Tank Size

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Monzur Alam Imteaz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • climatic and spatial variability of potential rainwater savings for a large coastal city
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2015
    Co-Authors: Monzur Alam Imteaz, Upendra Paudel, Amimul Ahsan, Cristina Santos
    Abstract:

    Abstract Majority of the investigations on rainwater harvesting focused on sizing and potential water savings including studies proposing different methods of estimating rainwater Tank outcomes. Several studies used monthly rainfall data to estimate rainwater Tank outcomes. However, quantification using daily rainfall data will be much more accurate compared to using monthly rainfall data. A vast majority of works using daily rainfall data used daily water balance model for analysis. Again most of the studies using daily water balance model used historical rainfall data, calculated water savings for many years and then presented an average of all the calculated years’ total outcome(s). ‘RainTank Analyser’ is a tool, which uses the same methodology and widely used; used by the South Australian policy makers for producing relevant design charts. In contrast, eTank, a daily water balance model was developed to produce potential rainwater savings, augmented townwater supply, Tank overflow, reliability and payback period for three distinct climate conditions (dry, average and wet years). This paper presents comparison of eTank calculated potential water savings with those calculated by ‘RainTank Analyser’ under similar conditions for a rainfall station in central Adelaide. In general, ‘RainTank Analyser’ produced water savings are very close to the eTank calculated water savings in average year. However, through the eTank produced potential water savings in dry and wet years, it is found that significant climatic variations exist. Magnitudes of climatic variations under different scenario are presented. Again, to assess spatial variability, three more rainfall stations from different regions of Adelaide metropolitan were selected. eTank was used to calculated potential water savings in three climatic conditions (dry, average and wet years) for various combinations of roof and Tank Sizes. Again it is found that depending input variable conditions (Tank Size, roof area and climate) significant spatial variations exist within some of the regions. Also, it is found that potential water savings not only depends on total rainfall amount of a particular area, but also on other input conditions; i.e. under similar conditions an area with lower annual rainfall may provide higher water savings due to rainfall pattern.

  • reliability and economic analysis of urban rainwater harvesting in a megacity in bangladesh
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2015
    Co-Authors: Md Rezaul Karim, Mohammad Zobair Ibne Bashar, Monzur Alam Imteaz
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper investigates the applicability, reliability and economic benefit of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems to partially offset the daily water demand in the multistoried residential buildings in combination with the town water supply systems in Dhaka city. A comprehensive computer software was developed with a view to assessing the reliability and feasibility of the RWH systems in an urban setup. The software was developed using daily water balance modelling concept, which uses input data like daily rainfall, roof catchment area, runoff losses and Tank volume. Three distinct climatic scenarios, i.e. wet, average and dry years were chosen by analysing historical 20-years daily rainfall data. Typical residential buildings of plot Size 2.5–5.0 katha (168–335 m 2 ) were considered for the study. Results indicated that about 15–25% reliability can be achieved under the wet climatic condition and for catchment Sizes varying from 140 m 2 to 200 m 2 , 250 kL to 550 kL of rainwater can be harvested each year. Several reliability curves have been presented for two roof catchment Sizes (140 m 2 and 200 m 2 ) under three climatic scenarios and an insignificant increase in the reliability of the RWH system beyond the Tank volume of 30 m 3 was observed. The current underground Tank Sizes of the residential buildings are sufficient to prevent the potential overflow during monsoon. A monetary saving of around 2000 BDT can be achieved for the catchment Size of 140 m 2 with Tank Size of 40 m 3 under average year climate condition and the monetary saving increases with increase in catchment Size.

  • rainwater harvesting potential for southwest nigeria using daily water balance model
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2012
    Co-Authors: Monzur Alam Imteaz, Omotayo B Adeboye, Scott Rayburg, Abdallah Shanableh
    Abstract:

    Abstract For the performance analysis and design of rainwater Tanks, a simple spreadsheet based daily water balance model was developed using daily rainfall data, contributing roof area, rainfall loss factor, available storage volume, Tank overflow and rainwater demand. This water balance model was then used to design an optimum Size of domestic rainwater Tank to be used for southwest Nigeria. The optimisation criterion was set to provide uninterrupted intended demand from the selected rainwater Tank during the critical (dry) months. For the Tank water, two demand scenarios were assessed: (i) toilet flushing only; and (ii) toilet flushing and laundry use. Analysis was performed for a typical dry year (1998) in southwest Nigeria. Current analysis outcomes were compared with an earlier analysis using monthly average rainfall data. It is found that analysis using monthly average rainfall data overestimates the required rainwater Tank Size. In addition, the newly developed model was used to assess the reliability of domestic rainwater Tanks in augmenting partial household water demand. This analysis showed that a reliability of 100% is possible to achieve with a Tank Size of 7000 L under low demand. However, with higher demand a bigger Tank Size (∼10,000 L) is required to achieve 100% reliability even though very high reliability could also be attained with a Tank Size of 7000 L. From overflow analysis, the results of this study showed that a large quantity of water is lost as overflow, even in a dry year with a Tank Size of 10,000 L. Thus, harvested rainwater could be used for other purposes if larger Tanks are used as these would capture more of the excess rainwater which could then be tasked to other purposes without compromising the reliability of water availability for primary uses.

  • reliability analysis of rainwater Tanks in melbourne using daily water balance model
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2011
    Co-Authors: Monzur Alam Imteaz, Amimul Ahsan, Jamal Naser, Ataur Rahman
    Abstract:

    With the aim of developing a comprehensive decision support tool for the performance analysis and design of rainwater Tanks, a simple spreadsheet based daily water balance model was developed using daily rainfall data, contributing roof area, rainfall loss factor, available storage volume, Tank overflow and rainwater demand. In order to assess reliability of domestic rainwater Tanks in augmenting partial household water demand in Melbourne (Australia) area, the developed water balance model was used for three different climatic conditions (i.e. dry, average, and wet years). Historical daily rainfall data was collected from a rainfall station near Melbourne city central. From historical rainfall data three representative years (driest, average and wettest) were selected for the current analysis. Reliability is defined as percentage of days in a year when rainwater Tank was able to supply the intended partial demand for a particular condition. For the three climatic conditions, several reliability charts are presented for domestic rainwater Tanks in relations to Tank volume, roof area, number of people in a house (i.e. water demand) and percentage of total water demand to be satisfied by harvested rainwater. In brief, for a two-people household scenario, ∼100% reliability can be achieved with a roof Size of 150–300 m2 having a Tank Size of 5000–10,000 L. However, for a four-people household scenario, it is not possible to achieve a 100% reliability, even with a roof Size of 300 m2 and a Tank Size of 10,000 L.

  • optimisation of rainwater Tank design from large roofs a case study in melbourne australia
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2011
    Co-Authors: Monzur Alam Imteaz, Ataur Rahman, Abdallah Shanableh, Amimul Ahsan
    Abstract:

    Rainwater Tanks for larger roof areas need optimisation of Tank Size, which is often not carried out before installation of these Tanks. This paper presents a case study of rainwater Tank evaluation and design for large roof areas, located in Melbourne, Australia, based on observed daily rainfall data representing three different climatic regimes (i.e. dry average, and wet years). With the aim of developing a comprehensive Decision Support Tool for the performance analysis and design of rainwater Tanks, a simple spreadsheet based daily water balance model is developed using daily rainfall data, contributing roof area, rainfall loss factor, available storage volume, Tank overflow and irrigation water demand. In this case study, two (185 m3 and 110 m3) underground rainwater Tanks are considered. Using the developed model, effectiveness of each Tank under different climatic scenarios are assessed. The analysis shows that both the Tanks are quite effective in wet and average years, however less effective in dry years. A payback period analysis of the Tanks is preformed which reveals that the total construction cost of the Tanks can be recovered within 15–21 years time depending on Tank Size, climatic conditions and future water price increase rates. For the Tanks, a relationship between water price increase rates and payback periods is developed. The study highlights the need for detailed optimisation and financial analysis for large rainwater Tanks to maximise the benefits.

Pedro J Mago - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • design and operation of increased thermal capacitance and dual thermal storage and its effects on building energy dependence
    Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mary Wilson, Pedro J Mago
    Abstract:

    Abstract This research explores the design and operation of an increased thermal capacitance (ITC) and thermal storage management (TSM) system for reducing building energy consumption associated with heating, cooling, and domestic hot water (DHW) usage. Thermal capacitance is a controlling factor for phase shift and amplitude reductions of cyclical heat transfer due to weather, and control of the ITC through TSM improves upon the benefits offered by additional capacitance. Using the transient energy modeling software TRNSYS, ITC is achieved by water circulating in copper pipes embedded in the walls of a three-story residential building. Temperature and season-controlled valves divert circulation to either the building shell, ground heat exchanger, solar panel, cold storage Tank or hot storage Tank. A phase change material is thoroughly mixed into the water storage Tanks to allow a Tank volume reduction without loss of thermal storage. Proper design and operation of the ITC/TSM system are investigated through a parametric study of the water Tank Size, water mass flowrate, and solar panel Size. These analyses are focused on reducing the overall building energy requirement associated with the heat pump and DHW usage. Results range from 24% to 35% energy savings for the evaluated parameter ranges.

  • building energy management using increased thermal capacitance and thermal storage management
    Buildings, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mary Wilson, Rogelio Luck, Pedro J Mago
    Abstract:

    This study simulates an increased thermal capacitance (ITC) and thermal storage management (TSM) system to reduce the energy consumed by air conditioning and heating systems. The ITC/TSM is coupled with phase change materials (PCM), which enable Tank volume reduction. The transient energy modeling software, the Transient System Simulation Tool (TRNSYS), is used to simulate the buildings’ thermal response and energy consumption, as well as the ITC/TSM system and controls. Four temperature-controlled operating regimes are used for the Tank: building shell circulation, heat exchanger circulation, solar panel circulation, and storage. This study also explores possible energy-saving benefits from Tank volume reduction such as losses associated with the environment temperature due to Tank location. Three different Tank locations are considered in this paper: outdoor, buried, and indoor. The smallest Tank Size (five gallons) is used for indoor placement, while the large Tank (50 gallons) is used either for outdoor placement or buried at a depth of 1 m. Results for Atlanta, Georgia show an average 48% required energy decrease for cold months (October–April) and a 3% decrease for warm months (May–September) for the ITC/TSM system with PCM when compared with the reference case. A system with PCM reduces the Tank Size by 90% while maintaining similar energy savings.

  • passive energy management through increased thermal capacitance
    Energy and Buildings, 2014
    Co-Authors: Joseph Carpenter, Pedro J Mago, Rogelio Luck
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper investigates the potential of using passive energy management through increased thermal capacitance (ITC) on the building cooling load by circulating water through a piping system located in the building walls or ceiling and then through a water storage Tank. The cooling load obtained from the application of the ITC on the building walls and the ceiling is compared with the cooling load of a reference building without ITC. The reference building, which is located in Atlanta, GA, as well as the building with the ITC are simulated using a transient building simulation software, TRNSYS, for the month of May. Several parameters that affect the performance of the proposed ITC are also analyzed, including the Tank Size, the mass flow rate of the working fluid, and initial working fluid temperature. In addition, the effect of the window-to-wall ratio was analyzed for the ITC case in the walls. It was found that as the window-to-wall ratio increases the amount of potential of the ITC to reduce the cooling load decreases. In general, results indicate that the application of ITC reduces the cooling load, with an application on the ceiling being the best scenario.

Song Deng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Tank Size and operating strategy optimization of a stratified chilled water storage system
    Applied Thermal Engineering, 2011
    Co-Authors: Zhiqin Zhang, William D Turner, Qiang Chen, Song Deng
    Abstract:

    Abstract In the downtown area of Austin, Texas, United States, it is planned to build a new naturally stratified chilled water storage Tank and share it among four separated chilled water plants in order to reduce the utility billing cost. Each plant is charged with a typical time-of-use utility rate including energy charge and demand charge. This paper presents the method of determining the optimal Tank Size as well as corresponding optimal operating strategies for this project. A simplified thermal energy storage plus four plants model is built based on some assumptions. Three conventional control strategies (full storage, chiller priority, and storage priority) with limitations on the maximum number of chillers running during the off-peak and on-peak periods are simulated. The results show that a 3.5 million gallon (13,249 m 3 ) Tank has the shortest simple payback time and the projected total capital cost is within the budget. Full storage strategy is selected for the summer months and storage-priority strategy is selected for the winter months. The annual billing cost savings are estimated at $907,231 and the simple payback time is 12.5 years.

Ataur Rahman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • economic analysis of rainwater harvesting systems comparing developing and developed countries a case study of australia and kenya
    Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018
    Co-Authors: Ataur Rahman, Caleb Christian Amos, John Mwangi Gathenya
    Abstract:

    Abstract Rainwater is a naturally occurring potentially clean source of water. There has been an increased interest in rainwater harvesting (RWH) in both developing and developed nations. RWH can alleviate the effects of accelerated urbanisation and improve their water security in the face of uncertain future climate patterns. Australia's management of her millennium drought has proved the effectiveness of RWH systems. Success in Australia is promising for developing countries with inadequate water supply for drinking and sanitation and unreliable centralised water supply systems. However, there is little research on the economic analysis of RWH systems in developing countries. Here we have developed an economic analysis tool, called ERain, to combine daily performance analysis of RWH systems with life cycle cost analysis for use in economic evaluation. ERain has shown that the recent tendency towards smaller Tanks in Australia is a poor choice economically, that RWH systems in Kenya can be economically beneficial if installed without reticulation, and that reliability (the percentage of days that the demand is met) can be a financial issue. ERain provides a realistic framework for establishing sustainable RWH solutions. The relationship between the benefit-cost ratio, reliability and efficiency (the percentage of available water used) is discussed as well as discrepancies between the benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and net present value (NPV) as economic indicators. Results highlight the need for innovation and reduction in capital and on-going costs associated with RWH systems in preference to increasing the price of water to increase their economic viability. The impact of paying elevated prices for water purchased from street vendors on the other hand demonstrates the dependency of RWH system economic viability on regional freshwater cost. Results also show that a rebate that matches Tank Size would be a good initiative to encourage the installation of larger Tanks and increase water security, while relying on customer perspective of value will tend towards installation of smaller Tanks and a superficial water security.

  • reliability analysis of rainwater Tanks in melbourne using daily water balance model
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2011
    Co-Authors: Monzur Alam Imteaz, Amimul Ahsan, Jamal Naser, Ataur Rahman
    Abstract:

    With the aim of developing a comprehensive decision support tool for the performance analysis and design of rainwater Tanks, a simple spreadsheet based daily water balance model was developed using daily rainfall data, contributing roof area, rainfall loss factor, available storage volume, Tank overflow and rainwater demand. In order to assess reliability of domestic rainwater Tanks in augmenting partial household water demand in Melbourne (Australia) area, the developed water balance model was used for three different climatic conditions (i.e. dry, average, and wet years). Historical daily rainfall data was collected from a rainfall station near Melbourne city central. From historical rainfall data three representative years (driest, average and wettest) were selected for the current analysis. Reliability is defined as percentage of days in a year when rainwater Tank was able to supply the intended partial demand for a particular condition. For the three climatic conditions, several reliability charts are presented for domestic rainwater Tanks in relations to Tank volume, roof area, number of people in a house (i.e. water demand) and percentage of total water demand to be satisfied by harvested rainwater. In brief, for a two-people household scenario, ∼100% reliability can be achieved with a roof Size of 150–300 m2 having a Tank Size of 5000–10,000 L. However, for a four-people household scenario, it is not possible to achieve a 100% reliability, even with a roof Size of 300 m2 and a Tank Size of 10,000 L.

  • optimisation of rainwater Tank design from large roofs a case study in melbourne australia
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2011
    Co-Authors: Monzur Alam Imteaz, Ataur Rahman, Abdallah Shanableh, Amimul Ahsan
    Abstract:

    Rainwater Tanks for larger roof areas need optimisation of Tank Size, which is often not carried out before installation of these Tanks. This paper presents a case study of rainwater Tank evaluation and design for large roof areas, located in Melbourne, Australia, based on observed daily rainfall data representing three different climatic regimes (i.e. dry average, and wet years). With the aim of developing a comprehensive Decision Support Tool for the performance analysis and design of rainwater Tanks, a simple spreadsheet based daily water balance model is developed using daily rainfall data, contributing roof area, rainfall loss factor, available storage volume, Tank overflow and irrigation water demand. In this case study, two (185 m3 and 110 m3) underground rainwater Tanks are considered. Using the developed model, effectiveness of each Tank under different climatic scenarios are assessed. The analysis shows that both the Tanks are quite effective in wet and average years, however less effective in dry years. A payback period analysis of the Tanks is preformed which reveals that the total construction cost of the Tanks can be recovered within 15–21 years time depending on Tank Size, climatic conditions and future water price increase rates. For the Tanks, a relationship between water price increase rates and payback periods is developed. The study highlights the need for detailed optimisation and financial analysis for large rainwater Tanks to maximise the benefits.

  • rainwater Tanks in multi unit buildings a case study for three australian cities
    Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2010
    Co-Authors: Erhan Eroksuz, Ataur Rahman
    Abstract:

    Rainwater Tanks have become popular in large Australian cities due to water shortage and greater public awareness towards sustainable urban development. Rainwater harvesting in multi-unit buildings in Australia is less common. This paper investigates the water savings potential of rainwater Tanks fitted in multi-unit residential buildings in three cities of Australia: Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong. It is found that for multi-unit buildings, a larger Tank Size is more appropriate to maximise water savings. It is also found that rainwater Tank of appropriate Size in a multi-unit building can provide significant mains water savings even in dry years. A prediction equation is developed which can be used to estimate average annual water savings from having a rainwater Tank in a multi-unit building in these three Australian cities.

Zhimin Dai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • an efficient Tank Size estimation strategy for packed bed thermocline thermal energy storage systems for concentrated solar power
    Solar Energy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Bingchen Zhao, Maosong Cheng, Chang Liu, Zhimin Dai
    Abstract:

    Abstract Thermocline storage in a packed-bed is considered as a promising thermal energy storage (TES) method that achieves cost reduction with respect to current concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Several parametric studies investigated thermal performances of different types of packed-bed thermocline TES systems, and cost analyses and dimension design studies were conducted based on this. However, parametric studies typically involve high computing costs for a dimension design, and results obtained by correlation fitting suffer from a relative lack of accuracy. The main objective of the present study involves directly determining the Tank Size of a packed-bed thermocline TES system to satisfy certain design requirements of a CSP plant without requiring parametric studies. In order to achieve this goal, a one-dimensional enthalpy-based dispersion-concentric (D-C) model is developed and validated to investigate the periodic thermal behavior of the system. An efficient Tank Size estimation strategy is proposed based on the periodic thermal performance of the system. The strategy is used to Size four different packed-bed thermocline TES types under two exemplary operating conditions. The results reveal that Tank Size estimation strategy is independent of initial conditions, and that it is self-convergent, involves cost saving in terms of computing costs, is generally applicable, and can provide guidelines for the design of a TES system for CSP plants.