The Experts below are selected from a list of 255 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Casimir C. Akoh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Formulation and optimization of Sucrose Polyester physical properties by mixture response surface methodology
Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 1996Co-Authors: Chwen-jen Shieh, Casimir C. Akoh, P. E. KoehlerAbstract:The physical properties of Sucrose Polyester (SPE), prepared from different composite blends of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of safflower oil, palm oil, and peanut oil, were evaluated by mixture response surface methodology. Optimum combinations of fatty, acids to achieve specific physical properties of SPE were determined. The SPE most similar in physical properties to peanut oil was obtained with a 55:45 molar ratio of mixed FAME from safflower oil and peanut oil. The physical properties of SPE were significantly affected by the degree of saturation and the average chainlength of their composite fatty acids.
-
Optimization of Sucrose Polyester Synthesis Using Response Surface Methodology
Journal of Food Science, 1996Co-Authors: Chwen-jen Shieh, P. E. Koehler, Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of synthetic variables such as reaction time (6–12 hr), temperature (130–150°C), and substrate molar ratio of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of peanut oil to Sucrose (10:1 to 14:1) on the % molar conversion to Sucrose Polyester, utilizing 10g of free Sucrose as the reactant. Optimization of the synthetic reaction was performed by canonical analysis to derive the stationary point. Based on contour plots and canonical analysis, optimum conditions were: reaction time 11.5 hr, synthetic temperature 144°C, and substrate molar ratio 11.4:1. Predicted molar conversion was 43.39% (10g Sucrose synthesized 29.4g Sucrose Polyester) at the optimum point. Experimental data indicated up to 48.4% yield based on theoretical % molar conversion.
-
Optimizing Low Fat Peanut Spread Containing Sucrose Polyester
Journal of Food Science, 1996Co-Authors: Chwen-jen Shieh, Casimir C. Akoh, P. E. KoehlerAbstract:Mixture experimental design was used to model the formulation of a low fat peanut spread based on textural profile analysis. Emulsifier was the important factor affecting physical properties of the low fat peanut spread. Sucrose Polyester (SPE) contributed only the oily attribute to the product and did not significantly affect physical properties. The optimum combination was 1% salt, 6% corn syrup solids, 2.6% emulsifier, 23.9% SPE, and 66.5% ground defatted peanuts adjusted to 40% peanut oil. The fat content of the optimum sample was 26.6%.
-
Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Concurrent Analysis of Sucrose Polyester, Vitamin A Palmitate, and β-Carotene in Margarine
Journal of Liquid Chromatography, 1995Co-Authors: Casimir C. Akoh, Ronald R. Eitenmiller, William O LandenAbstract:Abstract A liquid chromatographic method is described for the concurrent analysis of Sucrose Polyester (SPE), vitamin A and β-carotene in margarine. The SPE and vitamins are separated from the acylglycerol by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The GPC system is equipped with a refractive index and ultraviolet (UV) detector (313 nm) to monitor the peak elution. Following collection, the vitamins and SPE are analyzed by C-18 reverse phase chromatography. A ternary gradient of acetonitrile, methylene chloride and isopropanol with evaporative light scattering detection is used for SPE analysis. Vitamin A and s-carotene are quantitated after isocratic elution with acetonitrile/methylene chloride/methanol (700/300/2, v/v/v) as mobile phase and detection at 313 nm and 436 nm, respectively. Well resolved, interference free chromatograms were obtained for each analyte.
-
Lipid-based fat substitutes
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 1995Co-Authors: Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Fats and oils account for 38% of the total calories in the diet of Western populations, especially in the U.S. They provide the most concentrated source of energy, 9 kcal/g of a triacylglycerol molecule compared with 4 kcal/g provided by carbohydrate and protein. In response to consumer demands for low-calorie or calorie-free fats and their reluctance to give up the taste of fat, current research efforts have been directed toward the development of lipid-like fat substitutes. These fat substitutes contain the fatty acids found in conventional fats and oils, with all the physical and organoleptic properties of fats, but provide few or no calories in the diet. Some of the fat substitutes are modified triacylglycerols (glycerol backbone) with reduced digestion and absorption; others are digestible and nondigestible carbohydrate fatty acid esters and Polyesters, respectively. Sucrose Polyester (Olestra), a Sucrose molecule esterified with six to either fatty acids, is the most studied of the lipid-based fat substitutes containing a carbohydrate backbone. If approved by the FDA, Sucrose Polyester will find application in almost all fat-containing foods. Specialty fats or fat substitutes targeted to certain individuals with special needs are being developed. Among these are the medium-chain triacylglycerols and structured lipids (glycerol backbone), or ?nutraceuticals? with reduced absorption and medical applications. Enzyme biotechnology is another tool available to lipid chemists to selectively modify, esterify, transform, transesterify, and interesterify fats and oils or synthesize new lipids such as structured lipids of food, nutritional, and medical importance. These designer fats may be the trend in the future to produce medical lipids that do not occur normally in nature. The different types of lipid-based fat substitutes are reviewed with respect to their synthesis, analysis, metabolism, potential applications/uses, and the future of fat substitutes.
Jean-marie Bourre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Inhibition of colchicine absorption by the fat substitutes, Sucrose Polyester and tricarballylate triester, in the rat
Life sciences, 1995Co-Authors: Kamel Benmoussa, Jean-michel Schermann, Jean-marie BourreAbstract:Abstract The effect of non-absorbable fat substitutes (Sucrose Polyester (SPE) and tricarballylate triester (TCTE)) on the enterohepatic circulation of colchiline was studied in the rat. In a first experiment, emulsions of either sunflower oil (SFO), SPE, or TCTE, were introduced into the ligated small intestine and compared to a control group receiving physiological saline. All the groups received colchicine as an intravenous bolus. The plasma levels of colchicine in all groups was not affected, and luminal samples indicated that SPE and TCTE have no influence on the biliary excretion of colchicine (a previous experiment in bile duct-cannulated rats showed that SPE and TCTE, introduced by intragastric tube, have no effect on bile flow rate). In a second experiment, colchicine diluted in bile was mixed with saline or emulsions of either SFO. SPE or TCTE, and introduced into the ligated small intestine. The area under the curve and the maximal plasma concentration of colchicine were reduced when the drug was mixed with SPE or TCTE rather than saline ( p ). After 150 min, luminal samples were taken and showed significantly higher ( p ) concentrations of colchicine in both SPE and TCTE groups compared to the saline group, indicating a significant inhibition of reabsorption of biliary colchicine. In conclusion, the non-absorbable fat substitutes, SPE and TCTE, did not influence biliary excretion of colchicine but reduced its reabsorption, thus altering its enterohepatic circulation.
-
Cyclosporin Absorption Is Impaired by the Fat Substitutes, Sucrose Polyester and Tricarballylate Triester, in the Rat
Pharmaceutical Research, 1994Co-Authors: Kamel Benmoussa, Alain Sabouraud, Jean-michel Scherrmann, Jean-marie BourreAbstract:The effect of non-absorbable fat substitutes (Sucrose Polyester (SPE) and tricarballylate triester (TCTE)) on cyclosporin A (CsA) intestinal absorption was studied in the rat using in situ perfusion and gastric intubation techniques. A first experiment using the re-circulating intestinal perfusion model showed that emulsions of either 5% SPE or TCTE significantly reduced (p < 0.0008) CsA absorption, whereas no difference was found between results for saline and 5% olive oil emulsion. In single-pass intestinal perfusion experiments SPE dose-dependently inhibited CsA absorption at SPE concentrations of 0.31% (p< 0.0004) and higher. Using gastric intubation, whole blood CsA concentrations significantly decreased when administered with SPE and TCTE in comparison with olive oil (p < 0.04). These results confirm that the CsA fraction dissolved in the undigested oil phase, constituted by the undigested and non-absorbed fat substitute, is unavailable for intestinal absorption.
-
Effect of Fat Substitutes, Sucrose Polyester and Tricarballylate Triester, on Digitoxin Absorption in the Rat
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1993Co-Authors: Kamel Benmoussa, Alain Sabouraud, Jean-michel Scherrmann, Denis Brossard, Jean-marie BourreAbstract:— The effect of non-absorbable fat substitutes (Sucrose Polyester (SPE) and tricarballylate triester (TCTE)) on [3H]digitoxin intestinal absorption was studied in the rat using a small intestine in-situ perfusion technique. The effect of SPE and TCTE was compared with that of sunflower oil, oleic acid, and saline. After 120 min perfusion, 5% SPE emulsion significantly reduced (P < 0·001) digitoxin absorption compared with all other treated groups. Five per cent TCTE emulsion had a less marked effect than SPE (P = 0·0002) and did not differ from sunflower oil. No difference was found between saline and 5% oleate emulsion, which did not reduce digitoxin absorption compared with other treated groups (P < 0·02). When taurocholic acid and lipase were added, results for the saline-, TCTE-, and SPE-treated groups were similar to those above, but the sunflower oil-treated group showed significantly enhanced (P < 0·01) digitoxin absorption. Thin-layer chromatography of the lipid phases showed hydrolysis of sunflower oil in the presence of taurocholic acid and lipase, but not of TCTE or SPE. The inhibitory effect of the nonabsorbable fat substitutes on digitoxin absorption could be related to drug sequestration by the persistent oil phase constituted by the undigested and then unabsorbed fat substitutes. That part of digitoxin dissolved in the undigested oil phase is consequently unavailable for intestinal absorption.
Jan A. Weststrate - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Effect of Replacement of Fat by Nonabsorbable Fat (Sucrose Polyester) in Meals or Snacks as a Function of Dietary Restraint
Physiology & behavior, 1997Co-Authors: Margriet S. Westerterp-plantenga, Nicole E.g. Wijckmans-duijsens, Foppe Ten Hoor, Jan A. WeststrateAbstract:Abstract Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., N. E. G. Wijckmans-Duijsens, F. Ten Hoor and J. A. Weststrate. Effect of replacement of fat by nonabsorbable fat (Sucrose Polyester) in meals or snacks as a function of dietary restraint. Physiol Behav 61(6) 939–947, 1997.—The effect of replacement of fat by nonabsorbable fat on energy intake and on feelings of hunger and satiety was assessed, in normal-weight dietary-restrained (n = 11), dietary-unrestrained (n = 13) and in postobese dietary-restrained women (n = 12), using 2 experimental designs. First, during breakfast and lunch on 2 sequential weekdays, 23 g of dietary fat was replaced by 23 g of a nonabsorbable fat. Second, dietary fat was replaced by a nonabsorbable fat in snacks consumed ad lib during a different week. Fat replacement in meals or in snacks did not result in changes in hunger and satiety ratings throughout the day. Replacement in meals yielded an energy intake reduction of 0.5 MJ/day (not significant) in dietary-unrestrained and in postobese dietary-restrained subjects; this reduction included 44% energy intake compensation. In normal-weight dietary-restrained subjects, energy intake reduction of 0.7 (p
-
Nonabsorbable fat (Sucrose Polyester) and the regulation of energy intake and body weight
American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 1996Co-Authors: C. De Graaf, T. Hulshof, Jan A. Weststrate, J.g.a.j. HautvastAbstract:A substantial number of people have difficulties in controlling their body weight and energy/fat intake. Fat substitutes may be helpful in solving these problems. We here report the first study on the longer-term effects of the nonabsorbable fat Sucrose Polyester (SPE) on energy intake in normal-weight subjects. We studied the longer-term (12 days) effects of the consumption of warm meals with normal dietary fat (5.0 MJ, 1,195 kcal) or meals in which 52 g of fat were replaced by the fat replacer SPE (3.1 MJ, 740 kcal) on spontaneous food intake (measured by dietary records), body weight, and gastrointestinal complaints in healthy volunteers in two studies. In the first study the 48 subjects were unaware of the treatment, whereas in the second study the 47 subjects were informed of what they received. In both studies men and women consumed less energy per day during the SPE (11.2 MJ) compared with the fat treatment (12.7 MJ) (P values < 0.0001) for the whole 12-day period. This was accompanied by equivalent changes in body weight. The percentage of energy from fat decreased from 43% during the fat treatment to 32% during the SPE treatment. During the SPE treatment, more gastrointestinal complaints and a higher frequency of defecation were reported. Information about the treatment did not affect. the outcomes. It is concluded that the use of a fat replacer such as SPE helps in reducing fat and energy intake in normal-weight people.
-
Fat substitution and food intake: effect of replacing fat with Sucrose Polyester at lunch or evening meals.
The British journal of nutrition, 1996Co-Authors: J R Cotton, Jan A. Weststrate, Victoria J. Burley, John E. BlundellAbstract:The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of replacement of fat by Sucrose Polyester (SPE) within a lunch or evening meal on subsequent energy intake and appetite control. The 2 x 2 design was intended to examine the effect on appetite of reducing the total energy and fat content of a meal (lunch or dinner) by replacement of natural fat with 55 g SPE. The effects were monitored by measuring motivation to eat or actual food consumption during the remainder of the test day (day 1) and throughout the following day (day 2). The 2 x 2 design yielded four conditions which were a control meal (5192 kJ, 73.2 g fat) and a fat-replaced meal (3305 kJ, 54.6 g SPE, 24 g fat) at midday (lunch) or in the early evening (dinner). No significant differences were seen in ad lib. energy intake after the test meals on day 1 or day 2. Certain differences were detected in fat intake on day 2 but these did not suggest nutrient compensation in response to the fat replacement. Subjective assessment of motivation to eat did not indicate that the fat-reduced meal had a weaker satiating efficiency than the control meal. A reduction in fat content, using fat replacement, did not reduce the satiating efficiency of a test meal given at lunch or dinner. No energy or macronutrient compensation occurred following the reduction in energy or fat intake during the rest of the test day or during the whole of the next day.
-
Sucrose Polyester and plasma carotenoid concentrations in healthy subjects.
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1995Co-Authors: Jan A. Weststrate, K H Van Het HofAbstract:A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of the effects of the nonabsorbable fat analogue Sucrose Polyester (SPE; 12.4 g/d) on plasma concentrations of five different carotenoids and vitamin E in 21 volunteers, and a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel comparison study in 53 subjects of the effect of 3 g SPE/d on plasma concentrations of two different carotenoids were undertaken. SPE-containing margarine added to the main meal was used. SPE (12.4 g/d) reduced plasma of beta-carotene concentrations by 0.13 mumol/L (34%, P = 0.0001) and concentrations of lycopene by 0.14 mumol/L (52%, P = 0.0001). Smaller but significant reductions were found for plasma concentrations of beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin E. SPE (3 g/d) reduced plasma concentrations of beta-carotene by 0.094 mumol/L (20% P = 0.0001) and concentrations of lycopene by 0.12 mumol/L (38%, P = 0.0001). Even at low doses, SPE strongly reduces plasma carotenoid concentrations. This finding merits careful consideration in assessing the long-term health effects of SPE-containing consumer foods.
-
Short-term satiating effect of the fat replacer Sucrose Polyester (SPE) in man
The British journal of nutrition, 1995Co-Authors: T. Hulshof, C. De Graaf, Jan A. WeststrateAbstract:The effects of different amounts of the non-absorbable fat replacer Sucrose Polyester (SPE), water, and fat added to six warm preload lunches on feelings of appetite and food intake were investigated in two studies that were replicates of each other. In the first study thirty-nine subjects consumed rice preloads; in the second study thirty-five subjects consumed macaroni preloads. The six preloads were fixed on three energy levels: 1.8, 2.7, or 3.7 MJ. At 2 h after preload consumption a test-meal buffet of thirty-one products was presented. Food intake was recorded on the study day, and the day after the study day. For women no energy compensation occurred in either study. Men showed a tendency to compensate for the energy differences between the preloads. However, when the fat of the preloads was replaced by SPE, energy compensation was less than 50 % and non-significant. Statistically significant energy compensation (66%) was found when fat was replaced by water. No macronutrient-specific compensation occurred in men or women in either study. Lower total fat and energy intakes were found with the preloads where fat was replaced by SPE compared with the preloads containing fat. The appetite ratings were in line with the energy intake valnes, with no differences in women, and higher appetite ratings after the lower energy preloads in men. This short-term study indicates that SPE may be a useful aid to reduce fat and energy intakes. Sucrose Polyester: Energy intake: Appetite
Kamel Benmoussa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Inhibition of colchicine absorption by the fat substitutes, Sucrose Polyester and tricarballylate triester, in the rat
Life sciences, 1995Co-Authors: Kamel Benmoussa, Jean-michel Schermann, Jean-marie BourreAbstract:Abstract The effect of non-absorbable fat substitutes (Sucrose Polyester (SPE) and tricarballylate triester (TCTE)) on the enterohepatic circulation of colchiline was studied in the rat. In a first experiment, emulsions of either sunflower oil (SFO), SPE, or TCTE, were introduced into the ligated small intestine and compared to a control group receiving physiological saline. All the groups received colchicine as an intravenous bolus. The plasma levels of colchicine in all groups was not affected, and luminal samples indicated that SPE and TCTE have no influence on the biliary excretion of colchicine (a previous experiment in bile duct-cannulated rats showed that SPE and TCTE, introduced by intragastric tube, have no effect on bile flow rate). In a second experiment, colchicine diluted in bile was mixed with saline or emulsions of either SFO. SPE or TCTE, and introduced into the ligated small intestine. The area under the curve and the maximal plasma concentration of colchicine were reduced when the drug was mixed with SPE or TCTE rather than saline ( p ). After 150 min, luminal samples were taken and showed significantly higher ( p ) concentrations of colchicine in both SPE and TCTE groups compared to the saline group, indicating a significant inhibition of reabsorption of biliary colchicine. In conclusion, the non-absorbable fat substitutes, SPE and TCTE, did not influence biliary excretion of colchicine but reduced its reabsorption, thus altering its enterohepatic circulation.
-
Cyclosporin Absorption Is Impaired by the Fat Substitutes, Sucrose Polyester and Tricarballylate Triester, in the Rat
Pharmaceutical Research, 1994Co-Authors: Kamel Benmoussa, Alain Sabouraud, Jean-michel Scherrmann, Jean-marie BourreAbstract:The effect of non-absorbable fat substitutes (Sucrose Polyester (SPE) and tricarballylate triester (TCTE)) on cyclosporin A (CsA) intestinal absorption was studied in the rat using in situ perfusion and gastric intubation techniques. A first experiment using the re-circulating intestinal perfusion model showed that emulsions of either 5% SPE or TCTE significantly reduced (p < 0.0008) CsA absorption, whereas no difference was found between results for saline and 5% olive oil emulsion. In single-pass intestinal perfusion experiments SPE dose-dependently inhibited CsA absorption at SPE concentrations of 0.31% (p< 0.0004) and higher. Using gastric intubation, whole blood CsA concentrations significantly decreased when administered with SPE and TCTE in comparison with olive oil (p < 0.04). These results confirm that the CsA fraction dissolved in the undigested oil phase, constituted by the undigested and non-absorbed fat substitute, is unavailable for intestinal absorption.
-
Effect of Fat Substitutes, Sucrose Polyester and Tricarballylate Triester, on Digitoxin Absorption in the Rat
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1993Co-Authors: Kamel Benmoussa, Alain Sabouraud, Jean-michel Scherrmann, Denis Brossard, Jean-marie BourreAbstract:— The effect of non-absorbable fat substitutes (Sucrose Polyester (SPE) and tricarballylate triester (TCTE)) on [3H]digitoxin intestinal absorption was studied in the rat using a small intestine in-situ perfusion technique. The effect of SPE and TCTE was compared with that of sunflower oil, oleic acid, and saline. After 120 min perfusion, 5% SPE emulsion significantly reduced (P < 0·001) digitoxin absorption compared with all other treated groups. Five per cent TCTE emulsion had a less marked effect than SPE (P = 0·0002) and did not differ from sunflower oil. No difference was found between saline and 5% oleate emulsion, which did not reduce digitoxin absorption compared with other treated groups (P < 0·02). When taurocholic acid and lipase were added, results for the saline-, TCTE-, and SPE-treated groups were similar to those above, but the sunflower oil-treated group showed significantly enhanced (P < 0·01) digitoxin absorption. Thin-layer chromatography of the lipid phases showed hydrolysis of sunflower oil in the presence of taurocholic acid and lipase, but not of TCTE or SPE. The inhibitory effect of the nonabsorbable fat substitutes on digitoxin absorption could be related to drug sequestration by the persistent oil phase constituted by the undigested and then unabsorbed fat substitutes. That part of digitoxin dissolved in the undigested oil phase is consequently unavailable for intestinal absorption.
Chwen-jen Shieh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Formulation and optimization of Sucrose Polyester physical properties by mixture response surface methodology
Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 1996Co-Authors: Chwen-jen Shieh, Casimir C. Akoh, P. E. KoehlerAbstract:The physical properties of Sucrose Polyester (SPE), prepared from different composite blends of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of safflower oil, palm oil, and peanut oil, were evaluated by mixture response surface methodology. Optimum combinations of fatty, acids to achieve specific physical properties of SPE were determined. The SPE most similar in physical properties to peanut oil was obtained with a 55:45 molar ratio of mixed FAME from safflower oil and peanut oil. The physical properties of SPE were significantly affected by the degree of saturation and the average chainlength of their composite fatty acids.
-
Optimization of Sucrose Polyester Synthesis Using Response Surface Methodology
Journal of Food Science, 1996Co-Authors: Chwen-jen Shieh, P. E. Koehler, Casimir C. AkohAbstract:Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of synthetic variables such as reaction time (6–12 hr), temperature (130–150°C), and substrate molar ratio of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of peanut oil to Sucrose (10:1 to 14:1) on the % molar conversion to Sucrose Polyester, utilizing 10g of free Sucrose as the reactant. Optimization of the synthetic reaction was performed by canonical analysis to derive the stationary point. Based on contour plots and canonical analysis, optimum conditions were: reaction time 11.5 hr, synthetic temperature 144°C, and substrate molar ratio 11.4:1. Predicted molar conversion was 43.39% (10g Sucrose synthesized 29.4g Sucrose Polyester) at the optimum point. Experimental data indicated up to 48.4% yield based on theoretical % molar conversion.
-
Optimizing Low Fat Peanut Spread Containing Sucrose Polyester
Journal of Food Science, 1996Co-Authors: Chwen-jen Shieh, Casimir C. Akoh, P. E. KoehlerAbstract:Mixture experimental design was used to model the formulation of a low fat peanut spread based on textural profile analysis. Emulsifier was the important factor affecting physical properties of the low fat peanut spread. Sucrose Polyester (SPE) contributed only the oily attribute to the product and did not significantly affect physical properties. The optimum combination was 1% salt, 6% corn syrup solids, 2.6% emulsifier, 23.9% SPE, and 66.5% ground defatted peanuts adjusted to 40% peanut oil. The fat content of the optimum sample was 26.6%.
