Swiss Chard

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Norman C. Ellstrand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • biosafety of hybrids between transgenic virus resistant sugar beet and Swiss Chard
    Ecological Applications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Detlef Bartsch, Ulrike Brand, Claudia Morak, Ingolf Schuphan, Matthias Pohlorf, Norman C. Ellstrand
    Abstract:

    One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from trans- genic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss Chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/ weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin- phospho-transferase (nptll) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss Chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently high- er biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss Chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.

  • BIOSAFETY OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN TRANSGENIC VIRUS‐RESISTANT SUGAR BEET AND Swiss Chard
    Ecological Applications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Detlef Bartsch, Ulrike Brand, Claudia Morak, Matthias Pohl-orf, Ingolf Schuphan, Norman C. Ellstrand
    Abstract:

    One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from trans- genic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss Chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/ weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin- phospho-transferase (nptll) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss Chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently high- er biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss Chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.

Detlef Bartsch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • biosafety of hybrids between transgenic virus resistant sugar beet and Swiss Chard
    Ecological Applications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Detlef Bartsch, Ulrike Brand, Claudia Morak, Ingolf Schuphan, Matthias Pohlorf, Norman C. Ellstrand
    Abstract:

    One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from trans- genic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss Chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/ weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin- phospho-transferase (nptll) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss Chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently high- er biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss Chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.

  • BIOSAFETY OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN TRANSGENIC VIRUS‐RESISTANT SUGAR BEET AND Swiss Chard
    Ecological Applications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Detlef Bartsch, Ulrike Brand, Claudia Morak, Matthias Pohl-orf, Ingolf Schuphan, Norman C. Ellstrand
    Abstract:

    One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from trans- genic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss Chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/ weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin- phospho-transferase (nptll) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss Chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently high- er biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss Chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.

P. R. Warman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • source separated municipal solid waste compost application to Swiss Chard and basil
    Journal of Environmental Quality, 2004
    Co-Authors: Valtcho D Zheljazkov, P. R. Warman
    Abstract:

    A growth room experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, S, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, and Se from a sandy loam soil amended with source-separated municipal solid waste (SSMSW) compost. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris L.) were amended with 0, 20, 40, and 60% SSMSW compost to soil (by volume) mixture. Soils and compost were sequentially extracted to fractionate Cu, Pb, and Zn into exchangeable (EXCH), iron- and manganese-oxide-bound (FeMnOX), organic-matter (OM), and structurally bound (SB) forms. Overall, in both species, the proportion of Cu, Pb, and Zn levels in different fractions followed the sequence: SB > OM >> FeMnOX > EXCH for Cu; FeMnOX = SB > OM > EXCH for Pb; and FeMnOX > SB = EXCH >> OM for Zn. Application of SSMSW compost increased soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), and increased the concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn in all fractions, but not EXCH Pb. Basil yields were greatest in the 20% treatment, but Swiss Chard yields were greater in all compost-amended soils relative to the unamended soil. Basil plants in 20 or 40% compost treatments reached flowering earlier than plants from other treatments. Additions of SSMSW compost to soil altered basil essential oil, but basil oil was free of metals. The results from this study suggest that mature SSMSW compost with concentrations of Cu, Pb, Mo, and Zn of 311, 223, 17, and 767 mg/kg, respectively, could be used as a soil conditioner without phytotoxic effects on agricultural crops and without increasing the normal range of Cu, Pb, and Zn in crop tissue. However, the long-term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals in soils needs to be carefully considered.

  • Source‐Separated Municipal Solid Waste Compost Application to Swiss Chard and Basil
    Journal of environmental quality, 2004
    Co-Authors: Valtcho D Zheljazkov, P. R. Warman
    Abstract:

    A growth room experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, S, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, and Se from a sandy loam soil amended with source-separated municipal solid waste (SSMSW) compost. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris L.) were amended with 0, 20, 40, and 60% SSMSW compost to soil (by volume) mixture. Soils and compost were sequentially extracted to fractionate Cu, Pb, and Zn into exchangeable (EXCH), iron- and manganese-oxide-bound (FeMnOX), organic-matter (OM), and structurally bound (SB) forms. Overall, in both species, the proportion of Cu, Pb, and Zn levels in different fractions followed the sequence: SB > OM >> FeMnOX > EXCH for Cu; FeMnOX = SB > OM > EXCH for Pb; and FeMnOX > SB = EXCH >> OM for Zn. Application of SSMSW compost increased soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), and increased the concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn in all fractions, but not EXCH Pb. Basil yields were greatest in the 20% treatment, but Swiss Chard yields were greater in all compost-amended soils relative to the unamended soil. Basil plants in 20 or 40% compost treatments reached flowering earlier than plants from other treatments. Additions of SSMSW compost to soil altered basil essential oil, but basil oil was free of metals. The results from this study suggest that mature SSMSW compost with concentrations of Cu, Pb, Mo, and Zn of 311, 223, 17, and 767 mg/kg, respectively, could be used as a soil conditioner without phytotoxic effects on agricultural crops and without increasing the normal range of Cu, Pb, and Zn in crop tissue. However, the long-term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals in soils needs to be carefully considered.

  • application of high cu compost to Swiss Chard and basil
    Science of The Total Environment, 2003
    Co-Authors: Valtcho D Zheljazkov, P. R. Warman
    Abstract:

    A greenhouse container experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of high Cu compost on basil and Swiss Chard productivity, and the accumulation of As, Ca, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Na, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, S and Se in growth medium and plant tissue. The Cu content of the compost was over 1200 mg/kg, much higher than Canadian standards for type B compost quality. The treatments consisted of control soil (0% compost), and 20, 40 and 60% (by volume) of high Cu compost added to soil. All compost application treatments (20, 40 and 60%) resulted in increased dry matter yields in Swiss Chard and basil. Addition of high Cu compost influenced basil plant development. Plants from the 20 and 40% treatments had higher numbers of buds and flowers. There were no differences between the control and 60% compost treatments with respect to flower initiation. Addition of 20, 40 and 60% compost to the soil resulted in increased EXCH fractions of Cu, but not of Mn and Zn. Compost additions resulted in increase in the HNO3 extractable, CARB, FeMnOX, and in OM fractions of Cu, Mn and Zn in soils. Compost application increased soil pH and EC, soil HNO3 extractable Ca, K, Mg, P, Na, B and Pb, but did not alter soil HNO3 extractable Cd, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Se. Increased rates of compost application decreased tissue Ca in basil, tissue Na in both plants, increased tissue K, Mg in both plants, but, did not alter tissue P, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni of either plants, and B in basil. Tissue As, Hg, Pb, and Se from all treatments were under the detection limits of VGA-AAS (for As, Hg, Se) and ICP (for Pb). Compost additions altered basil oil chemical composition. Copper in the essential oil of basil was below 0.25 mg/l. In conclusion, the addition of high rates of relatively immature high Cu compost may not always increase Cu concentration in plants and in plant oils.

  • Influence of animal manures on extractable micronutrients, greenhouse tomatoes and subsequent Swiss Chard crops
    Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 1993
    Co-Authors: P. R. Warman
    Abstract:

    Animal manures have been traditionally used as organic fertilizers; however, there is little documentation on the use of manures for greenhouse crops, partly due to odours and the assumption that manure salts in greenhouse soils will be toxic to plants. For this study, three crops of greenhouse tomatoes were grown in large containers of Pugwash sandy loam and fertilized regularly with three rates (by volume) of three types of liquid manures or commercial fertilizer. Following each tomato crop, Swiss Chard was grown in the treated soils without additional fertilization in order to determine residual nutrient response. Tomatoes and Swiss Chard were harvested at maturity and crop yields evaluated. One specific tomato leaf from each plant and all Chard tissue was dried, ground, and analysed for macronutrients and Cu, Mn and Zn. Soil samples were analysed for DPTA-extractable Cu, Mn, and Zn and then correlated with plant tissue concentration or nutrient uptake. Crop yields were positively influenced by the highest application rate of each manure amendment. Of all the treatments, only the complete fertilizer amendment produced phytotoxic levels of salts. The liquid pig manure produced the most fruit and leaf biomass for an equivalent application rate and the highest nutrient uptake by the subsequent Swiss Chard crops. DTPA-extractable Mn and Zn was significantly correlated to plant Mn and Zn uptake.

Ulrike Brand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • biosafety of hybrids between transgenic virus resistant sugar beet and Swiss Chard
    Ecological Applications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Detlef Bartsch, Ulrike Brand, Claudia Morak, Ingolf Schuphan, Matthias Pohlorf, Norman C. Ellstrand
    Abstract:

    One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from trans- genic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss Chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/ weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin- phospho-transferase (nptll) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss Chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently high- er biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss Chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.

  • BIOSAFETY OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN TRANSGENIC VIRUS‐RESISTANT SUGAR BEET AND Swiss Chard
    Ecological Applications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Detlef Bartsch, Ulrike Brand, Claudia Morak, Matthias Pohl-orf, Ingolf Schuphan, Norman C. Ellstrand
    Abstract:

    One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from trans- genic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss Chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/ weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin- phospho-transferase (nptll) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss Chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently high- er biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss Chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.

Claudia Morak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • biosafety of hybrids between transgenic virus resistant sugar beet and Swiss Chard
    Ecological Applications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Detlef Bartsch, Ulrike Brand, Claudia Morak, Ingolf Schuphan, Matthias Pohlorf, Norman C. Ellstrand
    Abstract:

    One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from trans- genic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss Chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/ weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin- phospho-transferase (nptll) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss Chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently high- er biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss Chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.

  • BIOSAFETY OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN TRANSGENIC VIRUS‐RESISTANT SUGAR BEET AND Swiss Chard
    Ecological Applications, 2001
    Co-Authors: Detlef Bartsch, Ulrike Brand, Claudia Morak, Matthias Pohl-orf, Ingolf Schuphan, Norman C. Ellstrand
    Abstract:

    One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from trans- genic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss Chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/ weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin- phospho-transferase (nptll) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss Chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently high- er biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss Chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.