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Kiyoshi Kikuchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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capacity for freshwater acclimation and differences in the transcription of ion transporter genes underlying different migratory life histories of Takifugu fish
Gene, 2020Co-Authors: Masahiro Nakamura, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Jian Yang, Takashi Koyama, Tao Jiang, Soichi Watanabe, Toyoji Kaneko, Katsumi Tsukamoto, Tsuguo OtakeAbstract:Abstract The genus Takifugu is a group of approximately 20 species of puffer fishes living in a wide range of salinity environments around East Asian countries. This group presents a broad spectrum of evolutionary stages adapted to anadromy as a result of speciation that occurred a short time (2–5 million years) ago on an evolutionary timescale. This group thus can be considered as a model for studying the evolutionary mechanisms of anadromy. We firstly conducted a transfer experiment from seawater to low-salinity waters on five Takifugu species: two anadromous species T. obscurus and T. ocellatus, two euryhaline wanderer marine species T. rubripes and T. niphobles, and a strictly marine species T. snyderi, and confirmed that the capacity for acclimation to hypotonic environments was associated with their life history strategies. Next, transcriptomes of the gill and intestine of these species in hypotonic condition were compared to those under hypertonic condition for each species using RNA-Sequencing so as to determine possible candidate transporters playing an important role on freshwater adaptation. As this analysis suggested that cftr, encoding an important ion transporter for seawater acclimation in the gill, and ncc, encoding a transporter that is suggested to play important osmoregulatory roles in the intestine, are important candidates, their expression was validated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Expression of cftr was downregulated in the gills of the four euryhaline species under the hypotonic condition, but no change was detected in the gill of stenohaline T. snyderi, which may be one reason for the poor hypotonic acclimation capacity of T. snyderi. Expression of ncc was clearly upregulated in the intestines of the two anadromous species under the hypotonic condition, but not in other three species. Different ion transporter expression patterns between the five species indicate that the transcriptional regulation of cftr in the gill and ncc in the intestine may be important for the improvement of hypotonic acclimation capacity and evolution of anadromy in the Takifugu species.
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Production of Tiger Puffer Takifugu rubripes Offspring from Triploid Grass Puffer Takifugu niphobles Parents.
Marine Biotechnology, 2017Co-Authors: Masaomi Hamasaki, Kadoo Miyaki, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Kazushi Kadomura, Yutaka Takeuchi, Ryosuke Yazawa, Souta Yoshikawa, Toshiyuki Yamada, Goro YoshizakiAbstract:The tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes is one of the most popular aquacultural fish; however, there are two major obstacles to selective breeding. First, they have a long generation time of 2 or 3 years until maturation. Second, the parental tiger puffer has a body size (2–5 kg) much larger than average market size (0.6–1.0 kg). The grass puffer Takifugu niphobles is closely related to the tiger puffer and matures in half the time. Furthermore, grass puffer can be reared in small areas since their maturation weight is about 1/150 that of mature tiger puffer. Therefore, to overcome the obstacles of maturation size and generation time of tiger puffer, we generated surrogate grass puffer that can produce tiger puffer gametes through germ cell transplantation. Approximately 5000 tiger puffer testicular cells were transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of triploid grass puffer larvae at 1 day post hatching. When the recipient fish matured, both males and females produced donor-derived gametes. Through their insemination, we successfully produced donor-derived tiger puffer offspring presenting the same body surface dot pattern, number of dorsal fin rays, and DNA fingerprint as those of the donor tiger puffer, suggesting that the recipient grass puffer produced functional eggs and sperm derived from the donor tiger puffer. Although fine tunings are still needed to improve efficiencies, surrogate grass puffer are expected to accelerate the breeding process of tiger puffer because of their short generation time and small body size.
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The genetic architecture of growth rate in juvenile Takifugu species.
Evolution, 2012Co-Authors: Sho Hosoya, Wataru Kai, Masashi Fujita, Kadoo Miyaki, Hiroaki Suetake, Yuzuru Suzuki, Kiyoshi KikuchiAbstract:Closely related species have often evolved dramatic differences in body size. Takifugu rubripes (fugu) is a large marine pufferfish whose genome has been sequenced, whereas T. niphobles is the smallest species among Takifugu. We show that, unsurprisingly, the juvenile growth rate of T. rubripes is higher than that of T. niphobles in a laboratory setting. We produced F2 progenies of their F1 hybrids and found one quantitative trait locus (QTL) significantly associated with variation in juvenile body size. This QTL region (3.5 Mb) contains no known genes directly related to growth phenotype (such as IGFs) except Fgf21, which inhibits growth hormone signaling in mouse. The QTL in Takifugu spp. is distinct from the region previously known to control body size variations in stickleback or tilapia. Our results suggest that in the fish tested herein, genomic regions underlying body size evolution might have different genetic origins. They also suggest that many diverse traits in Takifugu spp. are amenable to genetic mapping.
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The sex-determining locus in the tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes.
Genetics, 2007Co-Authors: Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Wataru Kai, Hiroaki Suetake, Ayumi Hosokawa, Naoki Mizuno, Kiyoshi Asahina, Yuzuru SuzukiAbstract:The tiger pufferfish (fugu), Takifugu rubripes, is a model fish that has had its genome entirely sequenced. By performing genomewide linkage analyses, we show that the sex of fugu is determined by a single chromosomal region on linkage group 19 in an XX–XY system.
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A Genetic Linkage Map for the Tiger Pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes
Genetics, 2005Co-Authors: Wataru Kai, Masashi Fujita, Kadoo Miyaki, Hiroaki Suetake, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Atushi Fujiwara, Yasutoshi Yoshiura, Mitsuru Ototake, Byrappa Venkatesh, Yuzuru SuzukiAbstract:The compact genome of the tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes (fugu), has been sequenced to the “draft” level and annotated to identify all the genes. However, the assembly of the draft genome sequence is highly fragmented due to the lack of a genetic or a physical map. To determine the long-range linkage relationship of the sequences, we have constructed the first genetic linkage map for fugu. The maps for the male and female spanning 697.1 and 1213.5 cM, respectively, were arranged into 22 linkage groups by markers heterozygous in both parents. The resulting map consists of 200 microsatellite loci physically linked to genome sequences spanning ∼39 Mb in total. Comparisons of the genome maps of fugu, other teleosts, and mammals suggest that syntenic relationship is more conserved in the teleost lineage than in the mammalian lineage. Map comparisons also show a pufferfish lineage-specific rearrangement of the genome resulting in colocalization of two Hox gene clusters in one linkage group. This map provides a foundation for development of a complete physical map, a basis for comparison of long-range linkage of genes with other vertebrates, and a resource for mapping loci responsible for phenotypic differences among Takifugu species.
Yuzuru Suzuki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Genetic Basis of Scale-Loss Phenotype in the Rapid Radiation of Takifugu Fishes.
Genes, 2019Co-Authors: Dong In Kim, Sho Hosoya, Wataru Kai, Hiroaki Suetake, Mana Sato, Aoi Nozawa, Miwa Kuroyanagi, Satoshi Tasumi, Yuzuru SuzukiAbstract:Rapid radiation associated with phenotypic divergence and convergence provides an opportunity to study the genetic mechanisms of evolution. Here we investigate the genus Takifugu that has undergone explosive radiation relatively recently and contains a subset of closely-related species with a scale-loss phenotype. By using observations during development and genetic mapping approaches, we show that the scale-loss phenotype of two Takifugu species, T. pardalis Temminck & Schlegel and T. snyderi Abe, is largely controlled by an overlapping genomic segment (QTL). A search for candidate genes underlying the scale-loss phenotype revealed that the QTL region contains no known genes responsible for the evolution of scale-loss phenotype in other fishes. These results suggest that the genes used for the scale-loss phenotypes in the two Takifugu are likely the same, but the genes used for the similar phenotype in Takifugu and distantly related fishes are not the same. Meanwhile, Fgfrl1, a gene predicted to function in a pathway known to regulate bone/scale development was identified in the QTL region. Since Fgfr1a1, another memebr of the Fgf signaling pathway, has been implicated in scale loss/scale shape in fish distantly related to Takifugu, our results suggest that the convergence of the scale-loss phenotype may be constrained by signaling modules with conserved roles in scale development.
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Identification and characterization of pufflectin from the grass pufferfish Takifugu niphobles and comparison of its expression with that of Takifugu rubripes.
Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 2016Co-Authors: Satoshi Tasumi, Yuzuru Suzuki, Akira Yamaguchi, Ryohei Matsunaga, Kazuma Fukushi, Osamu Nakamura, Kiyhoshi Kikuchi, Shigeyuki TsutsuiAbstract:Pufflectin found in Takifugu rubripes (Tr pufflectin) is the first animal lectin reported to show sequence similarity to monocotyledonous plant lectins. In the present study, we identified and characterized an orthologous lectin from Takifugu niphobles (Tn pufflectin), a species closely related to T. rubripes. Tn pufflectin exhibits 86% identity to Tr pufflectin with two conserved mannose-binding domains. Tn pufflectin was mainly expressed in the skin, gills, brain, and muscles; however, it was expressed at a lower level in the other examined tissues. Recombinant Tn pufflectin, expressed by Escherichia coli, exhibited binding activity specific for d-mannose. The expression of pufflectin in the gills was much lower in T. niphobles than in T. rubripes; notably, the former and latter are resistant and susceptible, respectively, to the monogenean parasite Heterobothrium okamotoi, which parasitizes gills. This suggests that pufflectin might be utilized by the parasite for host recognition.
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The genetic architecture of growth rate in juvenile Takifugu species.
Evolution, 2012Co-Authors: Sho Hosoya, Wataru Kai, Masashi Fujita, Kadoo Miyaki, Hiroaki Suetake, Yuzuru Suzuki, Kiyoshi KikuchiAbstract:Closely related species have often evolved dramatic differences in body size. Takifugu rubripes (fugu) is a large marine pufferfish whose genome has been sequenced, whereas T. niphobles is the smallest species among Takifugu. We show that, unsurprisingly, the juvenile growth rate of T. rubripes is higher than that of T. niphobles in a laboratory setting. We produced F2 progenies of their F1 hybrids and found one quantitative trait locus (QTL) significantly associated with variation in juvenile body size. This QTL region (3.5 Mb) contains no known genes directly related to growth phenotype (such as IGFs) except Fgf21, which inhibits growth hormone signaling in mouse. The QTL in Takifugu spp. is distinct from the region previously known to control body size variations in stickleback or tilapia. Our results suggest that in the fish tested herein, genomic regions underlying body size evolution might have different genetic origins. They also suggest that many diverse traits in Takifugu spp. are amenable to genetic mapping.
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The sex-determining locus in the tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes.
Genetics, 2007Co-Authors: Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Wataru Kai, Hiroaki Suetake, Ayumi Hosokawa, Naoki Mizuno, Kiyoshi Asahina, Yuzuru SuzukiAbstract:The tiger pufferfish (fugu), Takifugu rubripes, is a model fish that has had its genome entirely sequenced. By performing genomewide linkage analyses, we show that the sex of fugu is determined by a single chromosomal region on linkage group 19 in an XX–XY system.
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A Genetic Linkage Map for the Tiger Pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes
Genetics, 2005Co-Authors: Wataru Kai, Masashi Fujita, Kadoo Miyaki, Hiroaki Suetake, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Atushi Fujiwara, Yasutoshi Yoshiura, Mitsuru Ototake, Byrappa Venkatesh, Yuzuru SuzukiAbstract:The compact genome of the tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes (fugu), has been sequenced to the “draft” level and annotated to identify all the genes. However, the assembly of the draft genome sequence is highly fragmented due to the lack of a genetic or a physical map. To determine the long-range linkage relationship of the sequences, we have constructed the first genetic linkage map for fugu. The maps for the male and female spanning 697.1 and 1213.5 cM, respectively, were arranged into 22 linkage groups by markers heterozygous in both parents. The resulting map consists of 200 microsatellite loci physically linked to genome sequences spanning ∼39 Mb in total. Comparisons of the genome maps of fugu, other teleosts, and mammals suggest that syntenic relationship is more conserved in the teleost lineage than in the mammalian lineage. Map comparisons also show a pufferfish lineage-specific rearrangement of the genome resulting in colocalization of two Hox gene clusters in one linkage group. This map provides a foundation for development of a complete physical map, a basis for comparison of long-range linkage of genes with other vertebrates, and a resource for mapping loci responsible for phenotypic differences among Takifugu species.
Yves Van De Peer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tetraodon genome confirms Takifugu findings: most fish are ancient polyploids
Genome Biology, 2004Co-Authors: Yves Van De PeerAbstract:An evolutionary hypothesis suggested by studies of the genome of the tiger pufferfish Takifugu rubripes has now been confirmed by comparison with the genome of a close relative, the spotted green pufferfish Tetraodon nigroviridis . Ray-finned fish underwent a whole-genome duplication some 350 million years ago that might explain their evolutionary success.
Yuan Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The evaluation of overall umami intensity in Takifugu obscurus and Ctenopharyngodon idella based on the Steven’s law
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2019Co-Authors: Yiwen Zhu, Wenli Wang, Jing Wang, Gaole Chen, Yuan LiuAbstract:A quantitative equation of umami intensity based on sensory evaluation was established and verified in this study using Steven’s law. The method was applied to establish the relationship between the perceived umami intensity (UI) and the concentration of monosodium glutamate (CMSG) using magnitude estimation by 30 panelists. After total rescaling, the proposed formula was verified by evaluating the umami intensity of Takifugu obscurus and Ctenopharyngodon idella combined with paired comparison test by 12 panelists. As a result, a logarithmic linear regression was performed. The UI values of both muscle and broth were significantly higher for Takifugu obscurus (muscle: 31.28 ± 0.20, broth: 37.83 ± 0.32) than Ctenopharyngodon idella (muscle: 26.66 ± 0.21, broth: 26.66 ± 0.21). A significant higher UI value was observed in T. obscurus broth compared to muscle. This method was proved to be a quantitatively evaluation way to measure the overall umami intensity of foods rather than the accurate contents of the umami substances using a reliable sensory quantitative equation.
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Cloning, purification and biochemical characterization of recombinant Cathepsin L from Takifugu rubripes and its role in taste formation
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2019Co-Authors: Qilong Tang, Wenli Wang, Lujia Zhang, Yuan LiuAbstract:In recent years Takifugu rubripes has been increasingly popular among people base on its good taste. Cathepsin L was related to the formation of amino acids and small peptides. This study described the biochemical characterization of Cathepsin L and its role in the taste formation of Takifugu rubripes. Cathepsin L gene from Takifugu rubripes tissues was cloned successfully, and Cathepsin L with molecular masses of 46 kDa was isolated and enzymatically characterized. This enzyme reached its highest activity at 40 °C and pH 5.5. Cu2+ and Mn2+ ions reduced the activity of Cathepsin L, but Fe3+ and Ca2+ ions prominently increased its activity when the final concentrations of metal ions were 1 mM and 5 mM, respectively. The addition of phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride gradually decreased the enzyme activity over 0.5 mM. 200–3000 KDa fraction from Takifugu rubripes muscle after Cathepsin L hydrolysis showed the stronger kokumi and umami taste, especially kokumi. In this study, the recombinant Cathepsin L from Takifugu rubripes could play a role in flavor formation and be applied in flavor studies through the degradation of animal proteins.
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Umami and bitterness profile of enzymatic protein hydrolysates from cultured Takifugu obscurus by-products
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 2019Co-Authors: Yang Yunfeng, Wenli Wang, Yuan LiuAbstract:Takifugu obscurus is popular in Asian markets because of its delicious taste and high nutrition. The fish heads and bones which account for a significant proportion of whole fish, are rich in protein. The objective of this study was to investigate umami and bitterness profile of protein hydrolysates from cultured Takifugu obscurus by-products. In order to obtain hydrolysates with higher the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and better sensory characteristic, its hydrolysis condition was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). The model equations for the effects of temperature, pH and enzyme/substrate ratio (w/w, %, smashed head and bone as substrate) on DH, umami and bitterness were proposed. Protamex as the suitable enzyme was used to improve the taste profile of hydrolyzed product. The optimized model was significant and produced an experimental value (DH 48.62 ± 0.67, umami 5.25 ± 0.42 and bitterness 2.34 ± 0.39) in good agreement with the predicted value (49.21%, 5.50 and 2.04). The hydrolysate exhibited higher free amino acids (1733.19 mg/100 g) than the untreated sample (267.49 mg/100 g). The results indicate that protein hydrolysates from Takifugu obscurus by-products may potentially serve as a good source of desirable peptide and amino acids and can be used as the precursor of seafood flavoring agent.
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Physicochemical and sensory variables of Maillard reaction products obtained from Takifugu obscurus muscle hydrolysates
Food Chemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Wenli Wang, Zhengquan Wang, Xichang Wang, Long Zhang, Yuan LiuAbstract:Abstract Takifugu obscurus is famous for its delicious taste. In this study, three peptide fractions from Takifugu obscurus muscle hydrolysates were used to evaluate and compare physicochemical and sensory characteristics after Maillard reaction. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were analyzed by detecting the changes of browning intensity, free amino acids, volatile compounds and taste profile. Results showed that intermediate flavor products in three fractions of MRPs from different molecular weight peptides were much stronger than in control groups. The free amino acids of MRPs from 0.3 to 3.0 kDa and whole fraction showed a similar trend. The contents of volatile compounds (furans, phenols, pyrazines and so on) also increased in the three MRP fractions. The taste characteristics of three fractions showed stronger kokumi effect and umami taste compared to their control groups. To sum up, this investigation lays the groundwork for the development of a flavoring agent from Takifugu obscurus.
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Comparing the metabolic profiles of raw and cooked pufferfish (Takifugu flavidus) meat by NMR assessment
Food Chemistry, 2019Co-Authors: Luan Yang, Bona Dai, Charfedinne Ayed, Yuan LiuAbstract:Abstract The difference of metabolite profiles between raw and cooked pufferfish (Takifugu flavidus) meat was explored by 1H NMR technique and multivariate statistical methods. The orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) results showed an obvious separation between two samples. There were 24 dominating metabolites in the pufferfish muscle extraction, of which 11 metabolites changed significantly (p
Hiroaki Suetake - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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d mannose specific immunoglobulin m in grass puffer Takifugu niphobles a nonhost fish of a monogenean ectoparasite heterobothrium okamotoi can act as a trigger for its parasitism
Journal of Parasitology, 2020Co-Authors: Shintaro Matsui, Hiroaki Suetake, Satoshi Tasumi, Osamu Nakamura, Tetsuo Goto, Yura Tsubouchi, Sachi Hirakawa, Toshiaki Miyadai, Shigeyuki TsutsuiAbstract:Heterobothrium okamotoi, a monogenean gill parasite, exhibits high host specificity for the tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, and it has been experimentally verified that the parasite cannot colonize either closely related species such as the grass puffer Takifugu niphobles or distantly related fish such as the red seabream Pagrus major. Previously, we demonstrated in T. rubripes that immunoglobulin M (IgM) with d-mannose affinity induced deciliation of the oncomiracidia, the first step of parasitism, indicating that the parasite utilizes the molecule as a receptor for infection. In the present study, we purified mannose-specific IgM from 2 nonhost species, T. niphobles and P. major, by affinity and gel-filtration chromatography techniques and compared their deciliation-inducing activity against H. okamotoi oncomiracidia. The IgM of the former showed activity, whereas the latter had no effect, suggesting that in addition to d-mannose-binding ability, the crystallizable fragment domain of IgM, which is not part of the antigen-binding domain, plays an important role in host recognition by the oncomiracidia, such as direct binding to the parasites. It also suggests that the host specificity of H. okamotoi is relatively low upon initial recognition, and the specificity is established by exclusion in nonhosts during a later stage.
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The Genetic Basis of Scale-Loss Phenotype in the Rapid Radiation of Takifugu Fishes.
Genes, 2019Co-Authors: Dong In Kim, Sho Hosoya, Wataru Kai, Hiroaki Suetake, Mana Sato, Aoi Nozawa, Miwa Kuroyanagi, Satoshi Tasumi, Yuzuru SuzukiAbstract:Rapid radiation associated with phenotypic divergence and convergence provides an opportunity to study the genetic mechanisms of evolution. Here we investigate the genus Takifugu that has undergone explosive radiation relatively recently and contains a subset of closely-related species with a scale-loss phenotype. By using observations during development and genetic mapping approaches, we show that the scale-loss phenotype of two Takifugu species, T. pardalis Temminck & Schlegel and T. snyderi Abe, is largely controlled by an overlapping genomic segment (QTL). A search for candidate genes underlying the scale-loss phenotype revealed that the QTL region contains no known genes responsible for the evolution of scale-loss phenotype in other fishes. These results suggest that the genes used for the scale-loss phenotypes in the two Takifugu are likely the same, but the genes used for the similar phenotype in Takifugu and distantly related fishes are not the same. Meanwhile, Fgfrl1, a gene predicted to function in a pathway known to regulate bone/scale development was identified in the QTL region. Since Fgfr1a1, another memebr of the Fgf signaling pathway, has been implicated in scale loss/scale shape in fish distantly related to Takifugu, our results suggest that the convergence of the scale-loss phenotype may be constrained by signaling modules with conserved roles in scale development.
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The genetic architecture of growth rate in juvenile Takifugu species.
Evolution, 2012Co-Authors: Sho Hosoya, Wataru Kai, Masashi Fujita, Kadoo Miyaki, Hiroaki Suetake, Yuzuru Suzuki, Kiyoshi KikuchiAbstract:Closely related species have often evolved dramatic differences in body size. Takifugu rubripes (fugu) is a large marine pufferfish whose genome has been sequenced, whereas T. niphobles is the smallest species among Takifugu. We show that, unsurprisingly, the juvenile growth rate of T. rubripes is higher than that of T. niphobles in a laboratory setting. We produced F2 progenies of their F1 hybrids and found one quantitative trait locus (QTL) significantly associated with variation in juvenile body size. This QTL region (3.5 Mb) contains no known genes directly related to growth phenotype (such as IGFs) except Fgf21, which inhibits growth hormone signaling in mouse. The QTL in Takifugu spp. is distinct from the region previously known to control body size variations in stickleback or tilapia. Our results suggest that in the fish tested herein, genomic regions underlying body size evolution might have different genetic origins. They also suggest that many diverse traits in Takifugu spp. are amenable to genetic mapping.
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The sex-determining locus in the tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes.
Genetics, 2007Co-Authors: Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Wataru Kai, Hiroaki Suetake, Ayumi Hosokawa, Naoki Mizuno, Kiyoshi Asahina, Yuzuru SuzukiAbstract:The tiger pufferfish (fugu), Takifugu rubripes, is a model fish that has had its genome entirely sequenced. By performing genomewide linkage analyses, we show that the sex of fugu is determined by a single chromosomal region on linkage group 19 in an XX–XY system.
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A Genetic Linkage Map for the Tiger Pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes
Genetics, 2005Co-Authors: Wataru Kai, Masashi Fujita, Kadoo Miyaki, Hiroaki Suetake, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, Atushi Fujiwara, Yasutoshi Yoshiura, Mitsuru Ototake, Byrappa Venkatesh, Yuzuru SuzukiAbstract:The compact genome of the tiger pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes (fugu), has been sequenced to the “draft” level and annotated to identify all the genes. However, the assembly of the draft genome sequence is highly fragmented due to the lack of a genetic or a physical map. To determine the long-range linkage relationship of the sequences, we have constructed the first genetic linkage map for fugu. The maps for the male and female spanning 697.1 and 1213.5 cM, respectively, were arranged into 22 linkage groups by markers heterozygous in both parents. The resulting map consists of 200 microsatellite loci physically linked to genome sequences spanning ∼39 Mb in total. Comparisons of the genome maps of fugu, other teleosts, and mammals suggest that syntenic relationship is more conserved in the teleost lineage than in the mammalian lineage. Map comparisons also show a pufferfish lineage-specific rearrangement of the genome resulting in colocalization of two Hox gene clusters in one linkage group. This map provides a foundation for development of a complete physical map, a basis for comparison of long-range linkage of genes with other vertebrates, and a resource for mapping loci responsible for phenotypic differences among Takifugu species.
