The Experts below are selected from a list of 2364 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Katsuhide Terada - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Using Terahertz Reflectance Spectroscopy to Quantify Drug Substance in Tablets
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2012Co-Authors: Jin Hisazumi, Tatsuya Suzuki, Tomoyuki Watanabe, Naoki Wakiyama, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:The purpose of this research is to investigate the applicability of terahertz (THz) reflectance spectroscopy for quantification of drug substance in Tablets, so as to demonstrate the feasibility for applying this technique to Tableting process monitoring. In order to acquire a suitable absorbance spectrum for this purpose, it was necessary to enhance the reflection intensity. By using an aluminum plate as a mirror at the opposite surface of the Tablet, a reasonable absorbance spectrum could be acquired to reflect the bulk information of the Tablet. To assess the limit of Tablet Thickness, linearity between the Tablet Thickness and the absorbance value was investigated using lactose and mannitol Tablets. Since linearity was found within 0.75-5.0 mm for both Tablets using 0.4 and 0.8 THz region, it was confirmed that THz reflectance spectroscopy is applicable to Tablets within at least 5.0 mm Thickness. Mannitol Tablets containing sodium salicylate as the model drug substance were used to investigate the quantitative performance of this technique. It was confirmed that the established calibration model was acceptable for this quantification because of the root-mean-squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV) being 1.95%. In order to evaluate the applicability of this technique, content quantitative performance in double layered Tablets having active and placebo layers were assessed. Since this calibration model achieved the root-mean-squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.42% for the double layered Tablets, this technique was considered feasible even if the drug substance is localized in the Tablets.
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Development of a method for nondestructive NIR transmittance spectroscopic analysis of acetaminophen and caffeine anhydrate in intact bilayer Tablets.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2010Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Hiroshi Teramoto, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Calibration models for nondestructive NIR analysis of API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) contents in two separate layers of intact bilayer Tablets were established. These models will enable the use of NIR transmittance spectroscopy in bilayer Tableting processes for the control of API contents in separate layers. Acetaminophen and caffeine anhydrate were used as APIs, and Tablets were made by the direct compression method. Their NIR spectra were measured in the transmittance mode. The reference assay was performed by HPLC. Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The initial calibration generated models with insufficient linearity and accuracy because the fluctuation range of Tablet Thickness was excessively large and irrelevant information on the Thickness fluctuation was included in the models. By narrowing the fluctuation range to determine the proper range for acceptable prediction accuracy, it was confirmed that calibration models with less irrelevant information can be generated when the range was 4.30 ± 0.06 mm or narrower. Furthermore, the fluctuation range of 4.30 ± 0.06 mm was considered to be empirically valid in covering the fluctuation actually observed in ordinary Tableting processes. Thus, the sample Tablets within this range were used to generate the final calibration models, and calibration models sufficient in linearity and accuracy were established. In addition, it was proven that controlling the irradiated side was unnecessary. Namely, it is not necessary to keep the same side of sampled Tablets for the online NIR analysis during bilayer Tableting. It is useful, in order to obtain adequate calibration models, to evaluate the variable factors that affect the linearity and accuracy of the generated models and restrict the range of models or use a subset of prepared samples. Loading vectors, explained variances, and correlation coefficients between components and scores are important for the evaluation of variable factors.
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Development of a method for the determination of caffeine anhydrate in various designed intact tables by near-infrared spectroscopy: A comparison between reflectance and transmittance technique
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2008Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Akira Kusai, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, an assay method which is not affected by such elements of Tablet design as Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line was developed. Tablets containing caffeine anhydrate were prepared by direct compression at various compression force levels using different shaped punches. NIR spectra were obtained from these intact Tablets using the reflectance and transmittance techniques. A reference assay was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Changes in the Tablet Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line caused NIR spectral changes in different ways, depending on the technique used. As a result, noticeable errors in drug content prediction occurred using calibration models generated according to the conventional method. On the other hand, when the various Tablet design elements which caused the NIR spectral changes were included in the model, the prediction of the drug content in the Tablets was scarcely affected by those elements when using either of the techniques. A comparison of these techniques resulted in higher predictability under the Tablet design variations using the transmittance technique with preferable linearity and accuracy. This is probably attributed to the transmittance spectra which sensitively reflect the differences in Tablet Thickness or shape as a result of obtaining information inside the Tablets.
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Development of a method for the determination of caffeine anhydrate in various designed intact Tablets [correction of tables] by near-infrared spectroscopy: a comparison between reflectance and transmittance technique.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2008Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Akira Kusai, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, an assay method which is not affected by such elements of Tablet design as Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line was developed. Tablets containing caffeine anhydrate were prepared by direct compression at various compression force levels using different shaped punches. NIR spectra were obtained from these intact Tablets using the reflectance and transmittance techniques. A reference assay was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Changes in the Tablet Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line caused NIR spectral changes in different ways, depending on the technique used. As a result, noticeable errors in drug content prediction occurred using calibration models generated according to the conventional method. On the other hand, when the various Tablet design elements which caused the NIR spectral changes were included in the model, the prediction of the drug content in the Tablets was scarcely affected by those elements when using either of the techniques. A comparison of these techniques resulted in higher predictability under the Tablet design variations using the transmittance technique with preferable linearity and accuracy. This is probably attributed to the transmittance spectra which sensitively reflect the differences in Tablet Thickness or shape as a result of obtaining information inside the Tablets.
Gary Mcgeorge - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets Using Transmission Raman Spectroscopy
Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation, 2015Co-Authors: Yan Zhang, Gary McgeorgeAbstract:Introduction Transmission Raman Spectroscopy (TRS) has become an increasingly applied technology in the analysis of pharmaceutical Tablets for quality control purposes and developing formulation and process understanding. One area that has received only cursory attention to date is that of bilayered Tablets that represents an unusually challenging situation. This study aims to provide an understanding of the relationship of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content and the transmission Raman spectral response in bilayered pharmaceutical Tablets to facilitate development of quantitative models for the prediction of API content in multilayer Tablets. Methods and Results The Raman intensity was considered as a function of the Raman photon generation and decay in a layer of interest (the API layer) and Raman photon decay from a second layer (the non-API layer). To separate and understand the various contributions, a variety of Tablet configurations were studied and it was found that (1) with increasing the Thickness of the non-API layer, the API Raman signal displayed an exponential decay as a function of the non-API layer Thickness as well as the total Tablet Thickness; (2) when only changing API concentration, the Raman signal linearly responds to the API content; and (3) when increasing the weight/Thickness of the API layer and keeping the non-API layer constant, the Raman signal reaches a maximum at a particular Thickness and then decays as Tablets become thicker. The complex spectral response was effectively modeled according to a modified Schrader, Kubelka-Munk model where both the Raman photon generation factor and photon losses were accounted for. Coupling the results of these studies together yields a comprehensive approach for modeling multi-component bilayer Tablets. The addition of a beam enhancer on the bottom surface allowed for a selective over-enhancement of the bottom layer, which helps in the analysis of thin layers or coatings.
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Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets Using Transmission Raman Spectroscopy
Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation, 2015Co-Authors: Yan Zhang, Gary McgeorgeAbstract:Transmission Raman Spectroscopy (TRS) has become an increasingly applied technology in the analysis of pharmaceutical Tablets for quality control purposes and developing formulation and process understanding. One area that has received only cursory attention to date is that of bilayered Tablets that represents an unusually challenging situation. This study aims to provide an understanding of the relationship of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content and the transmission Raman spectral response in bilayered pharmaceutical Tablets to facilitate development of quantitative models for the prediction of API content in multilayer Tablets. The Raman intensity was considered as a function of the Raman photon generation and decay in a layer of interest (the API layer) and Raman photon decay from a second layer (the non-API layer). To separate and understand the various contributions, a variety of Tablet configurations were studied and it was found that (1) with increasing the Thickness of the non-API layer, the API Raman signal displayed an exponential decay as a function of the non-API layer Thickness as well as the total Tablet Thickness; (2) when only changing API concentration, the Raman signal linearly responds to the API content; and (3) when increasing the weight/Thickness of the API layer and keeping the non-API layer constant, the Raman signal reaches a maximum at a particular Thickness and then decays as Tablets become thicker. The complex spectral response was effectively modeled according to a modified Schrader, Kubelka-Munk model where both the Raman photon generation factor and photon losses were accounted for. Coupling the results of these studies together yields a comprehensive approach for modeling multi-component bilayer Tablets. The addition of a beam enhancer on the bottom surface allowed for a selective over-enhancement of the bottom layer, which helps in the analysis of thin layers or coatings.
Tatsuya Suzuki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Using Terahertz Reflectance Spectroscopy to Quantify Drug Substance in Tablets
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2012Co-Authors: Jin Hisazumi, Tatsuya Suzuki, Tomoyuki Watanabe, Naoki Wakiyama, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:The purpose of this research is to investigate the applicability of terahertz (THz) reflectance spectroscopy for quantification of drug substance in Tablets, so as to demonstrate the feasibility for applying this technique to Tableting process monitoring. In order to acquire a suitable absorbance spectrum for this purpose, it was necessary to enhance the reflection intensity. By using an aluminum plate as a mirror at the opposite surface of the Tablet, a reasonable absorbance spectrum could be acquired to reflect the bulk information of the Tablet. To assess the limit of Tablet Thickness, linearity between the Tablet Thickness and the absorbance value was investigated using lactose and mannitol Tablets. Since linearity was found within 0.75-5.0 mm for both Tablets using 0.4 and 0.8 THz region, it was confirmed that THz reflectance spectroscopy is applicable to Tablets within at least 5.0 mm Thickness. Mannitol Tablets containing sodium salicylate as the model drug substance were used to investigate the quantitative performance of this technique. It was confirmed that the established calibration model was acceptable for this quantification because of the root-mean-squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV) being 1.95%. In order to evaluate the applicability of this technique, content quantitative performance in double layered Tablets having active and placebo layers were assessed. Since this calibration model achieved the root-mean-squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.42% for the double layered Tablets, this technique was considered feasible even if the drug substance is localized in the Tablets.
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Development of a method for nondestructive NIR transmittance spectroscopic analysis of acetaminophen and caffeine anhydrate in intact bilayer Tablets.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2010Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Hiroshi Teramoto, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Calibration models for nondestructive NIR analysis of API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) contents in two separate layers of intact bilayer Tablets were established. These models will enable the use of NIR transmittance spectroscopy in bilayer Tableting processes for the control of API contents in separate layers. Acetaminophen and caffeine anhydrate were used as APIs, and Tablets were made by the direct compression method. Their NIR spectra were measured in the transmittance mode. The reference assay was performed by HPLC. Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The initial calibration generated models with insufficient linearity and accuracy because the fluctuation range of Tablet Thickness was excessively large and irrelevant information on the Thickness fluctuation was included in the models. By narrowing the fluctuation range to determine the proper range for acceptable prediction accuracy, it was confirmed that calibration models with less irrelevant information can be generated when the range was 4.30 ± 0.06 mm or narrower. Furthermore, the fluctuation range of 4.30 ± 0.06 mm was considered to be empirically valid in covering the fluctuation actually observed in ordinary Tableting processes. Thus, the sample Tablets within this range were used to generate the final calibration models, and calibration models sufficient in linearity and accuracy were established. In addition, it was proven that controlling the irradiated side was unnecessary. Namely, it is not necessary to keep the same side of sampled Tablets for the online NIR analysis during bilayer Tableting. It is useful, in order to obtain adequate calibration models, to evaluate the variable factors that affect the linearity and accuracy of the generated models and restrict the range of models or use a subset of prepared samples. Loading vectors, explained variances, and correlation coefficients between components and scores are important for the evaluation of variable factors.
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Development of a method for the determination of caffeine anhydrate in various designed intact tables by near-infrared spectroscopy: A comparison between reflectance and transmittance technique
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2008Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Akira Kusai, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, an assay method which is not affected by such elements of Tablet design as Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line was developed. Tablets containing caffeine anhydrate were prepared by direct compression at various compression force levels using different shaped punches. NIR spectra were obtained from these intact Tablets using the reflectance and transmittance techniques. A reference assay was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Changes in the Tablet Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line caused NIR spectral changes in different ways, depending on the technique used. As a result, noticeable errors in drug content prediction occurred using calibration models generated according to the conventional method. On the other hand, when the various Tablet design elements which caused the NIR spectral changes were included in the model, the prediction of the drug content in the Tablets was scarcely affected by those elements when using either of the techniques. A comparison of these techniques resulted in higher predictability under the Tablet design variations using the transmittance technique with preferable linearity and accuracy. This is probably attributed to the transmittance spectra which sensitively reflect the differences in Tablet Thickness or shape as a result of obtaining information inside the Tablets.
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Development of a method for the determination of caffeine anhydrate in various designed intact Tablets [correction of tables] by near-infrared spectroscopy: a comparison between reflectance and transmittance technique.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2008Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Akira Kusai, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, an assay method which is not affected by such elements of Tablet design as Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line was developed. Tablets containing caffeine anhydrate were prepared by direct compression at various compression force levels using different shaped punches. NIR spectra were obtained from these intact Tablets using the reflectance and transmittance techniques. A reference assay was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Changes in the Tablet Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line caused NIR spectral changes in different ways, depending on the technique used. As a result, noticeable errors in drug content prediction occurred using calibration models generated according to the conventional method. On the other hand, when the various Tablet design elements which caused the NIR spectral changes were included in the model, the prediction of the drug content in the Tablets was scarcely affected by those elements when using either of the techniques. A comparison of these techniques resulted in higher predictability under the Tablet design variations using the transmittance technique with preferable linearity and accuracy. This is probably attributed to the transmittance spectra which sensitively reflect the differences in Tablet Thickness or shape as a result of obtaining information inside the Tablets.
Masatomo Ito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of a method for nondestructive NIR transmittance spectroscopic analysis of acetaminophen and caffeine anhydrate in intact bilayer Tablets.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2010Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Hiroshi Teramoto, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Calibration models for nondestructive NIR analysis of API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) contents in two separate layers of intact bilayer Tablets were established. These models will enable the use of NIR transmittance spectroscopy in bilayer Tableting processes for the control of API contents in separate layers. Acetaminophen and caffeine anhydrate were used as APIs, and Tablets were made by the direct compression method. Their NIR spectra were measured in the transmittance mode. The reference assay was performed by HPLC. Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. The initial calibration generated models with insufficient linearity and accuracy because the fluctuation range of Tablet Thickness was excessively large and irrelevant information on the Thickness fluctuation was included in the models. By narrowing the fluctuation range to determine the proper range for acceptable prediction accuracy, it was confirmed that calibration models with less irrelevant information can be generated when the range was 4.30 ± 0.06 mm or narrower. Furthermore, the fluctuation range of 4.30 ± 0.06 mm was considered to be empirically valid in covering the fluctuation actually observed in ordinary Tableting processes. Thus, the sample Tablets within this range were used to generate the final calibration models, and calibration models sufficient in linearity and accuracy were established. In addition, it was proven that controlling the irradiated side was unnecessary. Namely, it is not necessary to keep the same side of sampled Tablets for the online NIR analysis during bilayer Tableting. It is useful, in order to obtain adequate calibration models, to evaluate the variable factors that affect the linearity and accuracy of the generated models and restrict the range of models or use a subset of prepared samples. Loading vectors, explained variances, and correlation coefficients between components and scores are important for the evaluation of variable factors.
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Development of a method for the determination of caffeine anhydrate in various designed intact tables by near-infrared spectroscopy: A comparison between reflectance and transmittance technique
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2008Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Akira Kusai, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, an assay method which is not affected by such elements of Tablet design as Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line was developed. Tablets containing caffeine anhydrate were prepared by direct compression at various compression force levels using different shaped punches. NIR spectra were obtained from these intact Tablets using the reflectance and transmittance techniques. A reference assay was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Changes in the Tablet Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line caused NIR spectral changes in different ways, depending on the technique used. As a result, noticeable errors in drug content prediction occurred using calibration models generated according to the conventional method. On the other hand, when the various Tablet design elements which caused the NIR spectral changes were included in the model, the prediction of the drug content in the Tablets was scarcely affected by those elements when using either of the techniques. A comparison of these techniques resulted in higher predictability under the Tablet design variations using the transmittance technique with preferable linearity and accuracy. This is probably attributed to the transmittance spectra which sensitively reflect the differences in Tablet Thickness or shape as a result of obtaining information inside the Tablets.
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Development of a method for the determination of caffeine anhydrate in various designed intact Tablets [correction of tables] by near-infrared spectroscopy: a comparison between reflectance and transmittance technique.
Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2008Co-Authors: Masatomo Ito, Tatsuya Suzuki, Shuichi Yada, Akira Kusai, Hiroaki Nakagami, Etsuo Yonemochi, Katsuhide TeradaAbstract:Using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, an assay method which is not affected by such elements of Tablet design as Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line was developed. Tablets containing caffeine anhydrate were prepared by direct compression at various compression force levels using different shaped punches. NIR spectra were obtained from these intact Tablets using the reflectance and transmittance techniques. A reference assay was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Calibration models were generated by the partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Changes in the Tablet Thickness, shape, embossing and scored line caused NIR spectral changes in different ways, depending on the technique used. As a result, noticeable errors in drug content prediction occurred using calibration models generated according to the conventional method. On the other hand, when the various Tablet design elements which caused the NIR spectral changes were included in the model, the prediction of the drug content in the Tablets was scarcely affected by those elements when using either of the techniques. A comparison of these techniques resulted in higher predictability under the Tablet design variations using the transmittance technique with preferable linearity and accuracy. This is probably attributed to the transmittance spectra which sensitively reflect the differences in Tablet Thickness or shape as a result of obtaining information inside the Tablets.
Yan Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets Using Transmission Raman Spectroscopy
Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation, 2015Co-Authors: Yan Zhang, Gary McgeorgeAbstract:Introduction Transmission Raman Spectroscopy (TRS) has become an increasingly applied technology in the analysis of pharmaceutical Tablets for quality control purposes and developing formulation and process understanding. One area that has received only cursory attention to date is that of bilayered Tablets that represents an unusually challenging situation. This study aims to provide an understanding of the relationship of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content and the transmission Raman spectral response in bilayered pharmaceutical Tablets to facilitate development of quantitative models for the prediction of API content in multilayer Tablets. Methods and Results The Raman intensity was considered as a function of the Raman photon generation and decay in a layer of interest (the API layer) and Raman photon decay from a second layer (the non-API layer). To separate and understand the various contributions, a variety of Tablet configurations were studied and it was found that (1) with increasing the Thickness of the non-API layer, the API Raman signal displayed an exponential decay as a function of the non-API layer Thickness as well as the total Tablet Thickness; (2) when only changing API concentration, the Raman signal linearly responds to the API content; and (3) when increasing the weight/Thickness of the API layer and keeping the non-API layer constant, the Raman signal reaches a maximum at a particular Thickness and then decays as Tablets become thicker. The complex spectral response was effectively modeled according to a modified Schrader, Kubelka-Munk model where both the Raman photon generation factor and photon losses were accounted for. Coupling the results of these studies together yields a comprehensive approach for modeling multi-component bilayer Tablets. The addition of a beam enhancer on the bottom surface allowed for a selective over-enhancement of the bottom layer, which helps in the analysis of thin layers or coatings.
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Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets Using Transmission Raman Spectroscopy
Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation, 2015Co-Authors: Yan Zhang, Gary McgeorgeAbstract:Transmission Raman Spectroscopy (TRS) has become an increasingly applied technology in the analysis of pharmaceutical Tablets for quality control purposes and developing formulation and process understanding. One area that has received only cursory attention to date is that of bilayered Tablets that represents an unusually challenging situation. This study aims to provide an understanding of the relationship of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content and the transmission Raman spectral response in bilayered pharmaceutical Tablets to facilitate development of quantitative models for the prediction of API content in multilayer Tablets. The Raman intensity was considered as a function of the Raman photon generation and decay in a layer of interest (the API layer) and Raman photon decay from a second layer (the non-API layer). To separate and understand the various contributions, a variety of Tablet configurations were studied and it was found that (1) with increasing the Thickness of the non-API layer, the API Raman signal displayed an exponential decay as a function of the non-API layer Thickness as well as the total Tablet Thickness; (2) when only changing API concentration, the Raman signal linearly responds to the API content; and (3) when increasing the weight/Thickness of the API layer and keeping the non-API layer constant, the Raman signal reaches a maximum at a particular Thickness and then decays as Tablets become thicker. The complex spectral response was effectively modeled according to a modified Schrader, Kubelka-Munk model where both the Raman photon generation factor and photon losses were accounted for. Coupling the results of these studies together yields a comprehensive approach for modeling multi-component bilayer Tablets. The addition of a beam enhancer on the bottom surface allowed for a selective over-enhancement of the bottom layer, which helps in the analysis of thin layers or coatings.
