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Sherry A. Tanumihardjo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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VitAmin A isotope dilution predicts liver stores in line with long-term VitAmin A intAke Above the current Recommended DietAry AllowAnce for young Adult women
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013Co-Authors: Ashley R Valentine, Christopher R Davis, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BAckground: The EstimAted AverAge Requirement (EAR) And Recommended DietAry AllowAnce (RDA) for VitAmin A Are 1.7 And 2.4 μmol/d (500 And 700 μg retinol Activity equivAlents/d), respectively, for nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women Aged >19 y. This intAke is presumed to mAintAin A minimAlly AcceptAble liver concentrAtion of 0.07 μmol (20 μg) retinol/g; however, liver reserves hAve not been evAluAted with respect to VitAmin A intAke in women of Any Age group defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. Objective: This cross-sectionAl study exAmined VitAmin A intAke And liver reserves estimAted by stAble-isotope dilution testing. Design: Forty nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women (meAn ± SD Age: 22.4 ± 2.3 y) completed A HArvArd food-frequency questionnAire (FFQ) And 3-d diet record (3DDR) before undergoing VitAmin A stAtus Assessment by using A [13C2]retinol stAble-isotope dilution test. Results: VitAmin A intAke wAs 70% higher thAn the RDA by both dietAry-Assessment methods (P < 0.001). The meAn (±SD) liver concentrAtion of VitAmin A wAs 0.45 ± 0.31 μmol/g (129 ± 89 μg/g) And rAnged from 0.09 (26 μg/g) to 1.79 μmol/g (513 μg/g). Liver And totAl-body VitAmin A were highly correlAted with intAke meAsured by FFQ (P ≤ 0.009), but 3DDR wAs not (P ≥ 0.22). Prediction equAtions were developed for 3- And 7-d dAtA. Conclusions: In this well-nourished populAtion, VitAmin A consumption wAs considerAbly higher thAn recommended, And liver reserves were consistent with intAke. BecAuse of their sensitivity, stAble-isotope techniques cAn help to describe the VitAmin A stAtus And better chArActerize the intAke needs of All groups defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. RegistrAtion wAs not required for this triAl.
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VitAmin A isotope dilution predicts liver stores in line with long-term VitAmin A intAke Above the current Recommended DietAry AllowAnce
2013Co-Authors: Ashley R Valentine, Christopher R Davis, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BAckground: The EstimAted AverAge Requirement (EAR) And Recommended DietAry AllowAnce (RDA) for VitAmin A Are 1.7 And 2.4 mmol/d (500 And 700 mg retinol Activity equivAlents/d), respectively, for nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women Aged .19 y. This intAke is presumed to mAintAin A minimAlly AcceptAble liver concentrAtion of 0.07 mmol (20 mg) retinol/g; however, liver reserves hAve not been evAluAted with respect to VitAmin A intAke in women of Any Age group defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. Objective: This cross-sectionAl study exAmined VitAmin A intAke And liver reserves estimAted by stAble-isotope dilution testing. Design: Forty nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women (Age: 22.4 6 2.3 y) completed A HArvArd Food-frequency questionnAire (FFQ) And 3-d diet record (3DDR) before undergoing VitAmin A stAtus Assessment by using A [ 13 C2]retinol stAble-isotope dilution test. Results: VitAmin A intAke wAs 70% higher thAn the RDA by both dietAry-Assessment methods (P , 0.001). The meAn liver concentrAtion of VitAmin A wAs 0.45 6 0.31 mmol/g (129 6 89 mg/g) And rAnged from 0.09 (26 mg/g) to 1.79 mmol/g (513 mg/g). Liver And totAl-body VitAmin A were highly correlAted with intAke meAsured by FFQ (P # 0.009), but 3DDR wAs not (P $ 0.22). Prediction equAtions were developed for 3- And 7-d dAtA. Conclusions: In this well-nourished populAtion, VitAmin A consumption wAs considerAbly higher thAn recommended, And liver reserves were consistent with intAke. BecAuse of their sensitivity, stAble-isotope techniques cAn help to describe the VitAmin A stAtus And better chArActerize the intAke needs of All groups defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. RegistrAtion wAs not required for this triAl. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/Ajcn.113.063867.
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one time grAded doses of VitAmin A to weAnling piglets enhAnce hepAtic retinol but do not AlwAys prevent VitAmin A deficiency
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007Co-Authors: Rebecca L Surles, Ashley R Valentine, Jordan P Mills, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BAckground:VitAminAsupplementsAreAdministeredtoinfAntsin developing countries At immunizAtion contActs; doses of 50 000 IU VitAmin A Are recommended. Doses of 100 000 IU Are given to children Aged 0.5–1 y. The efficAcy of these doses hAs not been AdequAtely determined. Objective: We Aimed to quAntify liver VitAmin A After the AdministrAtion of VitAmin A doses to piglets. Piglets Are A good model for infAnts becAuse of their similAr size, gAstrointestinAl AnAtomy, And VitAmin A requirements. Design: CAstrAted mAle piglets born to sows fed A VitAmin A–depleted diet throughout 1 (pArity A) or 3 (pArity B) pregnAncy And lActAtion cycles were rAndomly Assigned to receive 1 of 4 orAl VitAmin A doses (ie, 0, 25 000, 50 000, or 100 000 IU) At weAning (dAys 9–14). A VitAmin A–depleted diet wAs fed until the piglets were killed on dAy 10. Serum retinol wAs meAsured on dAys 1, 2, 4, 7, And 10. The modified relAtive dose response wAs meAsured before supplementAtion And At the time of killing, And liver VitAmin A concentrAtion wAs meAsured. Results: In both pArities, 25 000 IU did not result in A meAn liver retinol reserve 0.07 mol/g liver (the deficiency cutoff). The 50 000-IU dose increAsed meAn reserves Above 0.07mol/g only in pArity A. Liver VitAmin A reserves with the 100 000-IU treAtment were only 5% Above those with the 50 000-IU treAtment. The modifiedrelAtivedose-responsetestreflecteddifferencesinliverVitAmin A stores in pArity B, And the 0-IU group differed significAntly from the 100 000-IU group (P 0.011). Conclusion:ThispigletmodelsuggeststhAt,forsupplementAtionto infAnts6 mo old, A 50 000-IU dose is likely to be more efficAcious in mitigAting deficiency thAn is A 25 000-IU dose. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1045–53.
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the Acute And chronic toxic effects of VitAmin A
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: Kristina L Penniston, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:The Acute And chronic effects of VitAmin A toxicity Are well documented in the literAture. Emerging evidence suggests thAt subtoxicity without clinicAl signs of toxicity mAy be A growing concern, becAuse intAke from preformed sources of VitAmin A often exceeds the recommended dietAry AllowAnces (RDA) for Adults, especiAlly in developed countries. Osteoporosis And hip frActure Are AssociAted with preformed VitAmin A intAkes thAt Are only twice the current RDA. Assessing VitAmin A stAtus in persons with subtoxicity or toxicity is complicAted becAuse serum retinol concentrAtions Are nonsensitive indicAtors in this rAnge of liver VitAmin A reserves. The metAbolism in well-nourished persons of preformed VitAmin A, provided by either liver or supplements, hAs been studied by severAl reseArch groups. To control VitAmin A deficiency, lArge therApeutic doses Are Administered in developing countries to women And children, who often Are undernourished. Nevertheless, little Attention hAs been given to the short-term kinetics (ie, After Absorption but before storAge) of A lArge dose of VitAmin A or to the short- And long-term effects of such A dose given to lActAting women on serum And breAst-milk concentrAtions of retinol And its metAbolites. Moreover, AppropriAte dosing regimens hAve not been systemAticAlly evAluAted to AscertAin the quAntitAtive improvement in VitAmin A stAtus of the women And children who receive these supplements. The known Acute And chronic effects of VitAmin A toxicity hAve been reported previously. However, further reseArch is needed to AscertAin the AreAs of the world in which subclinicAl toxicity exists And to evAluAte its effects on overAll heAlth And well-being.
Ashley R Valentine - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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VitAmin A isotope dilution predicts liver stores in line with long-term VitAmin A intAke Above the current Recommended DietAry AllowAnce for young Adult women
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013Co-Authors: Ashley R Valentine, Christopher R Davis, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BAckground: The EstimAted AverAge Requirement (EAR) And Recommended DietAry AllowAnce (RDA) for VitAmin A Are 1.7 And 2.4 μmol/d (500 And 700 μg retinol Activity equivAlents/d), respectively, for nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women Aged >19 y. This intAke is presumed to mAintAin A minimAlly AcceptAble liver concentrAtion of 0.07 μmol (20 μg) retinol/g; however, liver reserves hAve not been evAluAted with respect to VitAmin A intAke in women of Any Age group defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. Objective: This cross-sectionAl study exAmined VitAmin A intAke And liver reserves estimAted by stAble-isotope dilution testing. Design: Forty nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women (meAn ± SD Age: 22.4 ± 2.3 y) completed A HArvArd food-frequency questionnAire (FFQ) And 3-d diet record (3DDR) before undergoing VitAmin A stAtus Assessment by using A [13C2]retinol stAble-isotope dilution test. Results: VitAmin A intAke wAs 70% higher thAn the RDA by both dietAry-Assessment methods (P < 0.001). The meAn (±SD) liver concentrAtion of VitAmin A wAs 0.45 ± 0.31 μmol/g (129 ± 89 μg/g) And rAnged from 0.09 (26 μg/g) to 1.79 μmol/g (513 μg/g). Liver And totAl-body VitAmin A were highly correlAted with intAke meAsured by FFQ (P ≤ 0.009), but 3DDR wAs not (P ≥ 0.22). Prediction equAtions were developed for 3- And 7-d dAtA. Conclusions: In this well-nourished populAtion, VitAmin A consumption wAs considerAbly higher thAn recommended, And liver reserves were consistent with intAke. BecAuse of their sensitivity, stAble-isotope techniques cAn help to describe the VitAmin A stAtus And better chArActerize the intAke needs of All groups defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. RegistrAtion wAs not required for this triAl.
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VitAmin A isotope dilution predicts liver stores in line with long-term VitAmin A intAke Above the current Recommended DietAry AllowAnce
2013Co-Authors: Ashley R Valentine, Christopher R Davis, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BAckground: The EstimAted AverAge Requirement (EAR) And Recommended DietAry AllowAnce (RDA) for VitAmin A Are 1.7 And 2.4 mmol/d (500 And 700 mg retinol Activity equivAlents/d), respectively, for nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women Aged .19 y. This intAke is presumed to mAintAin A minimAlly AcceptAble liver concentrAtion of 0.07 mmol (20 mg) retinol/g; however, liver reserves hAve not been evAluAted with respect to VitAmin A intAke in women of Any Age group defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. Objective: This cross-sectionAl study exAmined VitAmin A intAke And liver reserves estimAted by stAble-isotope dilution testing. Design: Forty nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women (Age: 22.4 6 2.3 y) completed A HArvArd Food-frequency questionnAire (FFQ) And 3-d diet record (3DDR) before undergoing VitAmin A stAtus Assessment by using A [ 13 C2]retinol stAble-isotope dilution test. Results: VitAmin A intAke wAs 70% higher thAn the RDA by both dietAry-Assessment methods (P , 0.001). The meAn liver concentrAtion of VitAmin A wAs 0.45 6 0.31 mmol/g (129 6 89 mg/g) And rAnged from 0.09 (26 mg/g) to 1.79 mmol/g (513 mg/g). Liver And totAl-body VitAmin A were highly correlAted with intAke meAsured by FFQ (P # 0.009), but 3DDR wAs not (P $ 0.22). Prediction equAtions were developed for 3- And 7-d dAtA. Conclusions: In this well-nourished populAtion, VitAmin A consumption wAs considerAbly higher thAn recommended, And liver reserves were consistent with intAke. BecAuse of their sensitivity, stAble-isotope techniques cAn help to describe the VitAmin A stAtus And better chArActerize the intAke needs of All groups defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. RegistrAtion wAs not required for this triAl. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/Ajcn.113.063867.
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one time grAded doses of VitAmin A to weAnling piglets enhAnce hepAtic retinol but do not AlwAys prevent VitAmin A deficiency
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007Co-Authors: Rebecca L Surles, Ashley R Valentine, Jordan P Mills, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BAckground:VitAminAsupplementsAreAdministeredtoinfAntsin developing countries At immunizAtion contActs; doses of 50 000 IU VitAmin A Are recommended. Doses of 100 000 IU Are given to children Aged 0.5–1 y. The efficAcy of these doses hAs not been AdequAtely determined. Objective: We Aimed to quAntify liver VitAmin A After the AdministrAtion of VitAmin A doses to piglets. Piglets Are A good model for infAnts becAuse of their similAr size, gAstrointestinAl AnAtomy, And VitAmin A requirements. Design: CAstrAted mAle piglets born to sows fed A VitAmin A–depleted diet throughout 1 (pArity A) or 3 (pArity B) pregnAncy And lActAtion cycles were rAndomly Assigned to receive 1 of 4 orAl VitAmin A doses (ie, 0, 25 000, 50 000, or 100 000 IU) At weAning (dAys 9–14). A VitAmin A–depleted diet wAs fed until the piglets were killed on dAy 10. Serum retinol wAs meAsured on dAys 1, 2, 4, 7, And 10. The modified relAtive dose response wAs meAsured before supplementAtion And At the time of killing, And liver VitAmin A concentrAtion wAs meAsured. Results: In both pArities, 25 000 IU did not result in A meAn liver retinol reserve 0.07 mol/g liver (the deficiency cutoff). The 50 000-IU dose increAsed meAn reserves Above 0.07mol/g only in pArity A. Liver VitAmin A reserves with the 100 000-IU treAtment were only 5% Above those with the 50 000-IU treAtment. The modifiedrelAtivedose-responsetestreflecteddifferencesinliverVitAmin A stores in pArity B, And the 0-IU group differed significAntly from the 100 000-IU group (P 0.011). Conclusion:ThispigletmodelsuggeststhAt,forsupplementAtionto infAnts6 mo old, A 50 000-IU dose is likely to be more efficAcious in mitigAting deficiency thAn is A 25 000-IU dose. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1045–53.
Christopher R Davis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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VitAmin A isotope dilution predicts liver stores in line with long-term VitAmin A intAke Above the current Recommended DietAry AllowAnce for young Adult women
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013Co-Authors: Ashley R Valentine, Christopher R Davis, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BAckground: The EstimAted AverAge Requirement (EAR) And Recommended DietAry AllowAnce (RDA) for VitAmin A Are 1.7 And 2.4 μmol/d (500 And 700 μg retinol Activity equivAlents/d), respectively, for nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women Aged >19 y. This intAke is presumed to mAintAin A minimAlly AcceptAble liver concentrAtion of 0.07 μmol (20 μg) retinol/g; however, liver reserves hAve not been evAluAted with respect to VitAmin A intAke in women of Any Age group defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. Objective: This cross-sectionAl study exAmined VitAmin A intAke And liver reserves estimAted by stAble-isotope dilution testing. Design: Forty nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women (meAn ± SD Age: 22.4 ± 2.3 y) completed A HArvArd food-frequency questionnAire (FFQ) And 3-d diet record (3DDR) before undergoing VitAmin A stAtus Assessment by using A [13C2]retinol stAble-isotope dilution test. Results: VitAmin A intAke wAs 70% higher thAn the RDA by both dietAry-Assessment methods (P < 0.001). The meAn (±SD) liver concentrAtion of VitAmin A wAs 0.45 ± 0.31 μmol/g (129 ± 89 μg/g) And rAnged from 0.09 (26 μg/g) to 1.79 μmol/g (513 μg/g). Liver And totAl-body VitAmin A were highly correlAted with intAke meAsured by FFQ (P ≤ 0.009), but 3DDR wAs not (P ≥ 0.22). Prediction equAtions were developed for 3- And 7-d dAtA. Conclusions: In this well-nourished populAtion, VitAmin A consumption wAs considerAbly higher thAn recommended, And liver reserves were consistent with intAke. BecAuse of their sensitivity, stAble-isotope techniques cAn help to describe the VitAmin A stAtus And better chArActerize the intAke needs of All groups defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. RegistrAtion wAs not required for this triAl.
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VitAmin A isotope dilution predicts liver stores in line with long-term VitAmin A intAke Above the current Recommended DietAry AllowAnce
2013Co-Authors: Ashley R Valentine, Christopher R Davis, Sherry A. TanumihardjoAbstract:BAckground: The EstimAted AverAge Requirement (EAR) And Recommended DietAry AllowAnce (RDA) for VitAmin A Are 1.7 And 2.4 mmol/d (500 And 700 mg retinol Activity equivAlents/d), respectively, for nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women Aged .19 y. This intAke is presumed to mAintAin A minimAlly AcceptAble liver concentrAtion of 0.07 mmol (20 mg) retinol/g; however, liver reserves hAve not been evAluAted with respect to VitAmin A intAke in women of Any Age group defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. Objective: This cross-sectionAl study exAmined VitAmin A intAke And liver reserves estimAted by stAble-isotope dilution testing. Design: Forty nonpregnAnt, nonlActAting women (Age: 22.4 6 2.3 y) completed A HArvArd Food-frequency questionnAire (FFQ) And 3-d diet record (3DDR) before undergoing VitAmin A stAtus Assessment by using A [ 13 C2]retinol stAble-isotope dilution test. Results: VitAmin A intAke wAs 70% higher thAn the RDA by both dietAry-Assessment methods (P , 0.001). The meAn liver concentrAtion of VitAmin A wAs 0.45 6 0.31 mmol/g (129 6 89 mg/g) And rAnged from 0.09 (26 mg/g) to 1.79 mmol/g (513 mg/g). Liver And totAl-body VitAmin A were highly correlAted with intAke meAsured by FFQ (P # 0.009), but 3DDR wAs not (P $ 0.22). Prediction equAtions were developed for 3- And 7-d dAtA. Conclusions: In this well-nourished populAtion, VitAmin A consumption wAs considerAbly higher thAn recommended, And liver reserves were consistent with intAke. BecAuse of their sensitivity, stAble-isotope techniques cAn help to describe the VitAmin A stAtus And better chArActerize the intAke needs of All groups defined in the DietAry Reference IntAkes. RegistrAtion wAs not required for this triAl. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/Ajcn.113.063867.
R M Suskind - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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relAtionship between VitAmin A deficiency mAlnutrition And conjunctivAl impression cytology
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1994Co-Authors: George J Fuchs, Somsanguan Ausayakhun, S Ruckphaopunt, A Tansuhaj, R M SuskindAbstract:One hundred seventy-eight children from three villAges were studied in A cross-sectionAl fAshion to evAluAte the efficAcy of conjunctivAl impression cytology (CIC) to chArActerize VitAmin A stAtus of individuAl children And populAtions of children And to exAmine the relAtionship of VitAmin A stAtus to nutritionAl stAtus. Although children with AbnormAl CIC results hAd lower retinol concentrAtions thAn those with normAl CIC results (P < 0.02), CIC exhibited poor sensitivity And specificity. Results of A CIC prevAlence criterion were concordAnt with plAsmA retinol criteriA in chArActerizing the VitAmin A stAtus of eAch community. PlAsmA retinol meAsurements, but not CIC, were AssociAted with height (P < 0.003) And severe stunting (P < 0.001). We conclude thAt Although CIC wAs A poor indicAtor of An individuAl child's VitAmin A stAtus, it AccurAtely chArActerized the risk of VitAmin A deficiency of communities. Furthermore, VitAmin A deficiency defined by circulAting retinol meAsurements but not CIC is AssociAted with poor lineAr growth.
Michael H Green - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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should we restrict VitAmin A intAke A minor contributor to plAsmA retinol turnover when using retinol isotope dilution equAtions to estimAte An individuAl s VitAmin A stAtus or should VitAmin A bAlAnce be mAintAined
Journal of Nutrition, 2017Co-Authors: Jennifer Lynn Ford, Joanne Balmer Green, Michael H GreenAbstract:: We discuss whether dietAry VitAmin A intAke should be restricted or mAintAined At bAlAnce when retinol isotope dilution equAtions Are Applied to estimAte An individuAl's VitAmin A totAl body stores (TBS) After orAl AdministrAtion of A lAbeled dose of VitAmin A. Although, At first glAnce, restriction mAkes sense As A wAy to prevent dilution of trAcer in plAsmA, further investigAtion of the Assumptions underlying the widely used isotope dilution equAtion presented by Olson's lAborAtory in 1989, As well As the compArtmentAl modeling results presented in this Article, indicAte thAt, in fAct, restriction leAds to An incorrect prediction of TBS if steAdy stAte retinol isotope dilution equAtions Are Applied At the trAditionAl time (21 d). Our results show thAt newly ingested VitAmin A is A minor contributor to totAl plAsmA retinol turnover And thAt restriction of VitAmin A intAke leAds to A higher plAsmA retinol specific Activity thAn the vAlue obtAined when VitAmin A input equAls output (bAlAnce). When thAt higher specific Activity is used in the trAditionAl retinol isotope dilution equAtion, it results in A smAll but notAble underestimAtion of VitAmin A TBS. We conclude thAt, especiAlly if blood is sAmpled At the trAditionAl time, the most AccurAte results will be obtAined when VitAmin A bAlAnce is mAintAined. If sAmpling is done soon After dosing (e.g., 4 d), dietAry intAke hAs less effect on plAsmA retinol specific Activity And thus on predictions of VitAmin A stAtus. VitAmin A stAtus cAn Also be estimAted if intAke is completely restricted And A different (non-steAdy stAte) equAtion is Applied At An AppropriAte time After isotopic equilibrium hAs been reAched.
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use of model bAsed compArtmentAl AnAlysis to study VitAmin A kinetics And metAbolism
Vitamins and Hormones Series, 2007Co-Authors: Christopher J Cifelli, Joanne Balmer Green, Michael H GreenAbstract:We discuss the use of mAthemAticAl modeling, And specificAlly model‐bAsed compArtmentAl AnAlysis, to AnAlyze VitAmin A kinetic dAtA obtAined in rAt And humAn studies over the pAst 25 yeArs. Following An overview of whole‐body VitAmin A metAbolism, A review of eArly kinetic studies, And An introduction to the ApproAch And terminology of compArtmentAl AnAlysis, we summArize studies done in this lAborAtory to develop models of whole‐body VitAmin A metAbolism in rAts At vArying levels of VitAmin A stAtus. Highlights of the results of these studies include the extensive recycling of VitAmin A Among plAsmA And tissues before irreversible utilizAtion And the existence of significAnt extrAhepAtic pools of the VitAmin. Our studies Also document importAnt differences in VitAmin A kinetics As A function of VitAmin A stAtus And the importAnce of plAsmA retinol pool size in VitAmin A utilizAtion rAte. LAter we describe VitAmin A kinetics And models developed for specific orgAns including the liver, eyes, kidneys, smAll intestine, lungs, testes, AdrenAls, And remAining cArcAss, And we discuss the effects of vArious exogenous fActors (e.g., 4‐HPR, dioxin, iron deficiency, dietAry retinoic Acid, And inflAmmAtion) on VitAmin A dynAmics. We Also briefly review the retrospective ApplicAtion of model‐bAsed compArtmentAl AnAlysis to humAn VitAmin A kinetic dAtA. OverAll, we conclude thAt the ApplicAtion of model‐bAsed compArtmentAl AnAlysis to VitAmin A kinetic dAtA provides unique insights into both quAntitAtive And descriptive Aspects of VitAmin A metAbolism And homeostAsis in the intAct AnimAl.
