co-Authors: Neşe Şahin-yeşilçubuk, Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Human milk fat (HMF) is a perfect nutritional source that includes all the required ingredients which are necessary for the growth of infants up to 6 months. Although its composition may differ among mothers or during lactation stage, its unique triacylglycerol (TAG) structure remains constant which is characterized by the presence of palmitic acid (PA) at the sn -2 position. Previous reports provided convincing information of higher PA and calcium absorption and efficient use of dietary energy when at this specific position in the TAG moiety than when PA is at the sn -1,3 positions. During the design of Structured Lipids (SLs) intended for infant nutrition, this unique property is taken into consideration. Human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) enriched with important fatty acids such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are intended to better mimic the functions of HMF as well as provide associated health benefits. The use of microencapsulation technology and novel technologies such as ultrasound technology in conjunction with SL production and enzyme-catalyzed reactions are evolving and ongoing issues in infant formula production. Therefore, further studies should be directed towards new process improvements in order to increase the functional properties and oxidative stabilities of HMFS. Novel technologies in lipid biotechnology related to HMFS preparation should also be explored.
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recent research trends on the enzymatic synthesis of Structured Lipids
Journal of Food Science, 2015Co-Authors: Casimir C. AkohAbstract:: Structured Lipids (SLs) are Lipids that have been chemically or enzymatically modified from their natural biosynthetic form. Because SLs are made to possess desired nutritional, physicochemical, or textural properties for various applications in the food industry, many research activities have been aimed at their commercialization. The production of SLs by enzymatic procedures has a great potential in the future market because of the specificity of lipases and phospholipases used as the biocatalysts. The aim of this review is to provide concise information on the recent research trends on the enzymatic synthesis of SLs of commercial interest, such as medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols, human milk fat substitutes, cocoa butter equivalents, trans-free or low-trans plastic fats (such as margarines and shortenings), low-calorie fats/oils, health-beneficial fatty acid-rich fats/oils, mono- or diacylglycerols, and structurally modified phosphoLipids. This limited review covers 108 research articles published between 2010 and 2014 which were searched in Web of Science.
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identification of tocopherols tocotrienols and their fatty acid esters in residues and distillates of Structured Lipids purified by short path distillation
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Casimir C. AkohAbstract:The fate of endogenous vitamin E isomers during production and purification of Structured Lipids (SLs) was investigated. Two SLs involving tripalmitin, stearidonic acid soybean oil, and docosahexaenoic acid were synthesized by transesterification catalyzed by Novozym 435 (NSL) and acidolysis by Lipozyme TL IM (LDHA) and purified by short-path distillation (SPD). The electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra of tocopheryl and tocotrienyl fatty acid esters in the distillates measured by GC-MS in synchronous scan/SIM mode demonstrated that these esters were formed during acidolysis as well as transesterification. The predominant esters were tocopheryl palmitate, tocopheryl oleate, and tocopheryl linoleate homologues, and no tocopheryl or tocotrienyl linolenate, stearidonate, or docosahexaenoate was found. Meanwhile, none of these esters were detected in the residues for either NSL or LDHA. Less than 50% of vitamin E isomers were present in residues after SPD. This loss played a major role in the r...
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trans free margarines prepared with canola oil palm stearin palm kernel oil based Structured Lipids
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Stephen E Lumor, Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Structured Lipids (SLs) for formulating trans-free margarines were synthesized by lipase-catalyzed interesterification of the blends of canola oil (CO), palm stearin (PS), and palm kernel oil (PKO) in weight ratios (CO/PS/PKO) of 40:60:0, 40:50:10, 40:40:20, 40:30:30, 50:30:20, and 60:25:15. The atherogenicity was determined using fatty acid profiles. We also determined the physical properties (melting/crystallization profiles, solid fat content, polymorphism, and microstructure) of SLs and the textural properties of margarines made with the SLs. The SLs from the 50:30:20 and 60:25:15 blends had atherogenic indices similar to or lower than those of the commercial trans (CTMF) and similar to the trans-free margarine fats (CTFMF). SLs from the blends with PKO contained a wide range of fatty acids (C6−C20) and had more β′ than β polymorphs. Margarines made with SLs from 50:30:20 and 60:25:15 blends possessed similar hardness, adhesiveness, or cohesiveness to margarines made with CTMF and CTFMF, respectively....
Xuebing Xu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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preparation of 1 3 dioleoyl 2 palmitoylglycerol rich Structured Lipids from basa catfish oil combination of fractionation and enzymatic acidolysis
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Jianhua Huang, Xuebing Xu, Xingguo WangAbstract:1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO)-rich Structured Lipids were successfully prepared from basa catfish oil by a two-step process, namely, fractionation to enrich triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions with high content of sn-2 palmitic acid and Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis of the fractionated products with free fatty acids from high oleic acid sunflower oil to increase the content of OPO. In the first step, the content of sn-2 palmitic acid of solid fraction was increased from 49.34 to 60.42% after programmed temperature treatment of basa catfish oil at 60°C for 30 min followed by 30°C for 12 h. In the second step, the solid fraction was used for transesterification with the fatty acids from high oleic acid sunflower oil and the conditions selected for acidolysis reactions were as follows: substrate molar ratio, 1:6 (fatty acids/solid fat); enzyme load, 12 wt%; reaction temperature, 50°C; and reaction time, 2 h. Under these conditions, the contents of sn-2 plamitic acid and sn-1, 3 oleic acid were 57.80 and 79.21%, respectively, and the content of POO was increased from 20.13% in the basa catfish oil to 43.80% in the enzymatic product, which indicated high content of OPO. Practical applications: Basa catfish oil is a type of newly discovered oil occurring in nature with similar fatty acid composition and distribution to human milk fat. Preparation of OPO-rich Structured Lipids from basa catfish oil is a new method which is important for development of human milk fat substitutes. This process for OPO-rich Structured lipid preparation practically developed by combination of dry fractionation and enzymatic acidolysis has great potential for use in infant formula industry. Basa catfish oil was found to have similar triacylglycerol (TAG) structure to that of human milk fat. The oil was used to produce OPO-rich Structured Lipids via a two-step approach. The first step is to enrich TAG fractions with palmitic acid (PA) at sn-2 position by low-temperature fractionation, and the second step is to incorporate more oleic acid (OA) in sn-1, 3 positions of triacylglycerols by Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis. The final product had 22.29% total PA, 58.43% PA at sn-2 position, 80.16% OA at sn-1, 3 positions, and the content of POO was 43.80%, which indicated high content of OPO.
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Production of Structured Lipids with functional health benefits
Novel Enzyme Technology for Food Applications, 2014Co-Authors: Xuebing Xu, Janni Brogaard Kristensen, Hong ZhangAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter highlights that Structured Lipids (SL) are broadly referred to as modified or synthetic oils and fats with functional or pharmaceutical applications. Some Structured Lipids are triglycerides that contain both long chain fatty acids and medium or short chain fatty acids, with each group in specific locations. A number of processed oils or fats are labelled as Structured Lipids and exploit the chain length and saturation of fatty acids for functional or nutritional considerations, without regard to the locations of the fatty acids. Structured Lipids can be produced in different ways, depending on the type. Diacylglycerol (DAG) oil has been on the market for many years and intensive research is still improving our understanding of its production and uses. Industrial enzymatic production of DAG oil is claimed, but a mature processing technology using enzymes, on the other hand, has not been developed. The central issues are lowering costs and further improving production efficiency. Enzyme technology for developing functional lipid products will remain an area of interest for some years to come. The demand for better quality functional Lipids is increasing. Continued improvement of enzymes in terms of cost and properties is likely to facilitate the application of enzyme processes in the industry.
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lipases as biocatalysts for the synthesis of Structured Lipids
Methods of Molecular Biology, 2012Co-Authors: Ram Chandra Reddy Jala, Peng Hu, Tiankui Yang, Yuanrong Jiang, Yan Zheng, Xuebing XuAbstract:: Structured Lipids (SL) are broadly referred to as modified or synthetic oils and fats or Lipids with functional or pharmaceutical applications. Some Structured Lipids, such as triglycerides that contain both long-chain (mainly essential) fatty acids and medium- or short-chain fatty acids and also artificial products that mimic the structure of natural materials, namely human milk fat substitutes and cocoa butter equivalents, have been discussed. Further, other modified or synthetic Lipids, such as Structured phosphoLipids and synthetic phenolic Lipids are also included in this chapter. For all the products described in this chapter, enzymatic production in industry has been already conducted in one way or another. Cocoa butter equivalents, healthy oil containing medium-chain fatty acids, phosphatidyl serine, and phenol Lipids from enzyme technology have been reported for commercial operation. As the demand for better quality functional Lipids is increasing, the production of Structured Lipids becomes an interesting area. Thus, in this chapter we have discussed latest developments as well as present industrial situation of all commercially important Structured Lipids.
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application of antioxidants during short path distillation of Structured Lipids
Journal of Food Lipids, 2007Co-Authors: Maike Timmheinrich, Xuebing Xu, Nina Skall Nielsen, Charlotte JacobsenAbstract:A specific Structured lipid was produced from sunflower oil and caprylic acid. The antioxidative effect of adding α-tocopherol, ascorbyl palmitate or citric acid (each in three different concentrations) was investigated before and after the purification process (short-path distillation), and was compared with a control without addition of antioxidant. The oxidative status and stability were characterized by peroxide and anisidine values, secondary volatile oxidation products and induction period. The antioxidants affected the oxidative status compared with the control: citric acid was prooxidative at low concentrations, but antioxidative at high concentrations. Addition of ascorbyl palmitate had an antioxidative effect at all concentrations employed. α-Tocopherol showed less antioxidative activity compared with ascorbyl palmitate and citric acid, and its efficacy was slightly decreased with increasing concentration. Combinations of citric acid with ascorbyl palmitate were tested in a later part of the study. No additive or synergistic effect was found between citric acid and ascorbyl palmitate. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Production of Structured Lipids (SLs) provides unique possibilities to design fats that can meet specific nutritional requirements. The desirednutritional quality of the lipid may be negatively influenced by production parameters, e.g., due to oxidation. Addition of antioxidants before purification of the lipid, as described in the present article, can improve the oxidative status of the final product compared with a product devoid of added antioxidants. This is also known from the deodorization process. The storage stability of the SL and its nutritional quality is therefore expected to be considerably improved compared with a lipid to which no antioxidant is added.
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LIPASE‐CATALYZED PRODUCTION OF Structured Lipids VIA ACIDOLYSIS OF FISH OIL WITH CAPRYLIC ACID
Journal of Food Lipids, 2007Co-Authors: Dequan Zhou, Xuebing Xu, Huiling Mu, Jens Adler-nissenAbstract:Structured Lipids containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were manufactured in a batch reactor by lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of fish oil with caprylic acid. The following free lipases (Lipase AP, Aspergillus niger; Lipase P, Pseudomonus sp.; Lipase AY, Candida rugosa; Lipase AK, Pseudomonas fluoresescens; Lipase F, Rhizopus oryzae; Lipase D, Rhizopus delemar) were screened under selected reaction conditions. The conditions were enzyme load 5%, substrate mole ratio 1:6 (fish oil: caprylic acid), and reaction temperature of 50C. Lipase AK had the highest activity and was suitable for production of Structured Lipids from fish oil. The optimal mole substrate ratio of fish oil to caprylic acid for Lipase AK was 1:6 to 1:8. The time course of the reaction at different enzyme loads demonstrated that 40% incorporation of caprylic acid could be obtained for Lipase AK in 5 h with 10% enzyme load. Addition of water had little effect on the activity of the lipase. Lipase AK and Lipozyme IM were further compared under the same conditions, in which Lipase AK had a slightly higher incorporation of caprylic acid, similar acyl migration of caprylic acid from sn-1,3 positions to the sn-2 position, and a slightly lower selectivity towards docosahexaenoic acid.
Xingguo Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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preparation of Structured Lipids enriched with medium and long chain triacylglycerols by enzymatic interesterification for infant formula
Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2018Co-Authors: Sherif M Abed, Sameh A Korma, Xingguo WangAbstract:Abstract Single cell oils (SCOs) are considered as important sources of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), which is of great importance for infant’s growth and development. Medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) induce the residual glyceride lipolysis, which improve fat absorption, and thus reduce its deposition in infants. Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs)-rich Structured Lipids (SLs) combine these benefits, and they can be delivered to infants in an easy way. In this study, MLCTs-rich SLs were synthesized by lipase-catalyzed interesterification of ARASCO with MCTs in a solvent-free system. Four commercial immobilized lipases from different sources were compared for their efficiency in the production of MLCTs yield. The results indicated that the highest yield of MLCTs was achieved by Lipozyme 435 from Candida antarctica as a biocatalyst. The best reaction conditions were as follows; enzyme load 8% (w/w), reaction temperature 90 °C, reaction time of 3 h, and substrates mole ratio 1:1. Under these conditions, MLCTs were obtained in a yield of 53.75%. Thermoprofile displayed that the MLCTs-rich SLs melted below body temperature of 37 °C. The obtained MLCTs-rich SLs can be suggested as a nutritional and functional fat analogue with potential applications in infant formula industry.
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synthesis of 1 3 dioleoyl 2 arachidonoylglycerol rich Structured Lipids by lipase catalyzed acidolysis of microbial oil from mortierella alpina
Bioresource Technology, 2017Co-Authors: Sherif M Abed, Xingguo WangAbstract:Abstract Microbial oils (MOs) have gained widespread attention due to their functional Lipids and health promoting properties. In this study, 1,3-dioleoyl-2-arachidonoylglycerol-rich Structured Lipids (SLs) were produced from MO and oleic acid (OA) via solvent-free acidolysis catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. Under the optimal conditions, the content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) increased from 60.63 to 84.00%, while the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) content decreased from 39.37 to 16.00% at sn -1,3 positions in SLs. Compared with MO, arachidonic acid (ARA) content at the sn -2 position of SLs accounted for 49.71%, whereas OA was predominantly located at sn -1,3 positions (47.05%). Meanwhile, the most abundant triacylglycerol (TAG) species in SLs were (18:1-20:4-18:1), (20:4-20:4-18:1), (18:1-18:2-18:1), (18:1-18:2-18:0) and (24:0-20:4-18:1) with a relative content of 18.79%, 11.94%, 6.07%, 5.75% and 4.84%, respectively. Such novel SLs with improved functional properties enriched with UFAs are highly desirable and have the potential to be used in infant formula.
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preparation of 1 3 dioleoyl 2 palmitoylglycerol rich Structured Lipids from basa catfish oil combination of fractionation and enzymatic acidolysis
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2016Co-Authors: Jianhua Huang, Xuebing Xu, Xingguo WangAbstract:1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO)-rich Structured Lipids were successfully prepared from basa catfish oil by a two-step process, namely, fractionation to enrich triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions with high content of sn-2 palmitic acid and Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis of the fractionated products with free fatty acids from high oleic acid sunflower oil to increase the content of OPO. In the first step, the content of sn-2 palmitic acid of solid fraction was increased from 49.34 to 60.42% after programmed temperature treatment of basa catfish oil at 60°C for 30 min followed by 30°C for 12 h. In the second step, the solid fraction was used for transesterification with the fatty acids from high oleic acid sunflower oil and the conditions selected for acidolysis reactions were as follows: substrate molar ratio, 1:6 (fatty acids/solid fat); enzyme load, 12 wt%; reaction temperature, 50°C; and reaction time, 2 h. Under these conditions, the contents of sn-2 plamitic acid and sn-1, 3 oleic acid were 57.80 and 79.21%, respectively, and the content of POO was increased from 20.13% in the basa catfish oil to 43.80% in the enzymatic product, which indicated high content of OPO. Practical applications: Basa catfish oil is a type of newly discovered oil occurring in nature with similar fatty acid composition and distribution to human milk fat. Preparation of OPO-rich Structured Lipids from basa catfish oil is a new method which is important for development of human milk fat substitutes. This process for OPO-rich Structured lipid preparation practically developed by combination of dry fractionation and enzymatic acidolysis has great potential for use in infant formula industry. Basa catfish oil was found to have similar triacylglycerol (TAG) structure to that of human milk fat. The oil was used to produce OPO-rich Structured Lipids via a two-step approach. The first step is to enrich TAG fractions with palmitic acid (PA) at sn-2 position by low-temperature fractionation, and the second step is to incorporate more oleic acid (OA) in sn-1, 3 positions of triacylglycerols by Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis. The final product had 22.29% total PA, 58.43% PA at sn-2 position, 80.16% OA at sn-1, 3 positions, and the content of POO was 43.80%, which indicated high content of OPO.
Kuan Hsiang Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optimization and Scale‐Up of Enzymatic Synthesis of Structured Lipids Using RSM
Journal of Food Science, 2006Co-Authors: Kuan Hsiang Huang, Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Enzymatic synthesis of Structured Lipids by transesterification of ethyl caprylate (EC) and soybean oil and sunflower oil (90% oleic acid) in hexane was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Incubation time (IT), molar ratio of ethyl caprylate to total triglycerides (MR), percentage of soybean oil as source of long-chain triglycerides (PS), and long-chain triglyceride concentration (TC) were assumed the most important factors affecting nutritional attributes of Structured Lipids based on caprylic acid (C8:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) content. Optimum conditions for synthesis of Structured Lipids were: IT = 26.4 hr; MR = 8; PS = 75%; TC = 0.58 M. The capryloyl acyl residues in triglyceride predicted by RSM was 67.6 (mol%) and linoleoyl 14.5%. Large scale synthesis was successful. The model was verified experimentally.
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enzymatic synthesis of Structured Lipids transesterification of triolein and caprylic acid ethyl ester
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 1996Co-Authors: Kuan Hsiang Huang, Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Structured Lipids were successfully synthesized by lipase-catalyzed transesterification (ester interchange) of caprylic acid ethyl ester and triolein. The transesterification reaction was carried out in organic solvent as reaction media. Eight commercially-available lipases (10% w/w substrates) were screened for their ability to synthesize Structured lipid by incubating with 100 mg triolein and 78.0 mg caprylic acid ethyl ester in 3 mL hexane at 45°C for 24 h. The products were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detector. Immobilized lipase IM60 fromRhizomucor miehei converted most triolein into Structured Lipids (41.7% dicapryloolein, 46.0% monocapryloolein, and 12.3% unreacted triolein). However, lipase SP435 fromCandida antarctica had a higher activity at higher temperature. The reaction catalyzed by lipase SP435 yielded 62.0% dicapryloolein, 33.5% monocapryloolein, and 4.5% unreacted triolein at 55°C. Time course, incubation media, added water, and substrate concentration were also investigated in this study. The results suggest that lipase-catalyzed transesterification of long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl ester is feasible to synthesize Structured Lipids.
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optimization and scale up of enzymatic synthesis of Structured Lipids using rsm
Journal of Food Science, 1996Co-Authors: Kuan Hsiang Huang, Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Enzymatic synthesis of Structured Lipids by transesterification of ethyl caprylate (EC) and soybean oil and sunflower oil (90% oleic acid) in hexane was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Incubation time (IT), molar ratio of ethyl caprylate to total triglycerides (MR), percentage of soybean oil as source of long-chain triglycerides (PS), and long-chain triglyceride concentration (TC) were assumed the most important factors affecting nutritional attributes of Structured Lipids based on caprylic acid (C8:0) and linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6) content. Optimum conditions for synthesis of Structured Lipids were: IT = 26.4 hr; MR = 8; PS = 75%; TC = 0.58 M. The capryloyl acyl residues in triglyceride predicted by RSM was 67.6 (mol%) and linoleoyl 14.5%. Large scale synthesis was successful. The model was verified experimentally.
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enzymatic synthesis of Structured Lipids transesterification of triolein and caprylic acid
Journal of Food Lipids, 1995Co-Authors: Casimir C. Akoh, Kuan Hsiang HuangAbstract:Structured Lipids were successfully synthesized by lipase-catalyzed trans-esterification (acidolysis) of caprylic acid and triolein in nonaqueous medium. Twelve commercially available lipases (10%, w/w substrates) were screened for their ability to form Structured lipid by incubating 100 mg triolein and 65.3 mg caprylic acid in 3 ml hexane at 55C for 24 h. The products were analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering detection. Monocapryloolein was the major component of the products (57.4 mol %) and IM60 lipase from Rhizomucor miehei was the best biocatalyst. Dicapryloolein and triolein contents were 35.4% and 5.3%, respectively. Temperature, mole ratio, time course, incubation media, added water, enzyme load, and substrate concentration were also investigated in this study. The results suggest that it is possible to synthesize Structured Lipids with lipase as biocatalyst.
Patricia De Oliveira Carvalho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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response surface modelling of the production of Structured Lipids from soybean oil using rhizomucor miehei lipase
Food Chemistry, 2011Co-Authors: Maria Elisa Melo Branco De Araujo, Paula Renata Bueno Campos, Tatiana Mikie Noso, Rosana M Alberici, Ildenize B S Cunha, Rosineide C Simas, Marcos N Eberlin, Patricia De Oliveira CarvalhoAbstract:Abstract The production of Structured Lipids (SLs) by the acidolysis of soybean oil (SO) with a free fatty acid (FFA) mixture obtained from Brazilian sardine oil, catalysed by Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme RM IM) in a solvent-free medium, was optimised by response surface methodology (RSM) using a three-factor central composite rotatable design. The best reaction conditions to achieve an adequate n-6/n-3 FA ratio were: sardine-FFA:SO mole ratio of 3:1, initial water content of the enzyme of 0.87% w/w, reaction time of 12 h, reaction temperature of 40 °C and 10% by weight of the enzyme (% w/w). Under these conditions, the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into the soybean oil reached 9.2% (% of the total FAs), leading to a significant reduction in the n-6/n-3 FA ratio from 11:1 to 3:1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that 95% ( R 2 = 0.95) of the observed variation was explained by the model. Lack of fit analysis revealed a non-significant value for the model equation, indicating that the regression equation was adequate for predicting the degree of EPA + DHA incorporation under any combination of values of the variables. Easy ambient sonic-spray ionisation mass spectrometry (EASI-MS) was used for instantaneous characterisation of TAGs. After the enzymatic reaction, a great variety of new TAGs were formed containing EPA, DHA or both in the same molecule.
