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Anne-geneviève Bagnères - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Subterranean Termites (Rhinotermitidae)
2019Co-Authors: Anne-geneviève Bagnères, Edward VargoAbstract:Phylogeny and classification The worldwide family Rhinotermitidae, or Subterranean Termites, comprises 15 genera and more than 300 species. They occupy an intermediate position between the so-called "lower" and "higher" Termites and so are often referred to as "intermediate" Termites (1). The Rhinotermitidae appears to be paraphyletic, with most researchers placing the clade with Coptotermes and Heterotermes as a sister group to the Termitidae. Some researchers regard the Serritermitidae as paraphyletic within the Rhinotermitidae-Termitidae clade, while others place it as a basal group of Rhinotermitidae, near other basal groups such as Rhinotermes, Prorhinotermes, and Schedorhinotermes. Other researchers feel that Serritermitidae lies at the crossroads of worker caste evolution in Termites, between the lower Termites and the Rhinotermitidae+Termitidae clade. The most basal rhinotermitid taxa, such as Rhinotermes, diverged from the other lower Termites less than 100 MA ago. The latest literature reviews indicate that the well-known, more derived genera Reticulitermes and Coptotermes+Heterotermes consistently form two distinct clades in a monophyletic branch within the family (2). These three genera account for more than half the species in Rhinotermitidae (184 of 305) and are the best studied within the family. The native ranges of these three genera (Reticulitermes, Coptotermes and Heterotermes) are all broad but fairly distinct. Coptotermes and Heterotermes are largely pantropical, although Heterotermes does not occur in Africa. Coptotermes is absent from the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Reticulitermes naturally occurs exclusively within temperate areas. The Coptotermes+Heterotermes clade and Reticulitermes separated about 60 MA, according to various researchers. However, based on historical biogeography, modern Reticulitermes species resulted from cladogenesis and are highly taxonomically distinct. More ancient fossils of the different genera have been found in Europe, and they geologically date back to around 38 MYA. In a recent molecular phylogeny for Coptotermes, created using the complete mitochondrial genome, the genus is composed of numerous poorly supported branches. This result is partly due to the high level of synonymy in the present nomenclature and does not help clearly differentiate the species. However, speciation patterns were relatively clear in Australia, where this clade is the best defined. Consequently, this genus should be revised to deal with the high levels of synonymy in some locations (3).
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Subterranean Termites in the Centre-Val de Loire region: distribution patterns and invasion risks
Cybergeo : Revue européenne de géographie European journal of geography, 2017Co-Authors: Dominique Andrieu, Elfie Perdereau, Christelle Robinet, Christelle Suppo, Simon Dupont, Maxime Cornillon, Anne-geneviève BagnèresAbstract:This study presents research concerning Subterranean Termites found in the Centre-Val de Loire region. More specifically, we examined the geographical distribution of Reticulitermes flavipes, a globally invasive species. This work was conducted in collaboration with both social and life science specialists in order to better understand the factors mediating its spatial distribution. Using geomatics and the spatial analysis of R. flavipes' distribution, we were able to define geographical areas favorable to the termite. This geographical study and the diversity of players involved in this research underscore a growing awareness of termite invasion risks in society at large.
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Clinal variation in colony breeding structure and level of inbreeding in the Subterranean Termites Reticulitermes flavipes and R. grassei
Molecular Ecology, 2013Co-Authors: Edward L, Laurianne Leniaud, Lois E Swoboda, Sarah E Diamond, Michael D Weiser, Dini M Miller, Anne-geneviève BagnèresAbstract:Social insects exhibit remarkable variation in their colony breeding structures, both within and among species. Ecological factors are believed to be important in shaping reproductive traits of social insect colonies, yet there is little information linking spe- cific environmental variables with differences in breeding structure. Subterranean Termites (Rhinotermitidae) show exceptional variation in colony breeding structure, differing in the number of reproductives and degree of inbreeding; colonies can be simple families headed by a single pair of monogamous reproductives (king and queen) or they can be extended families headed by multiple inbreeding neotenic reproductives (wingless individuals). Using microsatellite markers, we characterized colony breeding structure and levels of inbreeding in populations over large parts of the range of the Subterranean Termites Reticulitermes flavipes in the USA and R. gras- sei in Europe. Combining these new data with previous results on populations of both species, we found that latitude had a strong effect on the proportion of extended-fam- ily colonies in R. flavipes and on levels of inbreeding in both species. We examined the effect of several environmental variables that vary latitudinally; while the degree of inbreeding was greatest in cool, moist habitats in both species, seasonality affected the species differently. Inbreeding in R. flavipes was most strongly associated with climatic variables (mean annual temperature and seasonality), whereas nonclimatic variables, including the availability of wood substrate and soil composition, were important predictors of inbreeding in R. grassei. These results are the first showing that termite breeding structure is shaped by local environmental factors and that species can vary in their responses to these factors.
Roger A Laine - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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toxicity and repellency of patchouli oil and patchouli alcohol against formosan Subterranean Termites coptotermes formosanus shiraki isoptera rhinotermitidae
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Gregg Henderson, Ying Yu, Roger A LaineAbstract:Patchouli oil obtained from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and its main constituent, patchouli alcohol, were tested for their repellency and toxicity against Formosan Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki). Both were found to be toxic and repellent. Unusual tissue destruction was noted inside the exoskeleton of the termite after patchouli alcohol was topically applied to the dorsum. Keywords: Pogostemon cablin; Formosan Subterranean Termites; repellent; insecticide.
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toxicity and repellency of patchouli oil and patchouli alcohol against formosan Subterranean Termites coptotermes formosanus shiraki isoptera rhinotermitidae
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Betty C R Zhu, Gregg Henderson, Roger A LaineAbstract:Patchouli oil obtained from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and its main constituent, patchouli alcohol, were tested for their repellency and toxicity against Formosan Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki). Both were found to be toxic and repellent. Unusual tissue destruction was noted inside the exoskeleton of the termite after patchouli alcohol was topically applied to the dorsum.
Edi Suhaimi Bakar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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durability of phenolic resin treated oil palm wood against Subterranean Termites a white rot fungus
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2013Co-Authors: Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Jun Hao, Zaidon Ashaari, Adrian Choo Cheng YongAbstract:Oil palm wood (OPW) is seen as a strategic alternative wood material, especially in a country with huge oil-palm-planted areas such as Malaysia. The material is low in quality and various techniques have been used to improve its quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the resistance of low-molecular-weight phenol formaldehyde (Lmw-PF) resin treated OPW against Subterranean Termites and a white-rot fungus. Four sample groups including untreated OPW and treated OPW samples with three different compression levels (0%, 25%, and 50%) were prepared. Five specimens for each sample group were tested for resistance against Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes curvignathus) and the white-rot fungus Pycnoporous sanguineus, based on ASTM D 3345-74 and ASTM D 1413-99, respectively. Results showed that both treatment and compression level had significant effects on the percentage weight loss and mean decayed surface of the samples. Treated OPW with 50% compression yielded the best performance with the lowest weight loss on both termite and decay tests. Overall, Lmw-PF resin treated OPW with 25–50% compression can be used as an effective method to improve the durability of OPW.
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resistance of phenolic treated oil palm stem plywood against Subterranean Termites and white rot decay
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2011Co-Authors: Tahir Paridah, Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Yeoh Beng Hoong, Mokhtar Anis, H HamdanAbstract:Abstract The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of phenolic resin in protecting oil palm stem (OPS) plywood against both Subterranean Termites ( Coptotermes curvignathus ) and white rot fungi ( Pycnoporous sanguineus ). Specially cooked, Low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LMW PF) resin was used to treat the OPS veneer whilst commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to bond the phenolic-treated veneer. OPS plywood were produced using two types of lay-up (100% outer veneer type and 100% inner veneer type) with adhesive spread rate of 200 g/m 2 . The results show that treatment of OPS veneer with LMW PF has significantly enhanced the resistance of OPS plywood against both Termites and white rot fungi. In the Termites resistance test, the percentage of weight loss for untreated samples were 19.2% (outer veneer) and 23.9% (inner veneer), while for phenolic treated samples were only 10.7% and 15.8%, respectively. The phenolic treatment was able to enhance the resistance towards Termites by 38% and towards white rot fungi by 62%. The study has shown LMW PF resin can be used to protect OPS plywood from Termites and white rot fungi.
H Hamdan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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resistance of phenolic treated oil palm stem plywood against Subterranean Termites and white rot decay
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2011Co-Authors: Tahir Paridah, Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Yeoh Beng Hoong, Mokhtar Anis, H HamdanAbstract:Abstract The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effectiveness of phenolic resin in protecting oil palm stem (OPS) plywood against both Subterranean Termites ( Coptotermes curvignathus ) and white rot fungi ( Pycnoporous sanguineus ). Specially cooked, Low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (LMW PF) resin was used to treat the OPS veneer whilst commercial urea formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to bond the phenolic-treated veneer. OPS plywood were produced using two types of lay-up (100% outer veneer type and 100% inner veneer type) with adhesive spread rate of 200 g/m 2 . The results show that treatment of OPS veneer with LMW PF has significantly enhanced the resistance of OPS plywood against both Termites and white rot fungi. In the Termites resistance test, the percentage of weight loss for untreated samples were 19.2% (outer veneer) and 23.9% (inner veneer), while for phenolic treated samples were only 10.7% and 15.8%, respectively. The phenolic treatment was able to enhance the resistance towards Termites by 38% and towards white rot fungi by 62%. The study has shown LMW PF resin can be used to protect OPS plywood from Termites and white rot fungi.
Gregg Henderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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lufenuron suppresses the resistance of formosan Subterranean Termites isoptera rhinotermitidae to entomopathogenic bacteria
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2013Co-Authors: Cai Wang, Gregg Henderson, Bal K GautamAbstract:Pesticides can negatively affect insect immunity. Although studies show that Formosan Subterranean Termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, are resistant to microbial infections, the effects of pesticides on disease resistance is not well studied. In this study, C. formosanus previously fed lufenuron was exposed to each of the three entomopathogenic bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula, Serratia marcescens Bizio, and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. israelensis. We found that termite mortality was significantly higher and synergistic in the combination of lufenuron and P. aeruginosa compared with treatment of lufenuron or P. aeruginosa alone. Other bacteria and lufenuron combinations were not quite as effective. Interestingly, only in treatments without lufenuron did Termites show carcass-burying behavior. The results indicate that lufenuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, can suppress Formosan Subterranean termite resistance to P. aeruginosa. Possible suppression mechanisms are discussed.
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relative humidity preference and survival of starved formosan Subterranean Termites isoptera rhinotermitidae at various temperature and relative humidity conditions
Environmental Entomology, 2011Co-Authors: Bal K Gautam, Gregg HendersonAbstract:ABSTRACT Foraging groups of Formosan Subterranean Termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki were tested for their relative humidity (RH) preference in a humidity gradient arena in the laboratory at a constant temperature of 26°G Five RH levels (9%, 33%, 53%, 75%, and 98%) were maintained in the test arena comprising of a series of closed containers by using dry silica gel, saturated salt solutions, or distilled water alone. Termites gradually aggregated to the highest RH chamber in the arena. After 1h, a significantly greater percentage of Termites (≈46%) aggregated to the highest RH chamber (98%) than to the lower RH chambers (≤75%). After 12 h, > 97% of the Termites aggregated to the 98% RH chamber. In survival tests, where Termites were exposed to 15 combinatorial treatments of five RH levels (9%, 33%, 53%, 75%, and 98%) and three temperatures (20°C, 28°C, and 36°C) for a week, the survival was significantly influenced by RH, temperature, and their interaction. A significantly higher mortality was obser...
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effects of sand moisture level on food consumption and distribution of formosan Subterranean Termites isoptera rhinotermitidae with different soldier proportions
Journal of Entomological Science, 2011Co-Authors: Bal K Gautam, Gregg HendersonAbstract:Formosan Subterranean Termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were tested under laboratory conditions to determine preferences among different sand moisture levels in a choice test. Foraging behavior, rate of filter paper consumption and distribution patterns of the Termites were studied among 3 soldier ratios: low (4% soldier), normal (16% soldier) and high (32% soldier) and 7 sand moisture gradients (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28% wt/wt) in a circular 3-dimensional arena. The results showed that sand moisture had a significant effect on termite distribution and filter paper consumption, whereas soldier proportions had no effect. Treatment means comparisons indicated that there were no significant differences in termite distribution or consumption among moisture levels ranging from 4 - 24%; however, significant differences were obtained when termite distribution or consumption on these moisture levels were compared with that of the saturated sand (28% moisture). Termites also were not present in the center release chamber (which had dry sand and no food) at any observation point. Within the range of 4 - 24%, we found a very uneven distribution pattern where 70 - 80% of the total released Termites aggregated in 1 of the 6 moisture chambers. Filter paper consumption generally corresponded with the aggregation sites. Importantly, among the 27 replicates no particular moisture chamber was consistently chosen for aggregation indicating that Formosan Subterranean Termites probably can adapt to a range of substrate moisture levels in nature provided other conditions are suitable.
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repellency of formosan Subterranean Termites isoptera rhinotermitidae to dead Termites and attraction to 2 phenoxyethanol with and without nonrepellent insecticides 1
Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology, 2006Co-Authors: Huixin Fei, Gregg HendersonAbstract:The response of the Formosan Subterranean termite to both dead Termites and 2-phenoxyethanol with and without nonrepellent insecticide residues was examined using three commercially available pesticide formula- tions (acetamiprid, fipronil, and imidacloprid). Results indicated that signifi- cantly more search tunnels were constructed in the 2-phenoxyethanol-treated sand with three different insecticides compared with the control sand on the first day. The total tunnel network length remained higher on the 2-phenoxy- ethanol and insecticide-treated sides through the duration of the experiment. Formosan Subterranean Termites exposed to imidacloprid or fipronil had greater rates of mortality than those exposed to acetamiprid in the study. The increased search activity caused by 2-phenoxyethanol to nearby sites treated with insecticides can reduce the time for Termites to contact a toxicant and potentially increases the transfer of the toxicant among Termites. Dead ter- mites prevented forager passage regardless of whether the dead individuals were treated with a toxicant or not, therefore decreasing the total tunnel network. Compared with the control, significantly greater rates of mortality occurred in treatments with dead termite barriers. Dead termite barriers that had been treated with any of the three insecticides generally caused greater rates of mortality than those without an insecticide treatment. Dead Termites lead to the avoidance of the area by Formosan Subterranean Termites. One way to overcome this repellency in the field may be to add an attractant like 2-phe- noxyethanol.
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toxicity and repellency of patchouli oil and patchouli alcohol against formosan Subterranean Termites coptotermes formosanus shiraki isoptera rhinotermitidae
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Gregg Henderson, Ying Yu, Roger A LaineAbstract:Patchouli oil obtained from Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth and its main constituent, patchouli alcohol, were tested for their repellency and toxicity against Formosan Subterranean Termites (Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki). Both were found to be toxic and repellent. Unusual tissue destruction was noted inside the exoskeleton of the termite after patchouli alcohol was topically applied to the dorsum. Keywords: Pogostemon cablin; Formosan Subterranean Termites; repellent; insecticide.
