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Alfredo Armando Carlini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Xenarthran Synsacrum Morphology and Evolution
Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2019Co-Authors: Fernando Carlos Galliari, Alfredo Armando CarliniAbstract:Xenarthra is unique in having striking features in the axial skeleton, usually very different from the rest of the eutherian clades. Some of these features are widely spread among the members of the group (e.g., the presence of xenarthrales in most cingulates and all pilosans, and the Synsacrum with sacroischial union to the pelvis in almost all xenarthrans) and others are restricted to some taxa (e.g., deviated number of cervical vertebrae in Bradypus and Choloepus ). In this study, we aim to explore the great diversity of vertebral elements composing the xenarthran Synsacrum within a phylogenetic framework. Vertebral counts of the adult Synsacrum was obtained from almost all extant genera, with the exception of Calyptophractus , and several fossils. The modal number of vertebrae from the adult Synsacrum was mapped onto a composite phylogeny of Xenarthra. The ancestral number of synsacrals for Xenarthra was recovered as ambiguous, although one of the optimizations recorded a number of six synsacrals, probably three iliac and three post-iliac vertebrae. The clade Cingulata is characterized by a high number of vertebrae forming the Synsacrum (eight synsacrals), which is fused to the ischium through the tip of the transverse processes of the most posterior vertebrae. In pilosans, the ancestral number of synsacral vertebrae seems to be lower, probably formed by five or six vertebrae, and the union with the ischium is achieved through the base of the transverse processes of the most posterior vertebrae. Two exceptions stand out, one involving the extant suspensory sloths and Megalocnus , and the other involving a family of ground sloths, the Mylodontidae. A probable relationship of the synsacral number in the different taxa to the lifestyles is discussed.
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ontogenetic criteria to distinguish vertebral types on the debated xenarthran Synsacrum
Journal of Morphology, 2015Co-Authors: Fernando Carlos Galliari, Alfredo Armando CarliniAbstract:The presence of a Synsacrum formed by the fusion of vertebrae that come into closed contact with the ilium and ischium is a feature that characterizes the clade Xenarthra. Nevertheless, the proper identity of each vertebral element that forms it is a matter of discussion. In this article, we provide ontogenetic information about skeletal ossification of the xenarthran Synsacrum and define the position of the sacrocaudal limit within it. We analyzed the Synsacrum of 25 specimens of nonadult and 101 adult armadillos and anteaters: Dasypus hybridus, D. novemcinctus, Chaetophractus vellerosus, C. villosus, Tamandua tetradactyla, and Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Two sets of vertebrae were identified: an anterior set, often attached to the iliac bones, in which transverse processes are originated mainly from an expansion of the base of the neural arches, and secondarily from a lateroventral ossification center. A posterior set is characterized by a series of vertebrae along which extra lateral ossifications (described here for the first time) are developed and form exclusively the transverse processes. Among armadillos, the sacrocaudal limit is set between the last vertebrae attached to the iliac bones and the first vertebrae that form the dorsal border of the sacroischial fenestra. In addition, anterior free caudals also showed extra lateral ossifications forming exclusively the transverse processes, supporting the notion that more posterior synsacrals are in fact caudal vertebrae that were incorporated to the Synsacrum. In pilosans, the sacrocaudal limit is set between the first vertebrae that come into contact with the ischial bones and the immediately anterior one. However, the pattern of homologies is obscured by the low resolution in the ontogenetic sequence when compared to that of armadillos. J. Morphol. 276:494–502, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fernando Carlos Galliari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Xenarthran Synsacrum Morphology and Evolution
Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 2019Co-Authors: Fernando Carlos Galliari, Alfredo Armando CarliniAbstract:Xenarthra is unique in having striking features in the axial skeleton, usually very different from the rest of the eutherian clades. Some of these features are widely spread among the members of the group (e.g., the presence of xenarthrales in most cingulates and all pilosans, and the Synsacrum with sacroischial union to the pelvis in almost all xenarthrans) and others are restricted to some taxa (e.g., deviated number of cervical vertebrae in Bradypus and Choloepus ). In this study, we aim to explore the great diversity of vertebral elements composing the xenarthran Synsacrum within a phylogenetic framework. Vertebral counts of the adult Synsacrum was obtained from almost all extant genera, with the exception of Calyptophractus , and several fossils. The modal number of vertebrae from the adult Synsacrum was mapped onto a composite phylogeny of Xenarthra. The ancestral number of synsacrals for Xenarthra was recovered as ambiguous, although one of the optimizations recorded a number of six synsacrals, probably three iliac and three post-iliac vertebrae. The clade Cingulata is characterized by a high number of vertebrae forming the Synsacrum (eight synsacrals), which is fused to the ischium through the tip of the transverse processes of the most posterior vertebrae. In pilosans, the ancestral number of synsacral vertebrae seems to be lower, probably formed by five or six vertebrae, and the union with the ischium is achieved through the base of the transverse processes of the most posterior vertebrae. Two exceptions stand out, one involving the extant suspensory sloths and Megalocnus , and the other involving a family of ground sloths, the Mylodontidae. A probable relationship of the synsacral number in the different taxa to the lifestyles is discussed.
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ontogenetic criteria to distinguish vertebral types on the debated xenarthran Synsacrum
Journal of Morphology, 2015Co-Authors: Fernando Carlos Galliari, Alfredo Armando CarliniAbstract:The presence of a Synsacrum formed by the fusion of vertebrae that come into closed contact with the ilium and ischium is a feature that characterizes the clade Xenarthra. Nevertheless, the proper identity of each vertebral element that forms it is a matter of discussion. In this article, we provide ontogenetic information about skeletal ossification of the xenarthran Synsacrum and define the position of the sacrocaudal limit within it. We analyzed the Synsacrum of 25 specimens of nonadult and 101 adult armadillos and anteaters: Dasypus hybridus, D. novemcinctus, Chaetophractus vellerosus, C. villosus, Tamandua tetradactyla, and Myrmecophaga tridactyla. Two sets of vertebrae were identified: an anterior set, often attached to the iliac bones, in which transverse processes are originated mainly from an expansion of the base of the neural arches, and secondarily from a lateroventral ossification center. A posterior set is characterized by a series of vertebrae along which extra lateral ossifications (described here for the first time) are developed and form exclusively the transverse processes. Among armadillos, the sacrocaudal limit is set between the last vertebrae attached to the iliac bones and the first vertebrae that form the dorsal border of the sacroischial fenestra. In addition, anterior free caudals also showed extra lateral ossifications forming exclusively the transverse processes, supporting the notion that more posterior synsacrals are in fact caudal vertebrae that were incorporated to the Synsacrum. In pilosans, the sacrocaudal limit is set between the first vertebrae that come into contact with the ischial bones and the immediately anterior one. However, the pattern of homologies is obscured by the low resolution in the ontogenetic sequence when compared to that of armadillos. J. Morphol. 276:494–502, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suresh Mehta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gross Anatomical Studies on the Os-coxae and Synsacrum of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 2014Co-Authors: Suresh Mehta, Kallol Guha, Saumya Shalini, Chandan KumarAbstract:The present study was conducted on pelvic girdle and Synsacrum of Japanese quail. The pelvic girdle was extremely thin and delicate. Average length of ilium was 3.70 ±0.13 cm in which pre-acetabular and postacetabular parts were measured 2.20±0.11 cm and 1.5±0.06 cm, respectively. The dorsal surface of pre-acetabular part was deeply concave and post-acetabular part was convex. The ischium was irregularly triangular in shape. The pubis was a thin rod-like bone measured 2.5±0.12 cm followed the ventral border of the ischium and projected beyond caudally. The middle portion of pubis was fused with the ventral border of ischium, which divided the incisura puboischiadica into an anterior foramen obturatum and a caudal slit. Lumbosacral mass was consisted of 10 vertebrae. Synsacrum was composed of 12 vertebrae including last thoracic vertebra, lumbo-sacral mass and first coccygeal vertebra.
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Gross Anatomical Studies on the Os-coxae and Synsacrum of Japanese Quail
2014Co-Authors: Suresh Mehta, Kallol Guha, Saumya Shalini, An KumarAbstract:Avian pelvic girdle is large in order to provide a greater surface area for the insertion of muscles which bear the bulk of the body weight. Pelvic bones of birds have an arched shape and are fused with the vertebral column. The pelvic bones are fused with the Synsacrum to a greater or lesser extent. To form a rigid structure fulfilling requirements for flight, locomotion and respiration. Literature pertaining to the pelvis of Japanese quail was found to be scanty; hence, the present study was conducted. Carcasses of three adult quails of 2-3 months of age were collected from Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ranchi Veterinary College, Kanke, Ranchi after postmortem examination. After maceration and proper cleaning (Raghvan, 1964) the os-coxae along with Synsacrum were used for recording various morphological as well as biometrical characterization and comparison with other domestic birds. The pelvic girdle of Japanese quail was extremely thin and delicate. The os-coxae was comparatively larger and made up of ilium, ishium and pubis (Fig. 1) as stated by Sathyamoorthy et al. (2012) in Spotted billed pelicans. The large size of hip bones of birds is related to their bipedal standing posture as stated by Mc Lelland (1990) in birds. Average length of ilium was 3.70 ±0.13 cm in which pre
An Kumar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gross Anatomical Studies on the Os-coxae and Synsacrum of Japanese Quail
2014Co-Authors: Suresh Mehta, Kallol Guha, Saumya Shalini, An KumarAbstract:Avian pelvic girdle is large in order to provide a greater surface area for the insertion of muscles which bear the bulk of the body weight. Pelvic bones of birds have an arched shape and are fused with the vertebral column. The pelvic bones are fused with the Synsacrum to a greater or lesser extent. To form a rigid structure fulfilling requirements for flight, locomotion and respiration. Literature pertaining to the pelvis of Japanese quail was found to be scanty; hence, the present study was conducted. Carcasses of three adult quails of 2-3 months of age were collected from Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ranchi Veterinary College, Kanke, Ranchi after postmortem examination. After maceration and proper cleaning (Raghvan, 1964) the os-coxae along with Synsacrum were used for recording various morphological as well as biometrical characterization and comparison with other domestic birds. The pelvic girdle of Japanese quail was extremely thin and delicate. The os-coxae was comparatively larger and made up of ilium, ishium and pubis (Fig. 1) as stated by Sathyamoorthy et al. (2012) in Spotted billed pelicans. The large size of hip bones of birds is related to their bipedal standing posture as stated by Mc Lelland (1990) in birds. Average length of ilium was 3.70 ±0.13 cm in which pre
Saumya Shalini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gross Anatomical Studies on the Os-coxae and Synsacrum of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy, 2014Co-Authors: Suresh Mehta, Kallol Guha, Saumya Shalini, Chandan KumarAbstract:The present study was conducted on pelvic girdle and Synsacrum of Japanese quail. The pelvic girdle was extremely thin and delicate. Average length of ilium was 3.70 ±0.13 cm in which pre-acetabular and postacetabular parts were measured 2.20±0.11 cm and 1.5±0.06 cm, respectively. The dorsal surface of pre-acetabular part was deeply concave and post-acetabular part was convex. The ischium was irregularly triangular in shape. The pubis was a thin rod-like bone measured 2.5±0.12 cm followed the ventral border of the ischium and projected beyond caudally. The middle portion of pubis was fused with the ventral border of ischium, which divided the incisura puboischiadica into an anterior foramen obturatum and a caudal slit. Lumbosacral mass was consisted of 10 vertebrae. Synsacrum was composed of 12 vertebrae including last thoracic vertebra, lumbo-sacral mass and first coccygeal vertebra.
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Gross Anatomical Studies on the Os-coxae and Synsacrum of Japanese Quail
2014Co-Authors: Suresh Mehta, Kallol Guha, Saumya Shalini, An KumarAbstract:Avian pelvic girdle is large in order to provide a greater surface area for the insertion of muscles which bear the bulk of the body weight. Pelvic bones of birds have an arched shape and are fused with the vertebral column. The pelvic bones are fused with the Synsacrum to a greater or lesser extent. To form a rigid structure fulfilling requirements for flight, locomotion and respiration. Literature pertaining to the pelvis of Japanese quail was found to be scanty; hence, the present study was conducted. Carcasses of three adult quails of 2-3 months of age were collected from Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ranchi Veterinary College, Kanke, Ranchi after postmortem examination. After maceration and proper cleaning (Raghvan, 1964) the os-coxae along with Synsacrum were used for recording various morphological as well as biometrical characterization and comparison with other domestic birds. The pelvic girdle of Japanese quail was extremely thin and delicate. The os-coxae was comparatively larger and made up of ilium, ishium and pubis (Fig. 1) as stated by Sathyamoorthy et al. (2012) in Spotted billed pelicans. The large size of hip bones of birds is related to their bipedal standing posture as stated by Mc Lelland (1990) in birds. Average length of ilium was 3.70 ±0.13 cm in which pre
