The Experts below are selected from a list of 10380 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ryu Uemura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reduced marine phytoplankton Sulphur Emissions in the southern ocean during the past seven glacials
Nature Communications, 2019Co-Authors: Kumiko Gotoazuma, Motohiro Hirabayashi, Hideaki Motoyama, Takayuki Miyake, Takayuki Kuramoto, Ryu UemuraAbstract:Marine biogenic Sulphur affects Earth's radiation budget and may be an indicator of primary productivity in the Southern Ocean, which is closely related to atmospheric CO2 variability through the biological pump. Previous ice-core studies in Antarctica show little climate dependence of marine biogenic Sulphur Emissions and hence primary productivity, contradictory to marine sediment records. Here we present new 720,000-year ice core records from Dome Fuji in East Antarctica and show that a large portion of non-sea-salt sulphate, which was traditionally used as a proxy for marine biogenic sulphate, likely originates from terrestrial dust during glacials. By correcting for this, we make a revised calculation of biogenic sulphate and find that its flux is reduced in glacial periods. Our results suggest reduced dimethylsulphide Emissions in the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean during glacials and provide new evidence for the coupling between climate and the Southern Ocean Sulphur cycle.
George Halkos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exploring the economy environment relationship in the case of Sulphur Emissions
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2013Co-Authors: George HalkosAbstract:This paper explores the relationship between economic development and environmental pollution by using panel data for 97 countries for the period 1950–2003. Various econometric techniques are applied to a sample of European Union (EU) countries and to a full sample including both EU and non-EU countries. For the full sample, cross-country variation in the estimated slopes is observed with extremely heterogeneous parameters, making aggregation not useful. These findings do not hold for the EU countries, implying that policies to control pollution must consider both the specific economic situation and the structure of the industrial and the business sectors of each region.
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economy environment relationship the case of Sulphur Emissions
MPRA Paper, 2011Co-Authors: George HalkosAbstract:This paper explores the relationship between economic development (in the form of GDP/c) and environmental pollution (in the form of Sulphur Emissions) by using a dynamic panel data for 97 countries for the time period 1950-2003. Various panel data econometric techniques are applied to a sample including only European Union (EU) countries and to a full sample including both the EU countries of the EU-countries sample, as well as, certain non-EU countries. The empirical results indicate significant differences between the two samples. For the case of the full sample, cross-country variation in the estimated slopes is observed, and parameters are extremely heterogeneous across countries making aggregate summarization not to be useful at all. However, the previous findings do not hold for the sample of the EU country members, resulting to the conclusion that policies to control pollution have to take into consideration both the specific economic situation and the structure of the industrial and the business sectors of each region. The last argument is even more important if someone takes into consideration transboundary pollution problems. Finally, in terms of policy implications, the study discusses the main options for Sulphur Emissions abatement.
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Optimal abatement of Sulphur Emissions in Europe
Environmental and Resource Economics, 1994Co-Authors: George HalkosAbstract:This study presents a mathematical model for determining cost-effective Emissions' control strategies in Europe, by minimizing Sulphur abatement costs subject to different pollution control targets. The purpose is to compare the efficiency of a uniform percentage Emissions reduction with a scenario that takes variation in environmental conditions into account. Underlying the proposed model is the belief that a full cost-benefit analysis of acid rain abatement is infeasible. The model focuses on the costs of abatement and provides an estimation of the gains (or losses) that countries could achieve if they co-operate in their policies rather than act independently.
Karl Espen Yttri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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introduction to the european monitoring and evaluation programme emep and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972 2009
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012Co-Authors: Kjetil Torseth, Knut Breivik, A M Fjaeraa, Markus Fiebig, Annegunn Hjellbrekke, Lund C Myhre, Sverre Solberg, Karl Espen YttriAbstract:Abstract. European scale harmonized monitoring of atmospheric composition was initiated in the early 1970s, and the activity has generated a comprehensive dataset (available at http://www.emep.int ) which allows the evaluation of regional and spatial trends of air pollution during a period of nearly 40 yr. Results from the monitoring made within EMEP, the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, show large reductions in ambient concentrations and deposition of Sulphur species during the last decades. Reductions are in the order of 70–90% since the year 1980, and correspond well with reported emission changes. Also reduction in Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) are reflected in the measurements, with an average decrease of nitrogen dioxide and nitrate in precipitation by about 23% and 25% respectively since 1990. Only minor reductions are however seen since the late 1990s. The concentrations of total nitrate in air have decreased on average only by 8% since 1990, and fewer sites show a significant trend. A majority of the EMEP sites show a decreasing trend in reduced nitrogen both in air and precipitation on the order of 25% since 1990. Deposition of base cations has decreased during the past 30 yr, and the pH in precipitation has increased across Europe. Large inter annual variations in the particulate matter mass concentrations reflect meteorological variability, but still there is a relatively clear overall decrease at several sites during the last decade. With few observations going back to the 1990s, the observed chemical composition is applied to document a change in particulate matter (PM) mass even since 1980. These data indicate an overall reduction of about 5 μg m −3 from sulphate alone. Despite the significant reductions in Sulphur Emissions, sulphate still remains one of the single most important compounds contributing to regional scale aerosol mass concentration. Long-term ozone trends at EMEP sites show a mixed pattern. The year-to-year variability in ozone due to varying meteorological conditions is substantial, making it hard to separate the trends caused by emission change from other effects. For the Nordic countries the data indicate a reduced occurrence of very low concentrations. The most pronounced change in the frequency distribution is seen at sites in the UK and the Netherlands, showing a reduction in the higher values. Smaller changes are seen in Germany, while in Switzerland and Austria, no change is seen in the frequency distribution of ozone. The lack of long-term data series is a major obstacle for studying trends in volatile organic compounds (VOC). The scatter in the data is large, and significant changes are only found for certain components and stations. Concentrations of the heavy metals lead and cadmium have decreased in both air and precipitation during the last 20 yr, with reductions in the order of 80–90% for Pb and 64–84% for Cd (precipitation and air respectively). The measurements of total gaseous mercury indicate a dramatic decrease in concentrations during 1980 to about 1993. Trends in hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) show a significant decrease in annual average air concentrations. For other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) the patterns is mixed, and differs between sites and between measurements in air versus precipitation.
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introduction to the european monitoring and evaluation programme emep and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972 2009
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012Co-Authors: Kjetil Torseth, Knut Breivik, A M Fjaeraa, Markus Fiebig, Annegunn Hjellbrekke, Lund C Myhre, Sverre Solberg, Wenche Aas, Karl Espen YttriAbstract:Abstract. European scale harmonized monitoring of atmospheric composition was initiated in the early 1970s, and the activity has generated a comprehensive dataset (available at http://www.emep.int ) which allows the evaluation of regional and spatial trends of air pollution during a period of nearly 40 yr. Results from the monitoring made within EMEP, the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, show large reductions in ambient concentrations and deposition of Sulphur species during the last decades. Reductions are in the order of 70–90% since the year 1980, and correspond well with reported emission changes. Also reduction in Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are reflected in the measurements, with an average decrease of nitrogen dioxide and nitrate in precipitation by about 23% and 25% respectively since 1990. Only minor reductions are however seen since the late 1990s. The concentrations of total nitrate in air have decreased on average only by 8% since 1990, and fewer sites show a significant trend. A majority of the EMEP sites show a decreasing trend in reduced nitrogen both in air and precipitation on the order of 25% since 1990. Deposition of base cations has decreased during the past 30 yr, and the pH in precipitation has increased across Europe. Large inter annual variations in the particulate matter mass concentrations reflect meteorological variability, but still there is a relatively clear overall decrease at several sites during the last decade. With few observations going back to the 1990s, the observed chemical composition is applied to document a change in particulate matter (PM) mass even since 1980. These data indicate an overall reduction of about 5 μg m−3 from sulphate alone. Despite the significant reductions in Sulphur Emissions, sulphate still remains one of the single most important compounds contributing to regional scale aerosol mass concentration. Long-term ozone trends at EMEP sites show a mixed pattern. The year-to-year variability in ozone due to varying meteorological conditions is substantial, making it hard to separate the trends caused by emission change from other effects. For the Nordic countries the data indicate a reduced occurrence of very low concentrations. The most pronounced change in the frequency distribution is seen at sites in the UK and the Netherlands, showing a reduction in the higher values. Smaller changes are seen in Germany, while in Switzerland and Austria, no change is seen in the frequency distribution of ozone. The lack of long-term data series is a major obstacle for studying trends in volatile organic compounds (VOC). The scatter in the data is large, and significant changes are only found for certain components and stations. Concentrations of the heavy metals lead and cadmium have decreased in both air and precipitation during the last 20 yr, with reductions in the order of 80–90% for Pb and 64–84% for Cd (precipitation and air respectively). The measurements of total gaseous mercury indicate a dramatic decrease in concentrations during 1980 to about 1993. Trends in hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) show a significant decrease in annual average air concentrations. For other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) the patterns is mixed, and differs between sites and between measurements in air versus precipitation.
Maria J Martin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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optimizing chemical conditioning for odour removal of undigested sewage sludge in drying processes
Journal of Environmental Management, 2015Co-Authors: Esther Vega, Hector Monclus, Rafael Gonzalezolmos, Maria J MartinAbstract:Emission of odours during the thermal drying in sludge handling processes is one of the main sources of odour problems in wastewater treatment plants. The objective of this work was to assess the use of the response surface methodology as a technique to optimize the chemical conditioning process of undigested sewage sludges, in order to improve the dewaterability, and to reduce the odour Emissions during the thermal drying of the sludge. Synergistic effects between inorganic conditioners (iron chloride and calcium oxide) were observed in terms of Sulphur Emissions and odour reduction. The developed quadratic models indicated that optimizing the conditioners dosage is possible to increase a 70% the dewaterability, reducing a 50% and 54% the emission of odour and volatile Sulphur compounds respectively. The optimization of the conditioning process was validated experimentally.
Chien Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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enhanced marine Sulphur Emissions offset global warming and impact rainfall
Scientific Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Benjamin S Grandey, Chien WangAbstract:Artificial fertilisation of the ocean has been proposed as a possible geoengineering method for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The associated increase in marine primary productivity may lead to an increase in Emissions of dimethyl sulphide (DMS), the primary source of sulphate aerosol over remote ocean regions, potentially causing direct and cloud-related indirect aerosol effects on climate. This pathway from ocean fertilisation to aerosol induced cooling of the climate may provide a basis for solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering. In this study, we investigate the transient climate impacts of two Emissions scenarios: an RCP4.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5) control; and an idealised scenario, based on RCP4.5, in which DMS Emissions are substantially enhanced over ocean areas. We use mini-ensembles of a coupled atmosphere-ocean configuration of CESM1(CAM5) (Community Earth System Model version 1, with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5). We find that the cooling effect associated with enhanced DMS Emissions beneficially offsets greenhouse gas induced warming across most of the world. However, the rainfall response may adversely affect water resources, potentially impacting human livelihoods. These results demonstrate that changes in marine phytoplankton activity may lead to a mixture of positive and negative impacts on the climate.
