The Experts below are selected from a list of 918 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Bartley G Hoebel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
natural Addiction a behavioral and circuit model based on Sugar Addiction in rats
Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Bartley G Hoebel, Nicole M Avena, Miriam E Bocarsly, Pedro RadaAbstract:The distinction between natural Addiction and drug Addiction is interesting from many points of view, including scientific and medical perspectives. “Natural Addictions” are those based on activation of a physiobehavioral system, such as the one that controls metabolism, foraging, and eating to achieve energy balance. “Drug Addictions” activate many systems based on their pharmacology. This review discusses the following questions: (1) When does food produce a natural Addiction? Sugar causes signs of Addiction if the scheduling conditions are appropriate to cause binge eating. (2) Why does addictive-like behavior result? Bingeing on a 10% sucrose solution repeatedly releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, and it delays the release of acetylcholine, thereby postponing satiety. Opioid involvement is shown by withdrawal caused by naloxone or food deprivation. Bingeing, withdrawal, and abstinence-induced motivation are described as the basis for a vicious cycle leading to excessive eating. (3) Which foods can lead to natural Addiction? A variety of Sugars, saccharin, and sham feeding are compared with bingeing on high-fat diets, which seem to lack Sugar's opioid-withdrawal characteristic. (4) How does natural food Addiction relate to obesity? Low basal dopamine may be a common factor, leading to “eating for dopamine.” (5) In a neural model, the accumbens is depicted as having separate GABA output pathways for approach and avoidance, both controlled by dopamine and acetylcholine. These outputs, in turn, control lateral hypothalamic glutamate release, which starts a meal, and GABA release, which stops it.
-
evidence for Sugar Addiction behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent excessive Sugar intake
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Nicole M Avena, Pedro Rada, Bartley G HoebelAbstract:[Avena, N.M., Rada, P., Hoebel B.G., 2007. Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive Sugar intake. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews XX(X), XXX-XXX]. The experimental question is whether or not Sugar can be a substance of abuse and lead to a natural form of Addiction. "Food Addiction" seems plausible because brain pathways that evolved to respond to natural rewards are also activated by addictive drugs. Sugar is noteworthy as a substance that releases opioids and dopamine and thus might be expected to have addictive potential. This review summarizes evidence of Sugar dependence in an animal model. Four components of Addiction are analyzed. "Bingeing," "withdrawal," "craving" and "cross-sensitization" are each given operational definitions and demonstrated behaviorally with Sugar bingeing as the reinforcer. These behaviors are then related to neurochemical changes in the brain that also occur with addictive drugs. Neural adaptations include changes in dopamine and opioid receptor binding, enkephalin mRNA expression and dopamine and acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens. The evidence supports the hypothesis that under certain circumstances rats can become Sugar dependent. This may translate to some human conditions as suggested by the literature on eating disorders and obesity.
-
evidence for Sugar Addiction behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent excessive Sugar intake
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Nicole M Avena, Pedro Rada, Bartley G HoebelAbstract:The experimental question is whether or not Sugar can be a substance of abuse and lead to a natural form of Addiction. “Food Addiction” seems plausible because brain pathways that evolved to respond to natural rewards are also activated by addictive drugs. Sugar is noteworthy as a substance that releases opioids and dopamine and thus might be expected to have addictive potential. This review summarizes evidence of Sugar dependence in an animal model. Four components of Addiction are analyzed. “Bingeing”, “withdrawal”, “craving” and cross-sensitization are each given operational definitions and demonstrated behaviorally with Sugar bingeing as the reinforcer. These behaviors are then related to neurochemical changes in the brain that also occur with addictive drugs. Neural adaptations include changes in dopamine and opioid receptor binding, enkephalin mRNA expression and dopamine and acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens. The evidence supports the hypothesis that under certain circumstances rats can become Sugar dependent. This may translate to some human conditions as suggested by the literature on eating disorders and obesity.
Nicole M Avena - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Sugar Addiction from evolution to revolution
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2018Co-Authors: David A Wiss, Nicole M Avena, Pedro RadaAbstract:The obesity epidemic has been widely publicized in the media worldwide. Investigators at all levels have been looking for factors that have contributed to the development of this epidemic. Two major theories have been proposed: (1) sedentary lifestyle and (2) variety and ease of inexpensive palatable foods. In the present review, we analyze how nutrients like Sugar that are often used to make foods more appealing could also lead to habituation and even in some cases Addiction thereby uniquely contributing to the obesity epidemic. We review the evolutionary aspects of feeding and how they have shaped the human brain to function in "survival mode" signaling to "eat as much as you can while you can." This leads to our present understanding of how the dopaminergic system is involved in reward and its functions in hedonistic rewards, like eating of highly palatable foods, and drug Addiction. We also review how other neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, interact in the satiation processes to counteract the dopamine system. Lastly, we analyze the important question of whether there is sufficient empirical evidence of Sugar Addiction, discussed within the broader context of food Addiction.
-
natural Addiction a behavioral and circuit model based on Sugar Addiction in rats
Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Bartley G Hoebel, Nicole M Avena, Miriam E Bocarsly, Pedro RadaAbstract:The distinction between natural Addiction and drug Addiction is interesting from many points of view, including scientific and medical perspectives. “Natural Addictions” are those based on activation of a physiobehavioral system, such as the one that controls metabolism, foraging, and eating to achieve energy balance. “Drug Addictions” activate many systems based on their pharmacology. This review discusses the following questions: (1) When does food produce a natural Addiction? Sugar causes signs of Addiction if the scheduling conditions are appropriate to cause binge eating. (2) Why does addictive-like behavior result? Bingeing on a 10% sucrose solution repeatedly releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, and it delays the release of acetylcholine, thereby postponing satiety. Opioid involvement is shown by withdrawal caused by naloxone or food deprivation. Bingeing, withdrawal, and abstinence-induced motivation are described as the basis for a vicious cycle leading to excessive eating. (3) Which foods can lead to natural Addiction? A variety of Sugars, saccharin, and sham feeding are compared with bingeing on high-fat diets, which seem to lack Sugar's opioid-withdrawal characteristic. (4) How does natural food Addiction relate to obesity? Low basal dopamine may be a common factor, leading to “eating for dopamine.” (5) In a neural model, the accumbens is depicted as having separate GABA output pathways for approach and avoidance, both controlled by dopamine and acetylcholine. These outputs, in turn, control lateral hypothalamic glutamate release, which starts a meal, and GABA release, which stops it.
-
evidence for Sugar Addiction behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent excessive Sugar intake
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Nicole M Avena, Pedro Rada, Bartley G HoebelAbstract:[Avena, N.M., Rada, P., Hoebel B.G., 2007. Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive Sugar intake. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews XX(X), XXX-XXX]. The experimental question is whether or not Sugar can be a substance of abuse and lead to a natural form of Addiction. "Food Addiction" seems plausible because brain pathways that evolved to respond to natural rewards are also activated by addictive drugs. Sugar is noteworthy as a substance that releases opioids and dopamine and thus might be expected to have addictive potential. This review summarizes evidence of Sugar dependence in an animal model. Four components of Addiction are analyzed. "Bingeing," "withdrawal," "craving" and "cross-sensitization" are each given operational definitions and demonstrated behaviorally with Sugar bingeing as the reinforcer. These behaviors are then related to neurochemical changes in the brain that also occur with addictive drugs. Neural adaptations include changes in dopamine and opioid receptor binding, enkephalin mRNA expression and dopamine and acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens. The evidence supports the hypothesis that under certain circumstances rats can become Sugar dependent. This may translate to some human conditions as suggested by the literature on eating disorders and obesity.
-
evidence for Sugar Addiction behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent excessive Sugar intake
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Nicole M Avena, Pedro Rada, Bartley G HoebelAbstract:The experimental question is whether or not Sugar can be a substance of abuse and lead to a natural form of Addiction. “Food Addiction” seems plausible because brain pathways that evolved to respond to natural rewards are also activated by addictive drugs. Sugar is noteworthy as a substance that releases opioids and dopamine and thus might be expected to have addictive potential. This review summarizes evidence of Sugar dependence in an animal model. Four components of Addiction are analyzed. “Bingeing”, “withdrawal”, “craving” and cross-sensitization are each given operational definitions and demonstrated behaviorally with Sugar bingeing as the reinforcer. These behaviors are then related to neurochemical changes in the brain that also occur with addictive drugs. Neural adaptations include changes in dopamine and opioid receptor binding, enkephalin mRNA expression and dopamine and acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens. The evidence supports the hypothesis that under certain circumstances rats can become Sugar dependent. This may translate to some human conditions as suggested by the literature on eating disorders and obesity.
Pedro Rada - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Sugar Addiction from evolution to revolution
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2018Co-Authors: David A Wiss, Nicole M Avena, Pedro RadaAbstract:The obesity epidemic has been widely publicized in the media worldwide. Investigators at all levels have been looking for factors that have contributed to the development of this epidemic. Two major theories have been proposed: (1) sedentary lifestyle and (2) variety and ease of inexpensive palatable foods. In the present review, we analyze how nutrients like Sugar that are often used to make foods more appealing could also lead to habituation and even in some cases Addiction thereby uniquely contributing to the obesity epidemic. We review the evolutionary aspects of feeding and how they have shaped the human brain to function in "survival mode" signaling to "eat as much as you can while you can." This leads to our present understanding of how the dopaminergic system is involved in reward and its functions in hedonistic rewards, like eating of highly palatable foods, and drug Addiction. We also review how other neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine, interact in the satiation processes to counteract the dopamine system. Lastly, we analyze the important question of whether there is sufficient empirical evidence of Sugar Addiction, discussed within the broader context of food Addiction.
-
natural Addiction a behavioral and circuit model based on Sugar Addiction in rats
Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Bartley G Hoebel, Nicole M Avena, Miriam E Bocarsly, Pedro RadaAbstract:The distinction between natural Addiction and drug Addiction is interesting from many points of view, including scientific and medical perspectives. “Natural Addictions” are those based on activation of a physiobehavioral system, such as the one that controls metabolism, foraging, and eating to achieve energy balance. “Drug Addictions” activate many systems based on their pharmacology. This review discusses the following questions: (1) When does food produce a natural Addiction? Sugar causes signs of Addiction if the scheduling conditions are appropriate to cause binge eating. (2) Why does addictive-like behavior result? Bingeing on a 10% sucrose solution repeatedly releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, and it delays the release of acetylcholine, thereby postponing satiety. Opioid involvement is shown by withdrawal caused by naloxone or food deprivation. Bingeing, withdrawal, and abstinence-induced motivation are described as the basis for a vicious cycle leading to excessive eating. (3) Which foods can lead to natural Addiction? A variety of Sugars, saccharin, and sham feeding are compared with bingeing on high-fat diets, which seem to lack Sugar's opioid-withdrawal characteristic. (4) How does natural food Addiction relate to obesity? Low basal dopamine may be a common factor, leading to “eating for dopamine.” (5) In a neural model, the accumbens is depicted as having separate GABA output pathways for approach and avoidance, both controlled by dopamine and acetylcholine. These outputs, in turn, control lateral hypothalamic glutamate release, which starts a meal, and GABA release, which stops it.
-
evidence for Sugar Addiction behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent excessive Sugar intake
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Nicole M Avena, Pedro Rada, Bartley G HoebelAbstract:[Avena, N.M., Rada, P., Hoebel B.G., 2007. Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive Sugar intake. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews XX(X), XXX-XXX]. The experimental question is whether or not Sugar can be a substance of abuse and lead to a natural form of Addiction. "Food Addiction" seems plausible because brain pathways that evolved to respond to natural rewards are also activated by addictive drugs. Sugar is noteworthy as a substance that releases opioids and dopamine and thus might be expected to have addictive potential. This review summarizes evidence of Sugar dependence in an animal model. Four components of Addiction are analyzed. "Bingeing," "withdrawal," "craving" and "cross-sensitization" are each given operational definitions and demonstrated behaviorally with Sugar bingeing as the reinforcer. These behaviors are then related to neurochemical changes in the brain that also occur with addictive drugs. Neural adaptations include changes in dopamine and opioid receptor binding, enkephalin mRNA expression and dopamine and acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens. The evidence supports the hypothesis that under certain circumstances rats can become Sugar dependent. This may translate to some human conditions as suggested by the literature on eating disorders and obesity.
-
evidence for Sugar Addiction behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent excessive Sugar intake
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2008Co-Authors: Nicole M Avena, Pedro Rada, Bartley G HoebelAbstract:The experimental question is whether or not Sugar can be a substance of abuse and lead to a natural form of Addiction. “Food Addiction” seems plausible because brain pathways that evolved to respond to natural rewards are also activated by addictive drugs. Sugar is noteworthy as a substance that releases opioids and dopamine and thus might be expected to have addictive potential. This review summarizes evidence of Sugar dependence in an animal model. Four components of Addiction are analyzed. “Bingeing”, “withdrawal”, “craving” and cross-sensitization are each given operational definitions and demonstrated behaviorally with Sugar bingeing as the reinforcer. These behaviors are then related to neurochemical changes in the brain that also occur with addictive drugs. Neural adaptations include changes in dopamine and opioid receptor binding, enkephalin mRNA expression and dopamine and acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens. The evidence supports the hypothesis that under certain circumstances rats can become Sugar dependent. This may translate to some human conditions as suggested by the literature on eating disorders and obesity.
Robbie Schepers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
eating dependence and weight gain no human evidence for a Sugar Addiction model of overweight
Appetite, 2017Co-Authors: Rob C Markus, Peter J Rogers, Fred Brouns, Robbie SchepersAbstract:Abstract Background and aims There is an increasing societal concern that consumption of specific foods such as Sugar might become ‘addictive’ and, hence, promote weight gain. Claims about the addictiveness of Sugar however are based largely on findings from few animal studies, whereas there is a lack of direct human evidence for symptoms of Sugar-related substance dependence. The current study examined in a large sample of human participants whether foods mainly containing Sugar in particular might cause ‘Addiction-like’ problems that meet clinical DSM criteria for substance dependence, and, also whether in turn this relates to body weight and negative affectivity (depressed mood). Methods In a cross-sectional study, n = 1495 university students from a variety of faculties were assessed for DSM-related signs of food Addiction for particular food categories (YFAS), and, also BMI and negative affectivity. Results Results revealed that from the total sample, 95% experienced at least one symptom of food dependence and 12.6% met the YFAS classification for ‘food Addiction’ as related to DSM-IV criteria. The majority of respondents experienced these problems for combined high-fat savoury (30%) and high-fat sweet (25%) foods, whereas only a minority experienced such problems for low-fat/savoury (2%) and mainly Sugar-containing foods (5%). Overweight correlated only with addictive-like problems for high-fat savoury and high-fat sweet foods (P Conclusion The current findings indicate that Sugary foods contribute minimally to ‘food dependence’ and increased risk of weight gain. Instead, they are consistent with the current scientific notion that food energy density, and the unique individual experience of eating, plays an important role in determining the reward value of food and promoting excessive energy intake.
Veselá Helena - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Sugar Addiction among abstinent clients in the psychiatric hospital Bohnice
Univerzita Karlova. 1. lékařská fakulta, 2014Co-Authors: Veselá HelenaAbstract:Téma bakalářské práce se zaměřuje na výživu u osob léčících se ze závislosti na alkoholu. Cílem teoretické části bakalářské práce je zjistit faktory nadměrného užívání cukru abstinujících žen v psychiatrické léčebně a společné znaky závislosti na této pochutině. V této části bude popsán alkohol, jeho výroba, účinky a jeho vliv na zdraví člověka. Také jsou zde popsány mechanismy vzniku fyzické a psychické závislosti na cukru a aspekty negativního vlivu cukru na lidský organismus a zdraví. V praktické části bakalářské práce se pomocí kvantitativního výzkumu zaměřuji na zjištění stravovacích návyků, konkrétně na množství příjmu potravin obsahujících jednoduchý cukr, u pacientek Psychiatrické nemocnice Bohnice, léčících se ze závislosti na alkoholu. Cílem této části je zjistit, zda množství přijímaných monosacharidů během pobytu v psychiatrické léčebně způsobuje závislost na této látce. Praktická část také ukazuje jaký je poměr pacientek závislých na cukru, cukrem ohrožených, nebo pacientek bez závislosti. K získávání dat byl použit dotazník ADS (Škálu závislosti na alkoholu) (Skinner & Horn, 1984) a Yalská škála závislosti na jídle - YFAS (Gearhardt et al., 2009). Dotazníky se zaměřuji na hodnocení závislosti na alkoholu a jídle. Výzkumu se účastnili respondentky ženského pohlaví. Celkově se sběru dat...The topic of the thesis focuses on nutrition for people recovering from alcohol Addiction.The theoretical part of the thesis is to detect excessive use of Sugar abstinent women in a psychiatric hospital and common characteristics depending on the seasoning.This section will be described alcohol, its production, its effects and impact on human health. Also described are the mechanisms of physical and psychological dependence on Sugar. The harmfulness of Sugar on the human body and the effect on his health. It pointed to the eating habits abstinent women in a psychiatric hospital. In the practical part of the thesis using quantitative research focuses on finding eating habits, specifically the amount of consumption of Sugar-containing foods, with clients Bohnice Psychiatric Hospital, patients recovering from alcohol Addiction. The aim of this section is to determine whether the amount of Sugar accepted during the stay in a psychiatric hospital creates dependency on the delicacies. The practical part also shows the ratio of patients addicted to Sugar, Sugar endangered, or patients without Addiction. To gather the data I used a questionnaire ADS (scale depending on the alcohol) (Skinner & Horn, 1984) and Yale variety to meals - YFAS (Gearhardt et al., 2009). The questionnaire focused on the evaluation...Department of Adictology First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueKlinika adiktologie 1.LF UK a VFN v Praze1. lékařská fakultaFirst Faculty of Medicin
-
Sugar Addiction among abstinent clients in the psychiatric hospital Bohnice
2014Co-Authors: Veselá HelenaAbstract:The topic of the thesis focuses on nutrition for people recovering from alcohol Addiction.The theoretical part of the thesis is to detect excessive use of Sugar abstinent women in a psychiatric hospital and common characteristics depending on the seasoning.This section will be described alcohol, its production, its effects and impact on human health. Also described are the mechanisms of physical and psychological dependence on Sugar. The harmfulness of Sugar on the human body and the effect on his health. It pointed to the eating habits abstinent women in a psychiatric hospital. In the practical part of the thesis using quantitative research focuses on finding eating habits, specifically the amount of consumption of Sugar-containing foods, with clients Bohnice Psychiatric Hospital, patients recovering from alcohol Addiction. The aim of this section is to determine whether the amount of Sugar accepted during the stay in a psychiatric hospital creates dependency on the delicacies. The practical part also shows the ratio of patients addicted to Sugar, Sugar endangered, or patients without Addiction. To gather the data I used a questionnaire ADS (scale depending on the alcohol) (Skinner & Horn, 1984) and Yale variety to meals - YFAS (Gearhardt et al., 2009). The questionnaire focused on the evaluation..
