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Huabin Xing - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vapor liquid equilibrium for the 1 1 1 trifluorotrichloroethane Sulfuryl Chloride system at 101 3 kpa
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2014Co-Authors: Shuhan Chen, Zongbi Bao, Yiwen Yang, Qilong Ren, Zhongmin Chen, Huabin XingAbstract:Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary mixture of Sulfuryl Chloride and 1,1,1-trifluorotrichloroethane at atmospheric pressure were measured with a double-phase circulation still. The experimental VLE data were correlated well with the Wilson, the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and the universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) models, respectively. From the correlation results, it is revealed that there is no azeotrope presented in the binary system. All of the experimental VLE data passed the thermodynamic consistency tests performed by the Herington and the Van Ness methods.
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Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium for the 1,1,1-Trifluorotrichloroethane + Sulfuryl Chloride System at 101.3 kPa
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2013Co-Authors: Chen Shuhan, Zongbi Bao, Yiwen Yang, Chen Zhongmin, Qilong Ren, Huabin XingAbstract:Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary mixture of Sulfuryl Chloride and 1,1,1-trifluorotrichloroethane at atmospheric pressure were measured with a double-phase circulation still. The experimental VLE data were correlated well with the Wilson, the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and the universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) models, respectively. From the correlation results, it is revealed that there is no azeotrope presented in the binary system. All of the experimental VLE data passed the thermodynamic consistency tests performed by the Herington and the Van Ness methods.
Carl R.f. Lund - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Zeolite-Catalyzed Chlorination of Toluene by Sulfuryl Chloride: Activity, Selectivity, and Deactivation of ZSM-5
Journal of Catalysis, 2001Co-Authors: Chen-chang Chang, Mathew J Burger, Gheorghita M Faitar, Carl R.f. LundAbstract:The chlorination of toluene by Sulfuryl Chloride was studied using ZSM-5 as the catalyst. A simple rate expression was developed that provides a reasonable quantitative description of the dependence of the initial rate of reaction upon temperature and reactant ratio. The selectivity did not vary significantly as temperature and reactant ratio changed. The effects of framework silica–alumina ratio and exchange cation were also examined. Changing the exchange cation had essentially no effect upon selectivity, but the catalytic activity was higher when K+ was used as the exchange cation compared to Na+ or H+. Varying the silica-alumina ratio of the zeolite had a very minor effect upon the activity, but the para-chlorotoluene/ortho-chlorotoluene product ratio increased from 1–1.5 to greater than 2.5 at the highest silica–alumina ratio. In all cases, the catalyst deactivated rapidly, but an oxidative treatment at elevated temperature fully restored the catalytic activity.
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Zeolite-catalyzed chlorination of toluene by Sulfuryl Chloride: activity, selectivity and deactivation of NaX and NaY zeolites
Applied Catalysis A-general, 1999Co-Authors: Michael C. Hausladen, Richard C Cyganovich, Helen Huang, Carl R.f. LundAbstract:Chlorination of toluene with Sulfuryl Chloride was studied using NaX and NaY zeolites as catalysts under conditions where ring chlorination predominates. The zeolites are more selective than conventional Lewis acid catalysts with initial para-chlorotoluene : ortho-chlorotoluene ratios of 1.2. Both faujasites studied underwent rapid deactivation under reaction conditions. The deactivation of NaX was much more rapid than that of NaY. The accumulation of polychlorinated toluenes in the pores of the catalyst may be initially responsible for the loss of activity. In the case of NaY, this lost activity can be partially recovered by soaking the catalyst in fresh toluene, whereas attempts to regenerate by burning out the deposited materials cause a rapid disintegration of the catalyst. Zeolite fouling is accompanied by a more severe dealumination process that eventually leads to structural collapse and complete loss of activity.
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Zeolite-catalyzed chlorination of toluene by Sulfuryl Chloride : The effect of zeolite drying
Applied Catalysis A: General, 1998Co-Authors: Michael C. Hausladen, Brian W. Satterley, Matthew J. Burger, Carl R.f. LundAbstract:Abstract The initial activity and selectivity of toluene chlorination by Sulfuryl Chloride was measured using dried and undried samples of four different zeolites: L, X, Y, and ZSM-5. In all cases, removing residual water from the zeolite increases its initial activity. The in-situ removal of water causes a large increase in the para-selectivity of zeolite L, a smaller increase for ZSM-5, and effectively no change for X and Y. The effect of water upon activity and selectivity can be attributed, at least in part, to the formation of aqueous HCl either via hydrolysis of Sulfuryl Chloride or as a byproduct of the chlorination reaction. Additional experiments show that the amounts of benzyl Chloride and poly-chlorinated toluenes are reduced by excluding light and by using dried air to purge the reactor; both procedures reduce the generation of free radicals which otherwise lead to the formation of these byproducts.
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Zeolite-catalyzed chlorination of toluene by Sulfuryl Chloride: The role of Sulfuryl Chloride decomposition in chlorination
Zeolites, 1997Co-Authors: Brian W. Satterley, Michael C. Hausladen, Carl R.f. LundAbstract:The catalytic decomposition of Sulfuryl Chloride was studied over dried sodium forms of zeolites ZSM-5, L, and Y. NaZSM-5 did not catalyze the decomposition, whereas NaKL and NaY did. During the chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons using NaKL or NaY, the chlorinating agent Sulfuryl Chloride must compete with molecular chlorine produced by its own decomposition. The rate of reaction with molecular chlorine alone is much faster than that with Sulfuryl Chloride. In the presence of Sulfuryl Chloride, however, the rate of chlorination by molecular chlorine is greatly reduced. Both chlorinating agents use Lewis acid sites, suggesting that these sites are predominantly covered by Sulfuryl Chloride. Sulfuryl Chloride is slightly more selective for para-chlorotoluene than is molecular chlorine. NaZSM-5 catalyzes chlorination using either molecular chlorine or Sulfuryl Chloride alone, but the latter reactant is not simultaneously decomposed by NaZSM-5. The decomposition may require a basic site adjacent to the Lewis acid site, and NaZSM-5 may not possess basic sites of sufficient strength.
A.p. Singh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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selective preparation of 4 4 dichlorodiphenylmethane over zeolite k l catalyst using Sulfuryl Chloride
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-chemical, 2002Co-Authors: S.m. Kale, A.p. SinghAbstract:Abstract The liquid phase chlorination of diphenylmethane (DPM) to 4,4′-dichlorodiphenylmethane (4,4′-DCDPM) is investigated at 333 K, under atmospheric pressure over a number of zeolite catalysts using Sulfuryl Chloride (SO2Cl2) as the chlorinating agent. The results obtained are compared with those over the conventional Lewis acid catalyst, AlCl3 as well as without any catalyst. Zeolite K-L is found to be highly active and selective catalyst for the conversion of DPM to 4,4′-DCDPM. The conversion of DPM, rate of DPM conversion and the selectivity (4,4′-DCDPM/2,4′-DCDPM isomer ratio) over zeolite K-L after 1 h of reaction time are found to be 96.8 wt.%, 19.1 mmol g−1 h−1 and 7.4, respectively. The influence of solvent, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, DPM/SO2Cl2 molar ratio, recycle of zeolite K-L, etc. are also examined. 1,2-Dichloroethane is the best solvent and gives the highest selectivity for 4,4′-DCDPM (4,4′-DCDPM/2,4′-DCDPM isomer ratio=9.7) with zeolite K-L at 353 K after 1 h of reaction time. The formation of 4,4′-DCDPM is favoured by increase in catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and higher concentration of SO2Cl2 (lower DPM/SO2Cl2 molar ratio). In all these cases, the yield of 4,4′-DCDPM increases with a decrease in the yield of 4-CDPM which suggests that the formation of 4,4′-DCDPM takes place by the consecutive reaction of 4-CDPM. Higher SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (obtained by HCl treatment) of zeolite K-L decreases the conversion of DPM. A noticeable decrease in the activity and selectivity of zeolite K-L is observed on recycling, probably due to reduced crystallinity as well as extraction of small amounts of Al+3 and K+ ions by the HCl, generated in the reaction. Mechanistically, SO2Cl2 is first decomposed into SO2 and Cl2 the latter being polarized by the zeolite catalyst to an electrophile (Cl+) which then attacks the DPM and subsequently produce the monochlorodiphenylmethane (MCDPM). The MCDPM further is attacked by the electrophile (Cl+) and result in the formation of DCDPM.
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Selective preparation of 4,4′-dichlorodiphenylmethane over zeolite K-L catalyst using Sulfuryl Chloride
Journal of Molecular Catalysis A-chemical, 2002Co-Authors: S.m. Kale, A.p. SinghAbstract:Abstract The liquid phase chlorination of diphenylmethane (DPM) to 4,4′-dichlorodiphenylmethane (4,4′-DCDPM) is investigated at 333 K, under atmospheric pressure over a number of zeolite catalysts using Sulfuryl Chloride (SO2Cl2) as the chlorinating agent. The results obtained are compared with those over the conventional Lewis acid catalyst, AlCl3 as well as without any catalyst. Zeolite K-L is found to be highly active and selective catalyst for the conversion of DPM to 4,4′-DCDPM. The conversion of DPM, rate of DPM conversion and the selectivity (4,4′-DCDPM/2,4′-DCDPM isomer ratio) over zeolite K-L after 1 h of reaction time are found to be 96.8 wt.%, 19.1 mmol g−1 h−1 and 7.4, respectively. The influence of solvent, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, DPM/SO2Cl2 molar ratio, recycle of zeolite K-L, etc. are also examined. 1,2-Dichloroethane is the best solvent and gives the highest selectivity for 4,4′-DCDPM (4,4′-DCDPM/2,4′-DCDPM isomer ratio=9.7) with zeolite K-L at 353 K after 1 h of reaction time. The formation of 4,4′-DCDPM is favoured by increase in catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and higher concentration of SO2Cl2 (lower DPM/SO2Cl2 molar ratio). In all these cases, the yield of 4,4′-DCDPM increases with a decrease in the yield of 4-CDPM which suggests that the formation of 4,4′-DCDPM takes place by the consecutive reaction of 4-CDPM. Higher SiO2/Al2O3 ratio (obtained by HCl treatment) of zeolite K-L decreases the conversion of DPM. A noticeable decrease in the activity and selectivity of zeolite K-L is observed on recycling, probably due to reduced crystallinity as well as extraction of small amounts of Al+3 and K+ ions by the HCl, generated in the reaction. Mechanistically, SO2Cl2 is first decomposed into SO2 and Cl2 the latter being polarized by the zeolite catalyst to an electrophile (Cl+) which then attacks the DPM and subsequently produce the monochlorodiphenylmethane (MCDPM). The MCDPM further is attacked by the electrophile (Cl+) and result in the formation of DCDPM.
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Para-selective chlorination of cumene with Sulfuryl Chloride over zeolite catalysts
Applied Catalysis A-general, 2001Co-Authors: S.m. Kale, A.p. SinghAbstract:Abstract The liquid phase chlorination of cumene has been investigated in the presence of a series of zeolite catalysts and also the conventional catalyst AlCl 3 at 333 K under atmospheric pressure with Sulfuryl Chloride (SO 2 Cl 2 ) as the chlorinating agent. Zeolite K-L catalyzes the chlorination of cumene selectively to 4-chlorocumene (4-ClCm) and is superior to other zeolite catalysts and AlCl 3 in terms of selectivity. Zeolite K-X and the uncatalyzed reaction produce mainly the side-chain chlorinated product, α-chlorocumene (α-ClCm) with much less activity, whereas AlCl 3 gives higher amounts of consecutive products. The effect of reaction time, solvent, catalyst (K-L) concentration, cumene:SO 2 Cl 2 ratio, HCl treated K-L and recycle of K-L on the conversion of cumene and selectivity for 4-ClCm have been examined. The activity and selectivity of zeolite K-L depend on the reaction conditions and on the solvent used in the reaction. 1,2-Dichloroethane (EDC) is found to be the best solvent and gives the highest selectivity for 4-ClCm:2-chlorocumene (2-ClCm) = 33.0 at 353 K in the chlorination of cumene with K-L. Further, the use of EDC as solvent prevents the formation of the side-chain as well as consecutive products. With an increase in the reaction temperature, the rate of cumene conversion as well as the selectivity for 4-ClCm have been found to increase. Also, increase in the concentration of K-L to 25 g/mol of cumene in the presence of EDC gives the highest 4-ClCm:2-ClCm ratio of 38.6 at 353 K. The HCl-treated zeolite K-L shows lower activity and selectivity than parent K-L, due to increased SiO 2 :Al 2 O 3 ratio as well as (to some extent) decreased crystallinity of HCl-treated zeolite K-L. The conversion of cumene is found to increase with a decrease in the cumene:SO 2 Cl 2 molar ratio and consequently, in an increase in the concentration of SO 2 Cl 2 . The catalyst is recycled two times with a progressive decline in its activity. A few reactions of cumene chlorination with molecular chlorine are also studied with zeolite K-L. In this case, a combination of zeolite K-L, chloroacetic acid and EDC serves as the best catalyst, giving highly selective para -chlorination of cumene at 353 K under atmospheric pressure. The reaction pathway involves the formation of molecular chlorine by the decomposition of SO 2 Cl 2 at the reaction temperature. The catalyst then polarizes the chlorine molecule to the electrophile (Cl + ), which interacts with cumene molecule in an electrophilic substitution reaction, giving ring-chlorinated cumenes.
Zongbi Bao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vapor liquid equilibrium for the 1 1 1 trifluorotrichloroethane Sulfuryl Chloride system at 101 3 kpa
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2014Co-Authors: Shuhan Chen, Zongbi Bao, Yiwen Yang, Qilong Ren, Zhongmin Chen, Huabin XingAbstract:Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary mixture of Sulfuryl Chloride and 1,1,1-trifluorotrichloroethane at atmospheric pressure were measured with a double-phase circulation still. The experimental VLE data were correlated well with the Wilson, the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and the universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) models, respectively. From the correlation results, it is revealed that there is no azeotrope presented in the binary system. All of the experimental VLE data passed the thermodynamic consistency tests performed by the Herington and the Van Ness methods.
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Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium for the 1,1,1-Trifluorotrichloroethane + Sulfuryl Chloride System at 101.3 kPa
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2013Co-Authors: Chen Shuhan, Zongbi Bao, Yiwen Yang, Chen Zhongmin, Qilong Ren, Huabin XingAbstract:Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary mixture of Sulfuryl Chloride and 1,1,1-trifluorotrichloroethane at atmospheric pressure were measured with a double-phase circulation still. The experimental VLE data were correlated well with the Wilson, the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and the universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) models, respectively. From the correlation results, it is revealed that there is no azeotrope presented in the binary system. All of the experimental VLE data passed the thermodynamic consistency tests performed by the Herington and the Van Ness methods.
Yiwen Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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vapor liquid equilibrium for the 1 1 1 trifluorotrichloroethane Sulfuryl Chloride system at 101 3 kpa
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2014Co-Authors: Shuhan Chen, Zongbi Bao, Yiwen Yang, Qilong Ren, Zhongmin Chen, Huabin XingAbstract:Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary mixture of Sulfuryl Chloride and 1,1,1-trifluorotrichloroethane at atmospheric pressure were measured with a double-phase circulation still. The experimental VLE data were correlated well with the Wilson, the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and the universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) models, respectively. From the correlation results, it is revealed that there is no azeotrope presented in the binary system. All of the experimental VLE data passed the thermodynamic consistency tests performed by the Herington and the Van Ness methods.
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Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium for the 1,1,1-Trifluorotrichloroethane + Sulfuryl Chloride System at 101.3 kPa
Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2013Co-Authors: Chen Shuhan, Zongbi Bao, Yiwen Yang, Chen Zhongmin, Qilong Ren, Huabin XingAbstract:Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary mixture of Sulfuryl Chloride and 1,1,1-trifluorotrichloroethane at atmospheric pressure were measured with a double-phase circulation still. The experimental VLE data were correlated well with the Wilson, the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), and the universal quasichemical activity coefficient (UNIQUAC) models, respectively. From the correlation results, it is revealed that there is no azeotrope presented in the binary system. All of the experimental VLE data passed the thermodynamic consistency tests performed by the Herington and the Van Ness methods.
