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S. Ali Mirjalili - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Retrospective analysis of adult thoracic Surface Anatomy in Indian population using computed tomography scans
Journal of The Anatomical Society of India, 2019Co-Authors: Shallu Garg, S. Ali Mirjalili, Ajay Gulati, Anjali Aggarwal, Tulika Gupta, Daisy SahniAbstract:Introduction: Recent studies on human Surface Anatomy observed inconsistencies in standard Surface markings from that given in contemporary Anatomy texts, particularly in thoracic Surface landmarks. The present study was conducted to reevaluate the thoracic Surface Anatomy of adults of Indian origin which has not been done so far and compare the observations with the descriptions obtained from other population groups. Material and Methods: The thoracic Surface Anatomy was analyzed in 100 thoracoabdominal computed tomography scans of the Indian population. Results: It was observed that the positions of the xiphisternal joint, sternal angle, central veins, apex of lungs, cardiac apex, and dome of the diaphragm were within the normal limits with slight deviations from that described in standard Anatomy texts. However, certain landmarks showed high degree of difference among the races as well as from the descriptions of the textbooks such aortic arch, bifurcations of the trachea and pulmonary trunk, inferior border of right and left lung adjacent to the vertebral column, and vertebral level of inferior vena cava piercing the diaphragm. Discussion and Conclusion: The Surface anatomical landmarks of the thorax are not static, and there is a need to accommodate for a range of values than the constant markings. The relationship of the thoracic structures with the overlying Surface landmarks were more variable in relation to vertebral levels than the costal references.
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A reappraisal of pediatric thoracic Surface Anatomy.
Clinical Anatomy, 2017Co-Authors: Nicholas J. Fischer, Jonty Morreau, Ramanen Sugunesegran, Kiarash Taghavi, S. Ali MirjaliliAbstract:Accurate knowledge of Surface Anatomy is fundamental to safe clinical practice. A paucity of evidence in the literature regarding thoracic Surface Anatomy in children was identified. The associations between Surface landmarks and internal structures were meticulously analyzed by reviewing high quality computed tomography (CT) images of 77 children aged from four days to 12 years. The results confirmed that the sternal angle is an accurate Surface landmark for the azygos-superior vena cava junction in a plane through to the level of upper T4 from birth to age four, and to lower T4 in older children. The concavity of the aortic arch was slightly below this plane and the tracheal and pulmonary artery bifurcations were even lower. The cardiac apex was typically at the 5th intercostal space (ICS) from birth to age four, at the 4th ICS and 5th rib in 4-12 year olds, and close to the midclavicular line at all ages. The lower border of the diaphragm was at the level of the 6th or 7th rib at the midclavicular line, the 7th ICS and 8th rib at the midaxillary line, and the 11th thoracic vertebra posteriorly. The domes of the diaphragm were generally flatter and lower in children, typically only one rib level higher than its anterior level at the midclavicular line. Diaphragm apertures were most commonly around the level of T9, T10, and T11 for the IVC, esophagus and aorta, respectively. This is the first study to provide an evidence-base for thoracic Surface Anatomy in children. Clin. Anat. 30:788-794, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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A reassessment of cervical Surface Anatomy via CT scan in an adult population.
Clinical Anatomy, 2017Co-Authors: Xinhua Shen, S. Ali Mirjalili, Huadan Xue, Yu Chen, Man Wang, Zhu-hua ZhangAbstract:Abstract Surface landmarks in the neck are important for orientations of cervical glands, arteries, veins, nerves, and vertebrae. Recent research suggests some orientations are not correct. What are the cervical landmark orientations in the Chinese population? In this study, two essential cervical Anatomy planes, the thyroid cartilage and C7 planes, were assessed in living adult Chinese subjects using computed tomography (CT), and the hyoid, carotid bifurcation, cricoid cartilage, thyroid arteries, and vertebral artery were simultaneously positioned. After excluding patients with distorting pathology, a total of 108 cervical CT scans were examined. The thyroid cartilage plane commonly passed through the C5 (in males) or C4 (in females) vertebral level. The carotid artery bifurcated most commonly at C3 (left) or C4 (right), more than 10 mm above the thyroid cartilage plane bilaterally in most cases. Orientation of the carotid bifurcation according to the body or greater horn of the hyoid was more accurate. The superior thyroid artery was found a finger-breadth below the thyroid cartilage plane, and the inferior thyroid artery in the C7 plane. The inferior border of the cricoid cartilage was most often at C7 (in males) or C6 (in females). The vertebral artery entered the C6 transverse foramen in more than 80% of scans. This reassessment of cervical Surface Anatomy using modern imaging tools in vivo provides both qualitative and quantitative information for surgeons in clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 30:330-335, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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A reappraisal of adult thoracic and abdominal Surface Anatomy in Iranians in vivo using computed tomography.
Clinical Anatomy, 2015Co-Authors: Neda Pak, Shilpan G. Patel, Amir Pejman Hashemi Taheri, Fariba Hashemi, Raana Eftekhari Vaghefi, Sara Naybandi Atashi, S. Ali MirjaliliAbstract:Surface Anatomy is a core component of human Anatomy in clinical practice. It allows clinicians to assess patients accurately and quickly; however, recent studies have revealed variability among individuals and ethnicities. The aim of this study is to investigate possible variations in adult thoracic and abdominal Surface Anatomy landmarks in an Iranian population. This study used 100 thoracoabdominal CT scans (mean age: 47 ± 17 years, age range: 20-77 years, 47% females), noted the most common locations of clinically relevant Surface markings, and analyzed correlations between these variables and age or gender. While many common Surface markings in Iranians were consistent with the evidence-based literature, there were some differences. In relation to the corresponding segments of the vertebral column, the superior vena cava formation and the lower border of the pleura adjacent to the vertebral column and right kidney tended to be at higher levels in adult Iranians than a Caucasian population. There were also discrepancies between the Iranian population and commonly-referenced medical textbooks and recent evidence-based literature concerning the vertebral levels of the diaphragmatic openings of the esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava. This study emphasizes the need to consider evidence-based reappraisals of Surface Anatomy to guide clinical practice. Much of our current knowledge of Surface Anatomy is based on older studies of cadavers rather than living people, and does not take ethnic and individual variations into consideration.
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The pediatric inguinal canal: Systematic review of the embryology and Surface Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy, 2015Co-Authors: Kiarash Taghavi, Von Paolo Geneta, S. Ali MirjaliliAbstract:The inguinoscrotal region is one of the most common areas operated on in pediatric surgery. Despite this, the Surface Anatomy of the pediatric inguinal canal is variably defined. The aim of the current systematic review is to evaluate the development and Surface Anatomy of the pediatric inguinal canal. A systematic review of inguinal canal Anatomy in children was conducted using the electronic databases: Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant anatomical measurements and relationships were reviewed. The anatomical structures forming the walls of the inguinal canal were identified in fetuses as early as 8-10 weeks gestation. No studies addressed the developmental basis of this early defect in the lower anterior abdominal. Later gonadal development and descent has a defined role. In vivo measurements of children carried out during open surgery are inconsistent. Some studies showed rapid growth velocity of the length of the inguinal canal up to 2 years of age (with height and growth of the bony pelvis) before plateauing, while others suggested no increase in canal length prior to 10 years of age. The position of the deep inguinal ring was equally unclear; some studies suggested this was medial to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament. No studies described the position of the superficial ring, challenging the assumption that the rings are superimposed in the neonate. The dearth of studies analyzing pediatric inguinal Anatomy means that changes in the position of the rings with respect to the lengthening of the canal remain unclear.
Mark D. Stringer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Revisiting the Surface Anatomy of the sciatic nerve in the gluteal region
Clinical Anatomy, 2014Co-Authors: Stephen S. Currin, S. Ali Mirjalili, Grant Meikle, Mark D. StringerAbstract:The Surface Anatomy of the sciatic nerve (SN) in the gluteal region is clinically important (e.g., intramuscular injection). Anatomy texts describe the nerve in relation to the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), ischial tuberosity (IT), and greater trochanter (GT) but descriptions are inconsistent. The Surface Anatomy of the SN was determined in relation to these bony landmarks using computed tomography (CT) scans in living adults. One hundred consecutive adult pelvic CT scans (36 females, mean age 76 years) were available for dual consensus analysis. A further 19 adults (9 females, mean age 74 years) underwent pelvic CT scans in both prone and supine positions. The Surface projection of the SN along a line between the PSIS and IT and between the IT and GT was measured. The SN was identified in 95% of scans at a mean of 5.2 ± 1.0 cm from the PSIS and 11.4 ± 1.1 cm from the IT. The SN was a mean of 5.8 ± 0.8 cm from the IT and 6.2 ± 1.0 cm from the GT. There were no significant differences in mean positions of the nerve between sides and sexes. A small but clinically irrelevant difference in the Surface marking of the SN was found between supine and prone positions with respect to the GT and IT but not in relation to the PSIS and IT. In living adults, the SN lies approximately one-third of the way along a line between the PSIS and IT and half way between the GT and IT.
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Redefining the Surface Anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction in vivo.
Clinical Anatomy, 2014Co-Authors: S. Ali Mirjalili, J C Muirhead, Mark D. StringerAbstract:The Surface Anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) is especially relevant to surgeons. It is variably described in contemporary Anatomy and clinical texts but is usually stated to lie 2.5–4 cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercle. The aim of this study was to map the SFJ accurately in healthy adults using ultrasound. One hundred healthy adults (mean age 27 years; 64 men) were scanned by an experienced sonographer using a 13–5 MHz linear probe. The center of the SFJ was recorded bilaterally in relation to the most superficial point of the pubic tubercle. The SFJ was readily identified in all participants. Its center was a mean of 2.4 ± 0.6 cm lateral (range 1–4.5 cm) and 1 ± 0.9 cm inferior to the pubic tubercle (range 2.5 above to 4 cm caudal to it). The junction was inferior to the pubic tubercle in 90% of lower limbs and at or above that level in 10%. In men, the SFJ was a mean of 2.6 cm lateral to the pubic tubercle and 1.2 cm inferior to it, compared with 2.2 and 0.6 cm, respectively, in women (P 90% of adults. The junction is slightly closer to the pubic tubercle in women. These results provide a more robust guide to the Surface Anatomy of the normal SFJ. Clin. Anat. 27:915–919, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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The Surface Anatomy of the central sulcus.
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 2012Co-Authors: S. Ali Mirjalili, Samuel J.m. Hale, Mark D. Stringer, Ben WilsonAbstract:Dear Professor Kaye, The recent article by Hamasaki et al. in Volume 19 Issue 1 of the Journal of Clinical Neuroscience on MRI variations of the central sulcus (CS) reinforces the importance of redefining human Surface Anatomy using modern imaging techniques. The Surface marking of the CS is not described in some major anatomical reference texts whereas in others it is stated to correspond ‘‘to a line drawn downwards and forwards from a point 0.5 in (1 cm) behind the midpoint between the nasion and the inion’’. With ethical approval, we recently analyzed cranial MRI scans in 45 adults from New Zealand (20 males, mean age 56 years, range 24–84 years) with no distorting pathology to record the position of the CS at its junction with the interhemispheric fissure relative to the nasion and inion (Table 1). Scans were reviewed by dual consensus reporting. Our results showed that the left and right CS were symmetrical (within 5 mm of each other) in 40 (89%) subjects. The CS was a mean of 2 ± 0.9 cm (range 0.3–4 cm) behind the midpoint between nasion and inion, equivalent to 56% of the distance along this line. These data are similar to those reported by Hamasaki et al. in older Japanese subjects, although these authors found that the right CS was located slightly more anteriorly than the left, and that the CS was generally slightly further posterior in their subjects. These differences may be related to ethnicity or age. Our data show that the rule of thumb proposed by Poirier in 1891, that the CS lies approximately 2 cm behind the midpoint between nasion and inion, is still a reasonable Surface landmark.
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A reappraisal of adult abdominal Surface Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy, 2012Co-Authors: S. Ali Mirjalili, Sara L. Mcfadden, Tim Buckenham, Mark D. StringerAbstract:Descriptions of clinically important Surface landmarks often vary between and within contemporary anatomical texts. The aim of this study was to investigate the Surface Anatomy of major abdominal vessels, kidneys, spleen, gastroesophageal junction, and duodenojejunal flexure in living adults using computed tomography (CT). After excluding patients with distorting space-occupying lesions, scoliosis, abnormal lordosis, and obvious visceromegaly, 108 abdominal CT scans of supine adults (mean age 60 years, range 18–97 years; 64 female) at end tidal inspiration were available for analysis by dual consensus reporting. Intra-observer agreement was assessed by repeat blind assessment of a random sample of scans. The vertebral level of the aortic bifurcation and almost all of its major branches, and the origin of the inferior vena cava were consistent with current descriptions. Important differences from contemporary descriptions of Surface Anatomy were as follows: the renal arteries were most commonly at the L1 vertebral level (left 55%, right 43%); the midpoint of the renal hila was most frequently at L2 (left 68%, right 40%); the 11th rib was a posterior relation of the left kidney in only 28% of scans; and the spleen was most frequently located between the 10th and 12th ribs (48%) with its long axis in line with the 11th rib (55%). Although the majority of vascular Surface landmarks are consistent with standard descriptions, the Surface Anatomy of the kidneys, renal arteries, and spleen needs to be revised in accordance with observations using modern imaging techniques in vivo. Clin. Anat. 25:844–850, 2012.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Anatomical planes: are we teaching accurate Surface Anatomy?
Clinical Anatomy, 2012Co-Authors: S. Ali Mirjalili, Ben Wilson, Sara L. Mcfadden, Tim Buckenham, Mark D. StringerAbstract:Anatomical planes used in clinical practice and teaching Anatomy are largely derived from cadaver studies. Numerous inconsistencies in clinically important Surface markings exist between and within anatomical reference texts. The aim of this study was to reassess the accuracy of common anatomical planes in vivo using computed tomographic (CT) imaging. CT scans of the trunk in supine adults at end tidal inspiration were analyzed by dual consensus reporting to determine the Anatomy of five anatomical planes: sternal angle, transpyloric, subcostal, supracristal, and the plane of the pubic crest. Patients with kyphosis, scoliosis, or abnormal lordosis, distorting space-occupying lesions, or visceromegaly were excluded. Among 153 thoracic CT scans (mean age 63 years, 53% female), the sternal angle was most common at T4 (females) or T4/5 (males) vertebral level, and the tracheal bifurcation, aortic arch, and pulmonary trunk were most often below this plane. In 108 abdominal CT scans (mean age 60 years, 59% female), the subcostal and supracristal planes were most often at L2 (58%) and L4 (69%), respectively. In 52 thoracoabdominal CT scans (mean age 61 years, 56% female), the transpyloric plane was between lower L1 and upper L2 (75%); in this plane were the superior mesenteric artery (56%), formation of the portal vein (53%), tip of the ninth rib (60%), and the left renal hilum (54%), but the right renal hilum and gallbladder fundus were more often below. The Surface Anatomy of anatomical planes needs revising in the light of results from living subjects using modern imaging techniques.
Samy A. Azer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The place of Surface Anatomy in the medical literature and undergraduate Anatomy textbooks
Anatomical Sciences Education, 2013Co-Authors: Samy A. AzerAbstract:The aims of this review were to examine the place of Surface Anatomy in the medical literature, particularly the methods and approaches used in teaching Surface and living Anatomy and assess commonly used Anatomy textbooks in regard to their Surface Anatomy contents. PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched using the following keywords “Surface Anatomy,” “living Anatomy,” “teaching Surface Anatomy,” “bony landmarks,” “peer examination” and “dermatomes”. The percentage of pages covering Surface Anatomy in each textbook was calculated as well as the number of images covering Surface Anatomy. Clarity, quality and adequacy of Surface Anatomy contents was also examined. The search identified 22 research papers addressing methods used in teaching Surface Anatomy, 31 papers that can help in the improvement of Surface Anatomy curriculum, and 12 Anatomy textbooks. These teaching methods included: body painting, peer volunteer Surface Anatomy, use of a living Anatomy model, real time ultrasound, virtual (visible) human dissector (VHD), full body digital x-ray of cadavers (Lodox® Statscan® images) combined with palpating landmarks on peers and the cadaver, as well as the use of collaborative, contextual and self-directed learning. Nineteen of these studies were published in the period from 2006 to 2013. The 31 papers covered evidence-based and clinically-applied Surface Anatomy. The percentage of Surface Anatomy in textbooks' contents ranged from 0 to 6.2 with an average of 3.4%. The number of medical illustrations on Surface Anatomy varied from 0 to 135. In conclusion, although there has been a progressive increase in publications addressing methods used in teaching Surface Anatomy over the last six to seven years, most Anatomy textbooks do not provide students with adequate information about Surface Anatomy. Only three textbooks provided a solid explanation and foundation of understanding Surface Anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 6: 415–432. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
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The place of Surface Anatomy in the medical literature and undergraduate Anatomy textbooks.
Anatomical Sciences Education, 2013Co-Authors: Samy A. AzerAbstract:The aims of this review were to examine the place of Surface Anatomy in the medical literature, particularly the methods and approaches used in teaching Surface and living Anatomy and assess commonly used Anatomy textbooks in regard to their Surface Anatomy contents. PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched using the following keywords "Surface Anatomy," "living Anatomy," "teaching Surface Anatomy," "bony landmarks," "peer examination" and "dermatomes". The percentage of pages covering Surface Anatomy in each textbook was calculated as well as the number of images covering Surface Anatomy. Clarity, quality and adequacy of Surface Anatomy contents was also examined. The search identified 22 research papers addressing methods used in teaching Surface Anatomy, 31 papers that can help in the improvement of Surface Anatomy curriculum, and 12 Anatomy textbooks. These teaching methods included: body painting, peer volunteer Surface Anatomy, use of a living Anatomy model, real time ultrasound, virtual (visible) human dissector (VHD), full body digital x-ray of cadavers (Lodox(®) Statscan(®) images) combined with palpating landmarks on peers and the cadaver, as well as the use of collaborative, contextual and self-directed learning. Nineteen of these studies were published in the period from 2006 to 2013. The 31 papers covered evidence-based and clinically-applied Surface Anatomy. The percentage of Surface Anatomy in textbooks' contents ranged from 0 to 6.2 with an average of 3.4%. The number of medical illustrations on Surface Anatomy varied from 0 to 135. In conclusion, although there has been a progressive increase in publications addressing methods used in teaching Surface Anatomy over the last six to seven years, most Anatomy textbooks do not provide students with adequate information about Surface Anatomy. Only three textbooks provided a solid explanation and foundation of understanding Surface Anatomy.
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Can “YouTube” help students in learning Surface Anatomy?
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, 2012Co-Authors: Samy A. AzerAbstract:Aims In a problem-based learning curriculum, most medical students research the Internet for information for their “learning issues.” Internet sites such as “YouTube” have become a useful resource for information. This study aimed at assessing YouTube videos covering Surface Anatomy.
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Learning Surface Anatomy: Which learning approach is effective in an integrated PBL curriculum?
Medical Teacher, 2010Co-Authors: Samy A. AzerAbstract:Background: Understanding Surface Anatomy and Surface markings are integral for introducing clinical sciences. Aim: This study aimed to assess which learning approach is effective in learning Surface Anatomy. Method: First-year medical students were randomly assigned into two groups and asked to complete an MCQs quiz covering Surface Anatomy of the abdomen ( pre-test). Each student worked on his/her own in each group. Group A students (n ¼ 70) were then provided with a reading material and two images of the abdomen printed on A4 size paper. Students were asked to study the reading material and use the image of the abdomen to draw and label the Surface Anatomy of six abdominal organs. Group B students (n ¼ 74) were provided with the same reading material but were asked to answer short-answer questions. After 45 minutes, the reading material and answers were collected from both groups and student’s performance was compared using the same sets of MCQs ( post-test). Results: Students from both groups showed significant improvement in their post-test scores compared to their pre-test scores. Also the means for paired samples were significantly higher in Group A compared to Group B. A small number of students in both groups scored � 2 in the pre-test and failed the post-test. Conclusion: While both techniques improved students’ scores; learning by drawing Surface Anatomy of abdominal organs showed higher scores.
J C Muirhead - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Redefining the Surface Anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction in vivo.
Clinical Anatomy, 2014Co-Authors: S. Ali Mirjalili, J C Muirhead, Mark D. StringerAbstract:The Surface Anatomy of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) is especially relevant to surgeons. It is variably described in contemporary Anatomy and clinical texts but is usually stated to lie 2.5–4 cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercle. The aim of this study was to map the SFJ accurately in healthy adults using ultrasound. One hundred healthy adults (mean age 27 years; 64 men) were scanned by an experienced sonographer using a 13–5 MHz linear probe. The center of the SFJ was recorded bilaterally in relation to the most superficial point of the pubic tubercle. The SFJ was readily identified in all participants. Its center was a mean of 2.4 ± 0.6 cm lateral (range 1–4.5 cm) and 1 ± 0.9 cm inferior to the pubic tubercle (range 2.5 above to 4 cm caudal to it). The junction was inferior to the pubic tubercle in 90% of lower limbs and at or above that level in 10%. In men, the SFJ was a mean of 2.6 cm lateral to the pubic tubercle and 1.2 cm inferior to it, compared with 2.2 and 0.6 cm, respectively, in women (P 90% of adults. The junction is slightly closer to the pubic tubercle in women. These results provide a more robust guide to the Surface Anatomy of the normal SFJ. Clin. Anat. 27:915–919, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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redefining the Surface Anatomy of the parotid duct an in vivo ultrasound study
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2012Co-Authors: S A Mirjalili, S J Meredith, J C MuirheadAbstract:Background:The Surface Anatomy of the parotid duct is important when assessing facial lacerations and in facial rejuvenation surgery but is inconsistently described in reference texts. The aim of this study was to map the Surface Anatomy of the adult parotid duct using ultrasound.Methods:Fifty healt
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Redefining the Surface Anatomy of the parotid duct: an in vivo ultrasound study.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2012Co-Authors: Mark D. Stringer, S. Ali Mirjalili, S J Meredith, J C MuirheadAbstract:BACKGROUND The Surface Anatomy of the parotid duct is important when assessing facial lacerations and in facial rejuvenation surgery but is inconsistently described in reference texts. The aim of this study was to map the Surface Anatomy of the adult parotid duct using ultrasound. METHODS Fifty healthy adults (31 women; mean age, 33 years) were scanned by an experienced sonographer using a 13-5 MHz linear probe and a Siemens Sonoline Antares ultrasound machine. The caliber, length, and course of the parotid duct were recorded bilaterally. RESULTS The parotid duct was identified bilaterally in all participants. One subject had a double duct bilaterally. In the remaining 49 individuals (98 ducts), the duct had a mean maximum internal caliber of 0.6 ± 0.2 mm and length 42 ± 7.5 mm. Ninety-two (94 percent) ducts were below the most popular Surface marking, which is reported as a line between the lower border of the tragus and mid philtrum. In 93 percent of individuals, the duct was within 1.5 cm of the middle half of a line between the lower border of the tragus and cheilion. CONCLUSION A more accurate description of the Surface Anatomy of the parotid duct should assist with early diagnosis of parotid duct injuries and avoidance of iatrogenic injury. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic, IV.
Cristian Navarretedechent - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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human Surface Anatomy terminology for dermatology a delphi consensus from the international skin imaging collaboration
Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2020Co-Authors: Konstantinos Liopyris, M.a. Molenda, R.p. Braun, S.w. Dusza, Pascale Guitera, Cristian Navarretedechent, Clara Curiellewandrowski, Rainer HofmannwellenhofAbstract:BACKGROUND There is no internationally vetted set of anatomic terms to describe human Surface Anatomy. OBJECTIVE To establish expert consensus on a standardized set of terms that describe clinically relevant human Surface Anatomy. METHODS We conducted a Delphi consensus on Surface Anatomy terminology between July 2017 and July 2019. The initial survey included 385 anatomic terms, organized in seven levels of hierarchy. If agreement exceeded the 75% established threshold, the term was considered 'accepted' and included in the final list. Terms added by the participants were passed on to the next round of consensus. Terms with <75% agreement were included in subsequent surveys along with alternative terms proposed by participants until agreement was reached on all terms. RESULTS The Delphi included 21 participants. We found consensus (≥75% agreement) on 361/385 (93.8%) terms and eliminated one term in the first round. Of 49 new terms suggested by participants, 45 were added via consensus. To adjust for a recently published International Classification of Diseases-Surface Topography list of terms, a third survey including 111 discrepant terms was sent to participants. Finally, a total of 513 terms reached agreement via the Delphi method. CONCLUSIONS We have established a set of 513 clinically relevant terms for denoting human Surface Anatomy, towards the use of standardized terminology in dermatologic documentation.
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human Surface Anatomy terminology for dermatology a delphi consensus from the international skin imaging collaboration isic
Journal of The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2020Co-Authors: Konstantinos Liopyris, M.a. Molenda, R.p. Braun, S.w. Dusza, Pascale Guitera, Cristian Navarretedechent, Clara Curiellewandrowski, Rainer HofmannwellenhofAbstract:BACKGROUND There is no internationally vetted set of anatomic terms to describe human Surface Anatomy. OBJECTIVE To establish expert consensus on a standardized set of terms that describe clinically-relevant human Surface Anatomy. METHODS We conducted a Delphi consensus on Surface Anatomy terminology between July 2017 and July 2019. The initial survey included 385 anatomic terms, organized in 7 levels of hierarchy. If agreement exceeded the 75% established threshold, the term was considered 'accepted' and included in the final list. Terms added by the participants were passed on to the next round of consensus. Terms with less than 75% agreement were included in subsequent surveys along with alternative terms proposed by participants until agreement was reached on all terms. RESULTS The Delphi included 21 participants. We found consensus (≥75% agreement) on 361/385 (93.8%) terms and eliminated one term in the first round. Of 49 new terms suggested by participants, 45 were added via consensus. To adjust for a recently published ICD-ST list of terms, a third survey including 111 discrepant terms was sent to participants. Finally, a total of 513 terms reached agreement via the Delphi method. CONCLUSIONS We have established a set of 513 clinically-relevant terms for denoting human Surface Anatomy, towards the use of standardized terminology in dermatologic documentation.
