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Timothy C. Wilcosky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Asthma symptoms among adolescents who attend public schools that are located near confined Swine Feeding operations.
Pediatrics, 2006Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Stephen W. Marshall, Steven B Wing, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:OBJECTIVES. Little is known about the health effects of living in close proximity to industrial Swine operations. We assessed the relationship between estimated exposure to airborne effluent from confined Swine Feeding operations and asthma symptoms among adolescents who were aged 12 to 14 years. METHODS. During the 1999–2000 school year, 58169 adolescents in North Carolina answered questions about their respiratory symptoms, allergies, medications, socioeconomic status, and household environments. To estimate the extent to which these students may have been exposed during the school day to air pollution from confined Swine Feeding operations, we used publicly available data about schools (n = 265) and Swine operations (n = 2343) to generate estimates of exposure for each public school. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for wheezing within the past year were estimated using random-intercepts binary regression models, adjusting for potential confounders, including age, race, socioeconomic status, smoking, school exposures, and household exposures. RESULTS. The prevalence of wheezing during the past year was slightly higher at schools that were estimated to be exposed to airborne effluent from confined Swine Feeding operations. For students who reported allergies, the prevalence of wheezing within the past year was 5% higher at schools that were located within 3 miles of an operation relative to those beyond 3 miles and 24% higher at schools in which livestock odor was noticeable indoors twice per month or more relative to those with no odor. CONCLUSIONS. Estimated exposure to airborne pollution from confined Swine Feeding operations is associated with adolescents’ wheezing symptoms.
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Race, Poverty, and Potential Exposure of Middle-School Students to Air Emissions from Confined Swine Feeding Operations
Environmental health perspectives, 2006Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Steve Wing, Stephen W. Marshall, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:Confined animal Feeding operations (CAFOs) house large numbers of animals, flush animal wastes into open-air waste pits, and apply partially decomposed wastes to land, releasing pollutants into soil, air, and water (National Research Council 2003). Odor and local air pollution—including ammonia (Reynolds et al. 1997; Subramanian et al. 1996; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2002), hydrogen sulfide (Reynolds et al. 1997), methane (Sharpe and Harper 1999), residues of veterinary antibiotics (Hamscher et al. 2003), total bacteria (Radon et al. 2001), fungi (Radon et al. 2001), and endotoxin (Reynolds et al. 1997)—arise from CAFO buildings and waste pits and are of particular concern to CAFO neighbors because of their documented impacts on the health and quality of life of livestock farm workers and neighbors (Cole et al. 2000; Merchant et al. 2005; Schiffman 1998; Schiffman et al. 1995; Thu et al. 1997; Vogelzang et al. 1999, 2000; Wing and Wolf 2000). A study of the mental and physical health of Swine CAFO neighbors in Iowa found elevated rates of respiratory symptoms among CAFO neighbors compared with residents not living near livestock production (Thu et al. 1997). One study of Swine CAFO neighbors in North Carolina reported negative impacts of odor on tension, depression, and anger among individuals living near operations (Schiffman et al. 1995), and another in North Carolina reported “increased occurrences of headaches, runny nose, sore throat, excessive coughing, diarrhea and burning eyes” and decreased quality of life among residents living near Swine CAFOs (Wing and Wolf 2000). In an investigation of possible stress-mediated impacts on immune function, Swine CAFO neighbors had lower average concentration and secretion of salivary immunoglobulin A during periods of moderate to high odor (Avery et al. 2004). Among children, increased prevalence of asthma symptoms has been associated with proximity to Swine CAFOs (Chrischilles et al. 2004; Merchant et al. 2005). In the United States, race and socioeconomic status (SES) are closely intertwined and have been widely associated with health, including chronic disease morbidity and mortality (Borrell et al. 2004; Roux et al. 2001; Winkleby et al. 1998), infectious diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2005), immunization (Egede and Zheng 2003), health care services (Gaskin and Hoffman 2000; Monheit and Vistnes 2000; Weinick et al. 2000), and environmental exposures (Evans and Kantrowitz 2002; Guidry and Margolis 2005; Northridge et al. 2003). Swine CAFOs are disproportionately located in communities of color and regions of poverty (Edwards and Ladd 2000; Wilson et al. 2002; Wing et al. 1996, 2000) and are thus located among populations that may be more susceptible to the airborne exposures and more likely to experience detrimental health consequences of such exposures (Bradley and Corwyn 2002; Williams and Jackson 2005). The literature published to date about health impacts of CAFO-related exposures focuses on health impacts of exposures among adults; however, knowledge about the growth and development of the human respiratory tract suggests that the children in these exposed communities may be at increased risk of respiratory health effects because of their size, behavior, and developmental stage (Dietert et al. 2000; Kim et al. 2004; Peden 2000). In light of recent research about health effects of CAFO-related exposures, children’s susceptibility to environmental pollutants, and concern about the conditions of school buildings, we sought to assess the extent to which adolescents attending public schools may be exposed to Swine CAFO emissions. Based on a large sample of public schools in North Carolina, we estimated potential exposure using both record-based and survey-based exposure indices and examined racial and economic differences in potential exposure.
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race poverty and potential exposure of middle school students to air emissions from confined Swine Feeding operations
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Steve Wing, Stephen W. Marshall, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:Previous studies suggest that airborne effluent from Swine confined animal Feeding operations (CAFOs) may affect the health and quality of life of adults and the prevalence of asthma symptoms among...
Maria C. Mirabelli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Asthma symptoms among adolescents who attend public schools that are located near confined Swine Feeding operations.
Pediatrics, 2006Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Stephen W. Marshall, Steven B Wing, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:OBJECTIVES. Little is known about the health effects of living in close proximity to industrial Swine operations. We assessed the relationship between estimated exposure to airborne effluent from confined Swine Feeding operations and asthma symptoms among adolescents who were aged 12 to 14 years. METHODS. During the 1999–2000 school year, 58169 adolescents in North Carolina answered questions about their respiratory symptoms, allergies, medications, socioeconomic status, and household environments. To estimate the extent to which these students may have been exposed during the school day to air pollution from confined Swine Feeding operations, we used publicly available data about schools (n = 265) and Swine operations (n = 2343) to generate estimates of exposure for each public school. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for wheezing within the past year were estimated using random-intercepts binary regression models, adjusting for potential confounders, including age, race, socioeconomic status, smoking, school exposures, and household exposures. RESULTS. The prevalence of wheezing during the past year was slightly higher at schools that were estimated to be exposed to airborne effluent from confined Swine Feeding operations. For students who reported allergies, the prevalence of wheezing within the past year was 5% higher at schools that were located within 3 miles of an operation relative to those beyond 3 miles and 24% higher at schools in which livestock odor was noticeable indoors twice per month or more relative to those with no odor. CONCLUSIONS. Estimated exposure to airborne pollution from confined Swine Feeding operations is associated with adolescents’ wheezing symptoms.
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Race, Poverty, and Potential Exposure of Middle-School Students to Air Emissions from Confined Swine Feeding Operations
Environmental health perspectives, 2006Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Steve Wing, Stephen W. Marshall, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:Confined animal Feeding operations (CAFOs) house large numbers of animals, flush animal wastes into open-air waste pits, and apply partially decomposed wastes to land, releasing pollutants into soil, air, and water (National Research Council 2003). Odor and local air pollution—including ammonia (Reynolds et al. 1997; Subramanian et al. 1996; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2002), hydrogen sulfide (Reynolds et al. 1997), methane (Sharpe and Harper 1999), residues of veterinary antibiotics (Hamscher et al. 2003), total bacteria (Radon et al. 2001), fungi (Radon et al. 2001), and endotoxin (Reynolds et al. 1997)—arise from CAFO buildings and waste pits and are of particular concern to CAFO neighbors because of their documented impacts on the health and quality of life of livestock farm workers and neighbors (Cole et al. 2000; Merchant et al. 2005; Schiffman 1998; Schiffman et al. 1995; Thu et al. 1997; Vogelzang et al. 1999, 2000; Wing and Wolf 2000). A study of the mental and physical health of Swine CAFO neighbors in Iowa found elevated rates of respiratory symptoms among CAFO neighbors compared with residents not living near livestock production (Thu et al. 1997). One study of Swine CAFO neighbors in North Carolina reported negative impacts of odor on tension, depression, and anger among individuals living near operations (Schiffman et al. 1995), and another in North Carolina reported “increased occurrences of headaches, runny nose, sore throat, excessive coughing, diarrhea and burning eyes” and decreased quality of life among residents living near Swine CAFOs (Wing and Wolf 2000). In an investigation of possible stress-mediated impacts on immune function, Swine CAFO neighbors had lower average concentration and secretion of salivary immunoglobulin A during periods of moderate to high odor (Avery et al. 2004). Among children, increased prevalence of asthma symptoms has been associated with proximity to Swine CAFOs (Chrischilles et al. 2004; Merchant et al. 2005). In the United States, race and socioeconomic status (SES) are closely intertwined and have been widely associated with health, including chronic disease morbidity and mortality (Borrell et al. 2004; Roux et al. 2001; Winkleby et al. 1998), infectious diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2005), immunization (Egede and Zheng 2003), health care services (Gaskin and Hoffman 2000; Monheit and Vistnes 2000; Weinick et al. 2000), and environmental exposures (Evans and Kantrowitz 2002; Guidry and Margolis 2005; Northridge et al. 2003). Swine CAFOs are disproportionately located in communities of color and regions of poverty (Edwards and Ladd 2000; Wilson et al. 2002; Wing et al. 1996, 2000) and are thus located among populations that may be more susceptible to the airborne exposures and more likely to experience detrimental health consequences of such exposures (Bradley and Corwyn 2002; Williams and Jackson 2005). The literature published to date about health impacts of CAFO-related exposures focuses on health impacts of exposures among adults; however, knowledge about the growth and development of the human respiratory tract suggests that the children in these exposed communities may be at increased risk of respiratory health effects because of their size, behavior, and developmental stage (Dietert et al. 2000; Kim et al. 2004; Peden 2000). In light of recent research about health effects of CAFO-related exposures, children’s susceptibility to environmental pollutants, and concern about the conditions of school buildings, we sought to assess the extent to which adolescents attending public schools may be exposed to Swine CAFO emissions. Based on a large sample of public schools in North Carolina, we estimated potential exposure using both record-based and survey-based exposure indices and examined racial and economic differences in potential exposure.
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race poverty and potential exposure of middle school students to air emissions from confined Swine Feeding operations
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Steve Wing, Stephen W. Marshall, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:Previous studies suggest that airborne effluent from Swine confined animal Feeding operations (CAFOs) may affect the health and quality of life of adults and the prevalence of asthma symptoms among...
Laura Gámiz-gracia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in Swine Feeding.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2021Co-Authors: Natalia Arroyo-manzanares, Vicente Rodríguez-estévez, Ana M García-campaña, Elena Castellón-rendón, Laura Gámiz-graciaAbstract:Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Claviceps. They contaminate a large variety of cereals, such as rye, triticale, wheat and barley. The ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. In fact, pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry are involved in sporadic outbreaks and, although there are several studies about occurrence of ergot alkaloids in grain cereals, there are scarce studies focused on compound feed. Twelve ergot alkaloids have been quantified in 228 feed samples intended for Swine. The analytes were extracted using QuEChERS with Z-Sep+ as sorbent in the clean-up step, which reduced the matrix effect, allowing limits of quantification between 2.1-21.7 μg/kg. The analytes were subsequently quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS. A total of 29 samples (12.7%) revealed contamination by at least one ergot alkaloid, and among contaminated samples, 65% were contaminated by more than one. Only 6 of 12 target ergot alkaloids showed concentrations above the limit of quantification. The concentrations for individual ergot alkaloids ranged between 5.9 μg/kg for ergosinine to 145.3 μg/kg for ergometrine (the predominant ergot alkaloid), while the total ergot alkaloid content ranged from 5.9 to 158.7 μg/kg. The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in feed samples in Spain seems to be lower than in other regions of Europe. All the samples fulfilled current recommendations of the feed industry about practical limits for ergot alkaloids in pig feeds. This suggests that the feeds are safe for pig consumption, regarding the presence of ergot alkaloids. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in Swine Feeding.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2021Co-Authors: Natalia Arroyo-manzanares, Vicente Rodríguez-estévez, Ana M García-campaña, Elena Castellón-rendón, Laura Gámiz-graciaAbstract:BACKGROUND Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Claviceps. They contaminate a large variety of cereals, such as rye, triticale, wheat and barley. The ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. In fact, pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry are involved in sporadic outbreaks and, although there are several studies about occurrence of ergot alkaloids in grain cereals, there are scarce studies focused on compound feed. RESULTS Twelve ergot alkaloids have been quantified in 228 feed samples intended for Swine. The analytes were extracted using QuEChERS with Z-Sep+ as sorbent in the clean-up step, which reduced the matrix effect, allowing limits of quantification between 2.1 and 21.7 μg kg-1 . The analytes were subsequently quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A total of 29 samples (12.7%) revealed contamination by at least one ergot alkaloid, and among contaminated samples, 65% were contaminated by more than one. Only 6 of 12 target ergot alkaloids showed concentrations above the limit of quantification. The concentrations for individual ergot alkaloids ranged between 5.9 μg kg-1 for ergosinine to 145.3 μg kg-1 for ergometrine (the predominant ergot alkaloid), while the total ergot alkaloid content ranged from 5.9 to 158.7 μg kg-1 . CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in feed samples in Spain seems to be lower than in other regions of Europe. All the samples fulfilled current recommendations of the feed industry about practical limits for ergot alkaloids in pig feeds. This suggests that the feeds are safe for pig consumption, regarding the presence of ergot alkaloids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Swine Feeding from Spain.
Toxins, 2019Co-Authors: Natalia Arroyo-manzanares, Vicente Rodríguez-estévez, Ana M García-campaña, Plácido Arenas-fernández, Laura Gámiz-graciaAbstract:A survey including 228 pig feed samples from Spain has been developed, exploring the occurrence of 19 mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, fumonisins B1 and B2, citrinin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, enniatins A, A1, B and B2, and beauvericin). The samples were analysed by solid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence or mass spectrometry detection. Enniatin B was found in 100% of the samples (up to 1200 µg/kg) and beauvericin in more than 90%. Moreover, 40% of samples were contaminated with more than five mycotoxins. This high occurrence is insurmountable and surpasses all previous studies, probably due to the inclusion of emerging mycotoxins, scarcely explored. The majority of the samples (96.9%) were in accordance with EU regulations, which do not address emerging mycotoxins or co-occurrence. These results show that in order to ensure mycotoxin absence, emerging mycotoxins should always be considered.
Stephen W. Marshall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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air pollution lung function and physical symptoms in communities near concentrated Swine Feeding operations
Epidemiology, 2011Co-Authors: Leah Schinasi, Steve Wing, Stephen W. Marshall, Rachel Avery Horton, Virginia T Guidry, Kimberly B MorlandAbstract:Background:Concentrated animal Feeding operations emit air pollutants that may affect health. We examined associations of reported hog odor and of monitored air pollutants with physical symptoms and lung function in people living within 1.5 miles of hog operations.Methods:Between September 2003 and
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Asthma symptoms among adolescents who attend public schools that are located near confined Swine Feeding operations.
Pediatrics, 2006Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Stephen W. Marshall, Steven B Wing, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:OBJECTIVES. Little is known about the health effects of living in close proximity to industrial Swine operations. We assessed the relationship between estimated exposure to airborne effluent from confined Swine Feeding operations and asthma symptoms among adolescents who were aged 12 to 14 years. METHODS. During the 1999–2000 school year, 58169 adolescents in North Carolina answered questions about their respiratory symptoms, allergies, medications, socioeconomic status, and household environments. To estimate the extent to which these students may have been exposed during the school day to air pollution from confined Swine Feeding operations, we used publicly available data about schools (n = 265) and Swine operations (n = 2343) to generate estimates of exposure for each public school. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals for wheezing within the past year were estimated using random-intercepts binary regression models, adjusting for potential confounders, including age, race, socioeconomic status, smoking, school exposures, and household exposures. RESULTS. The prevalence of wheezing during the past year was slightly higher at schools that were estimated to be exposed to airborne effluent from confined Swine Feeding operations. For students who reported allergies, the prevalence of wheezing within the past year was 5% higher at schools that were located within 3 miles of an operation relative to those beyond 3 miles and 24% higher at schools in which livestock odor was noticeable indoors twice per month or more relative to those with no odor. CONCLUSIONS. Estimated exposure to airborne pollution from confined Swine Feeding operations is associated with adolescents’ wheezing symptoms.
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Race, Poverty, and Potential Exposure of Middle-School Students to Air Emissions from Confined Swine Feeding Operations
Environmental health perspectives, 2006Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Steve Wing, Stephen W. Marshall, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:Confined animal Feeding operations (CAFOs) house large numbers of animals, flush animal wastes into open-air waste pits, and apply partially decomposed wastes to land, releasing pollutants into soil, air, and water (National Research Council 2003). Odor and local air pollution—including ammonia (Reynolds et al. 1997; Subramanian et al. 1996; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2002), hydrogen sulfide (Reynolds et al. 1997), methane (Sharpe and Harper 1999), residues of veterinary antibiotics (Hamscher et al. 2003), total bacteria (Radon et al. 2001), fungi (Radon et al. 2001), and endotoxin (Reynolds et al. 1997)—arise from CAFO buildings and waste pits and are of particular concern to CAFO neighbors because of their documented impacts on the health and quality of life of livestock farm workers and neighbors (Cole et al. 2000; Merchant et al. 2005; Schiffman 1998; Schiffman et al. 1995; Thu et al. 1997; Vogelzang et al. 1999, 2000; Wing and Wolf 2000). A study of the mental and physical health of Swine CAFO neighbors in Iowa found elevated rates of respiratory symptoms among CAFO neighbors compared with residents not living near livestock production (Thu et al. 1997). One study of Swine CAFO neighbors in North Carolina reported negative impacts of odor on tension, depression, and anger among individuals living near operations (Schiffman et al. 1995), and another in North Carolina reported “increased occurrences of headaches, runny nose, sore throat, excessive coughing, diarrhea and burning eyes” and decreased quality of life among residents living near Swine CAFOs (Wing and Wolf 2000). In an investigation of possible stress-mediated impacts on immune function, Swine CAFO neighbors had lower average concentration and secretion of salivary immunoglobulin A during periods of moderate to high odor (Avery et al. 2004). Among children, increased prevalence of asthma symptoms has been associated with proximity to Swine CAFOs (Chrischilles et al. 2004; Merchant et al. 2005). In the United States, race and socioeconomic status (SES) are closely intertwined and have been widely associated with health, including chronic disease morbidity and mortality (Borrell et al. 2004; Roux et al. 2001; Winkleby et al. 1998), infectious diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2005), immunization (Egede and Zheng 2003), health care services (Gaskin and Hoffman 2000; Monheit and Vistnes 2000; Weinick et al. 2000), and environmental exposures (Evans and Kantrowitz 2002; Guidry and Margolis 2005; Northridge et al. 2003). Swine CAFOs are disproportionately located in communities of color and regions of poverty (Edwards and Ladd 2000; Wilson et al. 2002; Wing et al. 1996, 2000) and are thus located among populations that may be more susceptible to the airborne exposures and more likely to experience detrimental health consequences of such exposures (Bradley and Corwyn 2002; Williams and Jackson 2005). The literature published to date about health impacts of CAFO-related exposures focuses on health impacts of exposures among adults; however, knowledge about the growth and development of the human respiratory tract suggests that the children in these exposed communities may be at increased risk of respiratory health effects because of their size, behavior, and developmental stage (Dietert et al. 2000; Kim et al. 2004; Peden 2000). In light of recent research about health effects of CAFO-related exposures, children’s susceptibility to environmental pollutants, and concern about the conditions of school buildings, we sought to assess the extent to which adolescents attending public schools may be exposed to Swine CAFO emissions. Based on a large sample of public schools in North Carolina, we estimated potential exposure using both record-based and survey-based exposure indices and examined racial and economic differences in potential exposure.
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race poverty and potential exposure of middle school students to air emissions from confined Swine Feeding operations
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005Co-Authors: Maria C. Mirabelli, Steve Wing, Stephen W. Marshall, Timothy C. WilcoskyAbstract:Previous studies suggest that airborne effluent from Swine confined animal Feeding operations (CAFOs) may affect the health and quality of life of adults and the prevalence of asthma symptoms among...
Natalia Arroyo-manzanares - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in Swine Feeding.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2021Co-Authors: Natalia Arroyo-manzanares, Vicente Rodríguez-estévez, Ana M García-campaña, Elena Castellón-rendón, Laura Gámiz-graciaAbstract:Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Claviceps. They contaminate a large variety of cereals, such as rye, triticale, wheat and barley. The ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. In fact, pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry are involved in sporadic outbreaks and, although there are several studies about occurrence of ergot alkaloids in grain cereals, there are scarce studies focused on compound feed. Twelve ergot alkaloids have been quantified in 228 feed samples intended for Swine. The analytes were extracted using QuEChERS with Z-Sep+ as sorbent in the clean-up step, which reduced the matrix effect, allowing limits of quantification between 2.1-21.7 μg/kg. The analytes were subsequently quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS. A total of 29 samples (12.7%) revealed contamination by at least one ergot alkaloid, and among contaminated samples, 65% were contaminated by more than one. Only 6 of 12 target ergot alkaloids showed concentrations above the limit of quantification. The concentrations for individual ergot alkaloids ranged between 5.9 μg/kg for ergosinine to 145.3 μg/kg for ergometrine (the predominant ergot alkaloid), while the total ergot alkaloid content ranged from 5.9 to 158.7 μg/kg. The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in feed samples in Spain seems to be lower than in other regions of Europe. All the samples fulfilled current recommendations of the feed industry about practical limits for ergot alkaloids in pig feeds. This suggests that the feeds are safe for pig consumption, regarding the presence of ergot alkaloids. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in Swine Feeding.
Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2021Co-Authors: Natalia Arroyo-manzanares, Vicente Rodríguez-estévez, Ana M García-campaña, Elena Castellón-rendón, Laura Gámiz-graciaAbstract:BACKGROUND Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Claviceps. They contaminate a large variety of cereals, such as rye, triticale, wheat and barley. The ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. In fact, pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry are involved in sporadic outbreaks and, although there are several studies about occurrence of ergot alkaloids in grain cereals, there are scarce studies focused on compound feed. RESULTS Twelve ergot alkaloids have been quantified in 228 feed samples intended for Swine. The analytes were extracted using QuEChERS with Z-Sep+ as sorbent in the clean-up step, which reduced the matrix effect, allowing limits of quantification between 2.1 and 21.7 μg kg-1 . The analytes were subsequently quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A total of 29 samples (12.7%) revealed contamination by at least one ergot alkaloid, and among contaminated samples, 65% were contaminated by more than one. Only 6 of 12 target ergot alkaloids showed concentrations above the limit of quantification. The concentrations for individual ergot alkaloids ranged between 5.9 μg kg-1 for ergosinine to 145.3 μg kg-1 for ergometrine (the predominant ergot alkaloid), while the total ergot alkaloid content ranged from 5.9 to 158.7 μg kg-1 . CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in feed samples in Spain seems to be lower than in other regions of Europe. All the samples fulfilled current recommendations of the feed industry about practical limits for ergot alkaloids in pig feeds. This suggests that the feeds are safe for pig consumption, regarding the presence of ergot alkaloids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Swine Feeding from Spain.
Toxins, 2019Co-Authors: Natalia Arroyo-manzanares, Vicente Rodríguez-estévez, Ana M García-campaña, Plácido Arenas-fernández, Laura Gámiz-graciaAbstract:A survey including 228 pig feed samples from Spain has been developed, exploring the occurrence of 19 mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, fumonisins B1 and B2, citrinin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, enniatins A, A1, B and B2, and beauvericin). The samples were analysed by solid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence or mass spectrometry detection. Enniatin B was found in 100% of the samples (up to 1200 µg/kg) and beauvericin in more than 90%. Moreover, 40% of samples were contaminated with more than five mycotoxins. This high occurrence is insurmountable and surpasses all previous studies, probably due to the inclusion of emerging mycotoxins, scarcely explored. The majority of the samples (96.9%) were in accordance with EU regulations, which do not address emerging mycotoxins or co-occurrence. These results show that in order to ensure mycotoxin absence, emerging mycotoxins should always be considered.
