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Jose Antonio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a study on conversion morphology syntax boundary and category underspecification
2016Co-Authors: Contreras Moreno, Jose AntonioAbstract:Framed in the boundary between morphology and syntax, this paper is an attempt to prove how a 'believed-to-be' morphological process known as conversion is actually of Syntactic essence. Conversion is widely understood as a morphological process that involves no visible affixation. The central position this project takes goes along with an underspecified categorical status approach in major word categories, which I intend to prove to be more likely to depend on the Syntactic level than on the morphological one. For this reason the purpose of this paper is to study the possibilities of conversion to be regarded as a Syntactic Phenomenon rather than a morphological one and the impact that it causes in language.
Skrovec Marie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Syntaxe en interaction et variation diaphasique : l’exemple des dislocations dans ESLO2
HAL CCSD, 2020Co-Authors: Raickovic Luka, Skrovec MarieAbstract:International audienceSyntax in interaction and diaphasic variation: the case of dislocations in ESLO2. Dislocations as a Syntactic Phenomenon is characterized by the presence of a syntagm at the periphery of a phrasal structure, within which it is usually represented by a pronoun. This construction, which knows many variants, has been described in both the written and the spoken language, and while generally infrequent, is often considered characteristic of the spoken language. As the spoken language does not form a homogeneous whole, the present study aims to examine this Phenomenon in a sampled spoken corpus built from the Enquêtes Sociolinguistiques à Orléans (ESLO). From a systematic survey and manual annotation of their Syntactic and pragmatic properties, we aim to estimate the distribution of dislocations within a selection of different interactional contexts, illustrating oral practices from the most formal to the most spontaneous, in order to highlight an effect of the interactional context on the way spoken utterances are structured. Moreover, our work offers leads for the analysis of the use of the dislocations in the realization of specific interactional tasks such as topic preclosing or narration in dialogs.La dislocation en tant que dispositif syntaxique se caractérise par la présence d’un syntagme à la périphérie d’une structure phrastique, au sein de laquelle celui-ci conserve généralement une trace sous une forme pronominale. Cette construction, qui connaît de nombreuses variantes, a été décrite aussi bien à l’écrit qu’à l’oral, et tout en étant globalement peu fréquente, est souvent considérée comme caractéristique de l’oral. L’oral ne formant pas un ensemble homogène, la présente étude se propose d’examiner ce phénomène dans un corpus oral échantillonné issu des Enquêtes Sociolinguistiques à Orléans (ESLO). A partir d’un relevé systématique et d’une annotation manuelle de leurs propriétés syntaxiques et pragmatiques, nous cherchons à estimer la distribution des dislocations au sein d’une sélection de contextes interactionnels différents, illustrant les pratiques orales des plus formelles aux plus spontanées, afin de mettre en évidence un effet du contexte interactionnel sur le mode de structuration des énoncés à l’oral. Par ailleurs, notre travail offre des pistes pour l’analyse de l’emploi du format disloqué dans la réalisation des tâches interactionnelles spécifiques comme la préclôture topicale ou les séquences narratives
Alexandra Soares Rodrigues - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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is conversion a Syntactic or a lexical process of word formation
Linguística : Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto, 2017Co-Authors: Alexandra Soares RodriguesAbstract:Conversion is sometimes described as a Syntactic Phenomenon by which a lexical item changes its lexical category according to the Syntactic environment where it is inserted. This Syntactic-ordered approach comes from theoretical fields that conceive the lexicon as the domain of irregularity, whilst regular patterns are treated in syntax (Chomsky 1995). However, Portuguese converted deverbal nouns (remendo ‘event of mending’, curte ‘event of having fun’, trinca ‘event of biting’) manifest a structural behaviour that permits us to situate their formation in the lexicon instead of in the syntax. According to the theoretical allusion we made above, this would characterise converted deverbal nouns as lacking a regular pattern. However, what we mean is that the lexicon is not the field of irregularity. Apart from the irregular material that must be stored in long term memory as to be used by speakers, such as inherited lexemes (e.g. rato ‘mouse’, cao ‘dog’, rir ‘to laugh’, verde ‘green’, etc.), the lexicon is the domain of word formation, which is constraint-based (Rodrigues 2008, 2009). This means the word formation part of the lexicon is constrained by regular patterns that are neither directional in principle, nor Syntactic in nature. We follow Jackendoff (2002) conception on the lexicon, conceiving it an interface of syntax, phonology and semantics. Converted deverbal nouns formation seems to agree with this conception, since it depends on phonological, semantic and Syntactical constraints (Rodrigues 2004, 2009). Portuguese verb-into-noun conversion is not a simple case of Syntactic environment. This is specially visible when we confront this lexical conversion with a purely Syntactic type of nominalisation (Kerleroux 1996), such as the one that occurs in O estudar matematica traz-me vantagens. ‘Studying maths brings me advantages’ or O remendar roupa e um recurso nesta epoca. ‘Mending cloths is a good resource nowadays’. Apart from the Syntactic constraints that converted deverbal nouns must follow (e.g. as real nouns they cannot directly theta-mark, whilst Syntactic nominalisations can), these nouns display phonological constraints in their formation and a semantic variability that is not observable in Syntactic nominalisations. This semantic variability is not exclusively explainable by the Syntactic environment. Moreover, the formation of converted deverbal nouns obeys to structural constraints that do not act upon Syntactic nominalisation. All this means that conversion is not Syntactic in nature. Yet it is not irregular either. This evidences that the mainstream generative grammar conception on the lexicon should be abandoned.
Contreras Moreno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a study on conversion morphology syntax boundary and category underspecification
2016Co-Authors: Contreras Moreno, Jose AntonioAbstract:Framed in the boundary between morphology and syntax, this paper is an attempt to prove how a 'believed-to-be' morphological process known as conversion is actually of Syntactic essence. Conversion is widely understood as a morphological process that involves no visible affixation. The central position this project takes goes along with an underspecified categorical status approach in major word categories, which I intend to prove to be more likely to depend on the Syntactic level than on the morphological one. For this reason the purpose of this paper is to study the possibilities of conversion to be regarded as a Syntactic Phenomenon rather than a morphological one and the impact that it causes in language.
Grausso, Christine Marie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Chiasmus: a Phenomenon of language, body and perception
The University of Edinburgh, 2020Co-Authors: Grausso, Christine MarieAbstract:The term chiasmus and all its many variants describe a Phenomenon of language, body and perception. As a Syntactic-rhetorical device, the usage of which is culturally diffuse, chiasmus involves a re-ordering of elements in a sentence to produce an A-B-B-A pattern. An example of this is the well-known saying falsely attributed to Hippocrates: “Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food.” As a symbol, chiasmus describes a pattern with intersecting lines, the most simplistic form of which is the X. Chiasm, in the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, refers to a Phenomenon of body and mind. Insofar as it is used in the latter part of this work, chiasm refers to how the body and brain negotiate motor function, touch and perception: the right hemisphere of the brain corresponds with movement and function in the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere of the brain corresponds to movement and function in the right side of the body. All chiastic forms involve an intersection or crossing of the elements—whether Syntactical or anatomical. The first chapter of the thesis is a literature review entitled, “Chiastic Studies and Typology,” which gives an overview of a few in-depth studies on chiasmus and of chiastic types that have been identified in semiotics and at the Syntactical level. The second chapter of the thesis, “Chiastic Forms and Figures: Truths, Logic and Cross-Linguistic Usage” examines chiasmus as a semiotic and Syntactic Phenomenon. Part of the discussion considers whether and how chiasmus as a semiotic Phenomenon is not only a symbol of self, but also a symbol of the person’s truthfulness or trustworthiness. Proceeding on, this section transitions into a broader reflection on how chiasmus overlaps with truth-functional logic and is an aspect of systematicity in language. Focusing specifically on a sub-type of chiasmus, antimetabole, this section highlights 80 different examples, in 28 different languages and family groups. Antimetabole is characterized by precise reversals of the sentence elements: “Let thy food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food” entails a repetition and reversal of the elements medicine and food. This phrase would still be chiastic if a synonym for food was used, but it would not be an example of antimetabole. The identified examples of antimetabole fit into eight types: 1) Equalization: AB equates to or is the same as BA 2) Part-whole: A is part of B, and B is part of A 3) Exclusion: A excludes B, and B excludes A 4) Dissociation: A dissociates from B, B dissociates from A 5) Combination: A and B, B and A; the elements are grouped together 6) Comparison: A and B are better than B and A; or A and B are worse than B and A 7) One Way Effects: A affects B, but B does not affect A; or A does not affect B, but B affects A 8) Multiple Effects: A affects B, and B affects A; or A affects B and B affects A; can also include more elaborate reversals with repeating C, D, E elements The third chapter of the work, “Merleau-Ponty’s Chiasm: a Theory of Perception” concerns Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s text The Visible and the Invisible, in which he develops chiasm as a concept. This is an interpretation of his text that argues that the chiasm is a five-fold bodily relation, referring to: 1) Its role in connecting the visible with the invisible – or the perceptual with mental phenomena 2) The way the two eyes work together to produce one perceptual experience 3) The experience of touch other things and touching oneself 4) A linguistic and meaning-making process, in which meaning is constantly in flux 5) The social dynamic, or interactivity between One and Other The fourth chapter, “Models of the Brain: Metaphors, Architectures and Chiastic Applications” argues that the chiasm has usefulness in describing perception and activities of the brain. Beginning with a criticism of metaphors of the brain which have been influential in defining approaches to artificial intelligence, this chapter reveals the shortcomings of calling the brain a hierarchy, and the related notion that the brain is either a top-down or bottom-up architecture. It also challenges presently held views on how information is stored in a brain. Each sub-section accomplishes this by examining a different approach, including: 1) Representational Theory of Mind and its corresponding logic-based efforts to produce an artificially intelligent computer 2) Connectionism and one of its promising descendants in deep learning, specifically the convolutional neural network underlying SPAUN (Semantic Pointer Architecture Unified Network); and 3) Bayesian approaches to mind, which found momentum alongside linear predictive coding, and Hidden Markov models. To complete this analysis is a more intensive argument that the architecture of the biological human brain is chiastic, rather than strictly top-down or bottom-up. The final part of this chapter draws on the philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, along with a body of research on the brain and bodily hemispheres. It demonstrates why scholars and engineers in artificial intelligence would be remiss to overlook the chiasm—both in developing theories of perception, and when it comes to making practical design choices in building more humanlike artificial intelligence. The last chapter in the thesis “Embodied X Figures and Forms of Thought” is intended to be a companion piece or footnote to the first. It is a review of Pelkey’s 2017 book, The Semiotics of X: Chiasmus, Cognition, and Extreme Body Memory. This review was previously published in Semiotica and is included here to provide further useful background
