The Experts below are selected from a list of 297 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Paul D. Hylander - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pulse Coded Winner-Take-All Networks
Silicon Implementation of Pulse Coded Neural Networks, 1994Co-Authors: J. Meador, Paul D. HylanderAbstract:This chapter introduces a pulse-coded winner-Take-All (PWTA) network which employs a unique combination of presynaptic and lateral inhibition that can be efficiently implemented in VLSI. The manner in which the network not only selects the winner but also indicates the weight of the decision made is unique among established winner-Take-All networks. A combination of all-ornothing and graded responses is encoded as a variable rate pulse train appearing only at the output of the winning unit. The mechanism used is closely related to the presynaptic inhibition approach introduced in [Yuille 88] with the exception that it is self-resetting and has properties which make it well suited for electronic realizations using asynchronous pulse-coded circuitry.
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ISCAS - A pulse coded winner-Take-All circuit
Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS '94, 1Co-Authors: J. Meador, Paul D. HylanderAbstract:This paper presents a pulse-coded winner-Take-All (PWTA) network which employs a unique combination of presynaptic and lateral inhibition that can be efficiently implemented in VLSI. The manner in which the network not only selects the winner but also indicates the weight of the decision made is unique among established winner-Take-All networks. A combination of all-or-nothing and graded responses is encoded as a variable rate pulse train appearing only at the output of the winning unit. The mechanism used is closely related to the presynaptic inhibition approach introduced [Yuille 1988] with the exception that it is self-resetting and has properties which make it well suited for electronic realizations using asynchronous pulse-coded circuitry. >
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VLSI implementation of pulse coded winner take all networks
Proceedings of 36th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1Co-Authors: Paul D. Hylander, J. Meader, E. FrieAbstract:A VLSI implementation of a pulse coded winner-Take-All network is presented. The pulse coded winner-Take-All network uses a single inhibition bus to implement lateral inhibition. One advantage of the pulse coded winner-Take-All is that it has a wiring complexity of O(n). This is in contrast with the standard winner-Take-All whose wiring complexity is of O(n/sup 2/). The pulse coded version also has the advantage of preserving the relative magnitude of the winning neuron's incoming signals. Experimental results are presented. >
Luigi Alberto Franzoni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On the Winner-Take-All Principle in Innovation Races
Journal of the European Economic Association, 2010Co-Authors: Vincenzo Denicolò, Luigi Alberto FranzoniAbstract:What is the optimal allocation of prizes in an innovation race? Should the winner take all, or is it preferable that the original inventor shares the market with subsequent independent duplicators? Some recent papers in law and economics have argued that the latter, more permissive solution is socially preferable under mild conditions. We re-examine that issue, arguing that a permissive regime may turn the innovation race into a waiting game, reducing the power of incentives, and may invite socially wasteful duplicative R&D expenditures. In a model that accounts for these effects, the winner-Take-All system turns out to be preferable in a broad set of circumstances, especially in highly innovative industries. (JEL: K11, L1, O34)
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On the Winner-Take-All Principle in Innovation Races
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Vincenzo Denicolò, Luigi Alberto FranzoniAbstract:What is the optimal allocation of prizes in an innovation race? Should the winner take all, or is it preferable that the original inventor shares the market with subsequent independent duplicators? Some recent papers in law and economics have argued that the latter, more permissive solution is socially preferable under mild conditions. We re-examine that issue, arguing that a permissive regime may turn the innovation race into a waiting game, reducing the power of incentives, and may invite socially wasteful duplicative R&D expenditures. In a model that accounts for these effects, the winner-Take-All system turns out to be preferable in a broad set of circumstances, especially in highly innovative industries.
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On the winner-Take-All principle in innovation races
2007Co-Authors: Luigi Alberto Franzoni, Vincenzo DenicolòAbstract:What is the optimal allocation of prizes in an innovation race? Should the winner take all or is it preferable that first inventors share the market with late independent duplicators? This paper re-examines the issue taking into account that the incentives to innovate depend not only on industry profits but also on the division of profits between early and late inventors. In our baseline model two firms race for an innovation in continuous time. In the winner-Take-All system as soon as one firm innovates the other stops investing in RD in the alternative more permissive system the laggard continues to invest to duplicate the innovation and when it also succeeds the market becomes a duopoly. We compare the two regimes on welfare grounds finding that the winner-Take-All system can be socially optimal in a broad set of circumstances much broader than envisioned by the recent literature. We discuss why we arrive at di§erent results than the early literature and the policy implications of our analysis.
Stéphanie Daval - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pH effect on strain-specific transcriptomes of the Take-All fungus
PLoS ONE, 2020Co-Authors: Kévin Gazengel, Lionel Lebreton, Nicolas Lapalu, Joëlle Amselem, Anne-yvonne Guillerm-erckelboudt, Denis Tagu, Stéphanie DavalAbstract:The soilborne fungusGaeumannomyces tritici(G.tritici) causes the Take-All disease on wheat roots. Ambient pH has been shown to be critical in different steps ofG.triticilife cycle such as survival in bulk soil, saprophytic growth, and pathogenicity on plants. There are however intra-specific variations and we previously found two types ofG.triticistrains that grow preferentially either at acidic pH or at neutral/alkaline pH; gene expression involved in pH-signal transduction pathway and pathogenesis was differentially regulated in two strains representative of these types. To go deeper in the description of the genetic pathways and the understanding of this adaptative mechanism, transcriptome sequencing was achieved on two strains (PG6 and PG38) which displayed opposite growth profiles in two pH conditions (acidic and neutral). PG6, growing better at acidic pH, overexpressed in this condition genes related to cell proliferation. In contrast, PG38, which grew better at neutral pH, overexpressed in this condition genes involved in fatty acids and amino acid metabolisms, and genes potentially related to pathogenesis. This strain also expressed stress resistance mechanisms at both pH, to assert a convenient growth under various ambient pH conditions. These differences in metabolic pathway expression between strains at different pH might buffer the effect of field or soil variation in wheat fields, and explain the success of the pathogen.
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pH effect on strain-specific transcriptomes of the Take-All fungus
2020Co-Authors: Kévin Gazengel, Lionel Lebreton, Nicolas Lapalu, Joëlle Amselem, Anne-yvonne Guillerm-erckelboudt, Denis Tagu, Stéphanie DavalAbstract:The soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ( Ggt ) causes the Take-All disease on wheat roots. Ambient pH has been shown to be critical in different steps of Ggt life cycle such as survival in bulk soil, saprophytic growth, and pathogenicity on plants. There are however intra-specific variations and we previously found two types of Ggt strains that grow preferentially either at acidic pH or at neutral/alkaline pH; gene expression involved in pH-signal transduction pathway and pathogenesis was differentially regulated in two strains representative of these types. To go deeper in the description of the genetic pathways and the understanding of this adaptative mechanism, transcriptome sequencing was achieved on two strains (PG6 and PG38) which displayed opposite growth profiles in two pH conditions (acidic and neutral). PG6, growing better at acidic pH, overexpressed in this condition genes related to energy production and protein deubiquitination. In contrast, PG38, which grew better at neutral pH, overexpressed in this condition genes involved in fatty acids metabolism. This strain also expressed stress resistance mechanisms at both pH, to assert a convenient growth under various ambient pH conditions. These differences in metabolic pathway expression between strains at different pH might buffer the effect of field or soil variation in wheat fields, and explain the success of the pathogen.
María J. Pozo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Microbial Community Composition in Take-All Suppressive Soils
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018Co-Authors: Paola Duran, Gonzalo Tortella, Sharon Viscardi, Patricio J. Barra, Víctor J. Carrión, María De La Luz Mora, María J. PozoAbstract:Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) is the main soilborne factor that affects wheat production around the world. Recently we reported the occurrence of six suppressive soils in monoculture areas from indigenous “Mapuche” communities, and evidenced that the suppression relied on the biotic component of those soils. Here, we compare the rhizosphere and endosphere microbial community structure (total bacteria, actinomycetes, total fungi and ascomycetes) of wheat plants grown in suppressive and conducive soils. Our results suggested that Ggt suppression could be mediated mostly by bacterial endophytes, rather than rhizosphere microorganisms, since the community structure was similar in all suppressive soils as compared with conducive. Interestingly, we found that despite the lower incidence of Take-All disease in suppressive soils, the Ggt concentration in roots was not significantly reduced in all suppressive soils compared to those growing in conducive soil. Therefore, the disease suppression is not always related to a reduction of the pathogen biomass. Furthermore, we isolated endophytic bacteria from wheat roots growing in suppressive soils. Among them we identified Serratia spp. and Enterobacter spp. able to inhibit Ggt growth in vitro. Since the disease, but not always pathogen amount, was reduced in the suppressive soils, we propose that take all disease suppressiveness is not only related to direct antagonism to the pathogen.
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Image_3_Microbial Community Composition in Take-All Suppressive Soils.TIF
2018Co-Authors: Paola Duran, Gonzalo Tortella, Sharon Viscardi, Patricio J. Barra, Víctor J. Carrión, María De La Luz Mora, María J. PozoAbstract:Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) is the main soilborne factor that affects wheat production around the world. Recently we reported the occurrence of six suppressive soils in monoculture areas from indigenous “Mapuche” communities, and evidenced that the suppression relied on the biotic component of those soils. Here, we compare the rhizosphere and endosphere microbial community structure (total bacteria, actinomycetes, total fungi, and ascomycetes) of wheat plants grown in suppressive and conducive soils. Our results suggested that Ggt suppression could be mediated mostly by bacterial endophytes, rather than rhizosphere microorganisms, since the community structure was similar in all suppressive soils as compared with conducive. Interestingly, we found that despite the lower incidence of Take-All disease in suppressive soils, the Ggt concentration in roots was not significantly reduced in all suppressive soils compared to those growing in conducive soil. Therefore, the disease suppression is not always related to a reduction of the pathogen biomass. Furthermore, we isolated endophytic bacteria from wheat roots growing in suppressive soils. Among them we identified Serratia spp. and Enterobacter spp. able to inhibit Ggt growth in vitro. Since the disease, but not always pathogen amount, was reduced in the suppressive soils, we propose that take all disease suppressiveness is not only related to direct antagonism to the pathogen.
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Table_2_Microbial Community Composition in Take-All Suppressive Soils.DOCX
2018Co-Authors: Paola Duran, Gonzalo Tortella, Sharon Viscardi, Patricio J. Barra, Víctor J. Carrión, María De La Luz Mora, María J. PozoAbstract:Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) is the main soilborne factor that affects wheat production around the world. Recently we reported the occurrence of six suppressive soils in monoculture areas from indigenous “Mapuche” communities, and evidenced that the suppression relied on the biotic component of those soils. Here, we compare the rhizosphere and endosphere microbial community structure (total bacteria, actinomycetes, total fungi, and ascomycetes) of wheat plants grown in suppressive and conducive soils. Our results suggested that Ggt suppression could be mediated mostly by bacterial endophytes, rather than rhizosphere microorganisms, since the community structure was similar in all suppressive soils as compared with conducive. Interestingly, we found that despite the lower incidence of Take-All disease in suppressive soils, the Ggt concentration in roots was not significantly reduced in all suppressive soils compared to those growing in conducive soil. Therefore, the disease suppression is not always related to a reduction of the pathogen biomass. Furthermore, we isolated endophytic bacteria from wheat roots growing in suppressive soils. Among them we identified Serratia spp. and Enterobacter spp. able to inhibit Ggt growth in vitro. Since the disease, but not always pathogen amount, was reduced in the suppressive soils, we propose that take all disease suppressiveness is not only related to direct antagonism to the pathogen.
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Image_4_Microbial Community Composition in Take-All Suppressive Soils.JPEG
2018Co-Authors: Paola Duran, Gonzalo Tortella, Sharon Viscardi, Patricio J. Barra, Víctor J. Carrión, María De La Luz Mora, María J. PozoAbstract:Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) is the main soilborne factor that affects wheat production around the world. Recently we reported the occurrence of six suppressive soils in monoculture areas from indigenous “Mapuche” communities, and evidenced that the suppression relied on the biotic component of those soils. Here, we compare the rhizosphere and endosphere microbial community structure (total bacteria, actinomycetes, total fungi, and ascomycetes) of wheat plants grown in suppressive and conducive soils. Our results suggested that Ggt suppression could be mediated mostly by bacterial endophytes, rather than rhizosphere microorganisms, since the community structure was similar in all suppressive soils as compared with conducive. Interestingly, we found that despite the lower incidence of Take-All disease in suppressive soils, the Ggt concentration in roots was not significantly reduced in all suppressive soils compared to those growing in conducive soil. Therefore, the disease suppression is not always related to a reduction of the pathogen biomass. Furthermore, we isolated endophytic bacteria from wheat roots growing in suppressive soils. Among them we identified Serratia spp. and Enterobacter spp. able to inhibit Ggt growth in vitro. Since the disease, but not always pathogen amount, was reduced in the suppressive soils, we propose that take all disease suppressiveness is not only related to direct antagonism to the pathogen.
J. Meador - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pulse Coded Winner-Take-All Networks
Silicon Implementation of Pulse Coded Neural Networks, 1994Co-Authors: J. Meador, Paul D. HylanderAbstract:This chapter introduces a pulse-coded winner-Take-All (PWTA) network which employs a unique combination of presynaptic and lateral inhibition that can be efficiently implemented in VLSI. The manner in which the network not only selects the winner but also indicates the weight of the decision made is unique among established winner-Take-All networks. A combination of all-ornothing and graded responses is encoded as a variable rate pulse train appearing only at the output of the winning unit. The mechanism used is closely related to the presynaptic inhibition approach introduced in [Yuille 88] with the exception that it is self-resetting and has properties which make it well suited for electronic realizations using asynchronous pulse-coded circuitry.
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ISCAS - A pulse coded winner-Take-All circuit
Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS '94, 1Co-Authors: J. Meador, Paul D. HylanderAbstract:This paper presents a pulse-coded winner-Take-All (PWTA) network which employs a unique combination of presynaptic and lateral inhibition that can be efficiently implemented in VLSI. The manner in which the network not only selects the winner but also indicates the weight of the decision made is unique among established winner-Take-All networks. A combination of all-or-nothing and graded responses is encoded as a variable rate pulse train appearing only at the output of the winning unit. The mechanism used is closely related to the presynaptic inhibition approach introduced [Yuille 1988] with the exception that it is self-resetting and has properties which make it well suited for electronic realizations using asynchronous pulse-coded circuitry. >
