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B. D. Perry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • whole farm economic analysis of east coast fever immunization strategies in kilifi district kenya
    Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1994
    Co-Authors: Hezron O Nyangito, Darrell S Mundy, Peter Zimmel, Jerry Namken, A W Mukhebi, James W Richardson, B. D. Perry
    Abstract:

    Abstract A whole farm simulation model termed the Technology Impact Evaluation System (TIES) was applied for assessing ex-ante financial and economic Impacts of immunization of diary cattle against East Coast fever (ECF) by the infection and treatment method (ITM). Data from two case study farms, one representing small farms (less than 8 ha) and the other relatively large farms (greater than 8 ha) in Kilifi District in the coastal region of Kenya, were used in the analysis. TIES accounted for the stochastic nature of crop and livestock enterprise yields and prices by estimating probability density distributions associated with these variables over a period of 10 years. Farmers' risk preference for alternative ECF control strategies was assessed through stochastic dominance analysis. Results showed that strategies for ECF control based on ITM were financially and economically more profitable than current acaricide-based control on both the small and the large farm. For instance, net farm income and benefit-cost ratio increased by a range of 32–37% and 46–62%, respectively, on the small farm and a range of 52–58% and 65–78%, respectively, on the large farm. The greater the reduction in the use of acaricides permitted by immunization the higher the level of profitability achieved, with other model parameters held constant. The net benefits from immunization appeared to be relatively greater on the large than on the small farm. The most economically preferred ECF control strategy on both farms (taking into account farmers' risk preference) was immunization with 75% reduction in the cost of acaricide use. The confidence premium (an estimation of the marginal value to the farmer of an additional immunized animal) was Kenya shillings (Kshs) 1771 (US$51.00, 1992) and Kshs 1750 (US$50.00) on the small and large farm, respectively.

Hezron O Nyangito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • economic Impacts of east coast fever immunization on smallholder farms kenya a simulation analysis
    Agricultural Economics, 1996
    Co-Authors: Hezron O Nyangito, Darrell S Mundy, Peter Zimmel, A W Mukhebi, James W Richardson, Jerry Namken
    Abstract:

    A whole farm simulation model, Technology Impact Evaluation System (TIES), was used to assess ex-ante financial and economic Impacts of immunization of dairy cattle against East Coast Fever (ECF) by the infection and treatment method (ITM) on smallholder farms from two sites in Kenya. Four alternative strategies of immunization in combination with different levels of acaricide use were compared with the current acaricide-based method of control. The economic Impacts were estimated using simulated net present values, present values of ending net worth, internal rates of return, benefit-cost ratios, annual cash farm incomes, cash expenses, and net farm incomes. The results from the analysis indicate that ECF immunization strategies are financially and economically viable on smallholder farms. Based on the risk preference for risk averse producers, the most preferred strategy was to adopt ITM in combination with a 75% reduction in acaricide use. The results obtained provide a good indication of the relative orders of magnitude of the farm level financial and economic effects of ECF immunization by ITM. The whole farm simulation model used for the analysis has the advantage of incorporating the risks involved in farm production. Whole farm simulation offers a flexible method for assessing the financial and economic Impacts of alternative disease control methods on smallholder farms.

  • whole farm economic analysis of east coast fever immunization strategies in kilifi district kenya
    Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1994
    Co-Authors: Hezron O Nyangito, Darrell S Mundy, Peter Zimmel, Jerry Namken, A W Mukhebi, James W Richardson, B. D. Perry
    Abstract:

    Abstract A whole farm simulation model termed the Technology Impact Evaluation System (TIES) was applied for assessing ex-ante financial and economic Impacts of immunization of diary cattle against East Coast fever (ECF) by the infection and treatment method (ITM). Data from two case study farms, one representing small farms (less than 8 ha) and the other relatively large farms (greater than 8 ha) in Kilifi District in the coastal region of Kenya, were used in the analysis. TIES accounted for the stochastic nature of crop and livestock enterprise yields and prices by estimating probability density distributions associated with these variables over a period of 10 years. Farmers' risk preference for alternative ECF control strategies was assessed through stochastic dominance analysis. Results showed that strategies for ECF control based on ITM were financially and economically more profitable than current acaricide-based control on both the small and the large farm. For instance, net farm income and benefit-cost ratio increased by a range of 32–37% and 46–62%, respectively, on the small farm and a range of 52–58% and 65–78%, respectively, on the large farm. The greater the reduction in the use of acaricides permitted by immunization the higher the level of profitability achieved, with other model parameters held constant. The net benefits from immunization appeared to be relatively greater on the large than on the small farm. The most economically preferred ECF control strategy on both farms (taking into account farmers' risk preference) was immunization with 75% reduction in the cost of acaricide use. The confidence premium (an estimation of the marginal value to the farmer of an additional immunized animal) was Kenya shillings (Kshs) 1771 (US$51.00, 1992) and Kshs 1750 (US$50.00) on the small and large farm, respectively.

Jerry Namken - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • economic Impacts of east coast fever immunization on smallholder farms kenya a simulation analysis
    Agricultural Economics, 1996
    Co-Authors: Hezron O Nyangito, Darrell S Mundy, Peter Zimmel, A W Mukhebi, James W Richardson, Jerry Namken
    Abstract:

    A whole farm simulation model, Technology Impact Evaluation System (TIES), was used to assess ex-ante financial and economic Impacts of immunization of dairy cattle against East Coast Fever (ECF) by the infection and treatment method (ITM) on smallholder farms from two sites in Kenya. Four alternative strategies of immunization in combination with different levels of acaricide use were compared with the current acaricide-based method of control. The economic Impacts were estimated using simulated net present values, present values of ending net worth, internal rates of return, benefit-cost ratios, annual cash farm incomes, cash expenses, and net farm incomes. The results from the analysis indicate that ECF immunization strategies are financially and economically viable on smallholder farms. Based on the risk preference for risk averse producers, the most preferred strategy was to adopt ITM in combination with a 75% reduction in acaricide use. The results obtained provide a good indication of the relative orders of magnitude of the farm level financial and economic effects of ECF immunization by ITM. The whole farm simulation model used for the analysis has the advantage of incorporating the risks involved in farm production. Whole farm simulation offers a flexible method for assessing the financial and economic Impacts of alternative disease control methods on smallholder farms.

  • whole farm economic analysis of east coast fever immunization strategies in kilifi district kenya
    Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1994
    Co-Authors: Hezron O Nyangito, Darrell S Mundy, Peter Zimmel, Jerry Namken, A W Mukhebi, James W Richardson, B. D. Perry
    Abstract:

    Abstract A whole farm simulation model termed the Technology Impact Evaluation System (TIES) was applied for assessing ex-ante financial and economic Impacts of immunization of diary cattle against East Coast fever (ECF) by the infection and treatment method (ITM). Data from two case study farms, one representing small farms (less than 8 ha) and the other relatively large farms (greater than 8 ha) in Kilifi District in the coastal region of Kenya, were used in the analysis. TIES accounted for the stochastic nature of crop and livestock enterprise yields and prices by estimating probability density distributions associated with these variables over a period of 10 years. Farmers' risk preference for alternative ECF control strategies was assessed through stochastic dominance analysis. Results showed that strategies for ECF control based on ITM were financially and economically more profitable than current acaricide-based control on both the small and the large farm. For instance, net farm income and benefit-cost ratio increased by a range of 32–37% and 46–62%, respectively, on the small farm and a range of 52–58% and 65–78%, respectively, on the large farm. The greater the reduction in the use of acaricides permitted by immunization the higher the level of profitability achieved, with other model parameters held constant. The net benefits from immunization appeared to be relatively greater on the large than on the small farm. The most economically preferred ECF control strategy on both farms (taking into account farmers' risk preference) was immunization with 75% reduction in the cost of acaricide use. The confidence premium (an estimation of the marginal value to the farmer of an additional immunized animal) was Kenya shillings (Kshs) 1771 (US$51.00, 1992) and Kshs 1750 (US$50.00) on the small and large farm, respectively.

Ravikumar Ramachandran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • intrinsic dielectric stack reliability of a high performance bulk planar 20nm replacement gate high k metal gate Technology and comparison to 28nm gate first high k metal gate process
    International Reliability Physics Symposium, 2013
    Co-Authors: William Mcmahon, Suresh Uppal, T Nigam, Andreas Kerber, B P Linder, Emmanuel Cartier, G. Larosa, C. Tian, H. Kothari, Ravikumar Ramachandran
    Abstract:

    We compare the intrinsic reliability of the dielectric stack of a high performance bulk planar 20nm replacement gate Technology to the reliability of high performance bulk planar 28 nm gate first high-k metal gate (HKMG) Technology, developed within the IBM Alliance. Comparable N/PFET TDDB and comparable/improved NFET PBTI are shown to be achievable for similar Tinv. The choice to not include channel silicon germanium as a PFET performance element in the 20nm Technology Impact NBTI, driving a potential tradeoff between NBTI and PBTI. The complexity of integrating such performance elements while accounting for reliability/performance tradeoffs demands their selection during Technology definition with due consideration to realistic product usage conditions.

Peter Zimmel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • economic Impacts of east coast fever immunization on smallholder farms kenya a simulation analysis
    Agricultural Economics, 1996
    Co-Authors: Hezron O Nyangito, Darrell S Mundy, Peter Zimmel, A W Mukhebi, James W Richardson, Jerry Namken
    Abstract:

    A whole farm simulation model, Technology Impact Evaluation System (TIES), was used to assess ex-ante financial and economic Impacts of immunization of dairy cattle against East Coast Fever (ECF) by the infection and treatment method (ITM) on smallholder farms from two sites in Kenya. Four alternative strategies of immunization in combination with different levels of acaricide use were compared with the current acaricide-based method of control. The economic Impacts were estimated using simulated net present values, present values of ending net worth, internal rates of return, benefit-cost ratios, annual cash farm incomes, cash expenses, and net farm incomes. The results from the analysis indicate that ECF immunization strategies are financially and economically viable on smallholder farms. Based on the risk preference for risk averse producers, the most preferred strategy was to adopt ITM in combination with a 75% reduction in acaricide use. The results obtained provide a good indication of the relative orders of magnitude of the farm level financial and economic effects of ECF immunization by ITM. The whole farm simulation model used for the analysis has the advantage of incorporating the risks involved in farm production. Whole farm simulation offers a flexible method for assessing the financial and economic Impacts of alternative disease control methods on smallholder farms.

  • whole farm economic analysis of east coast fever immunization strategies in kilifi district kenya
    Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 1994
    Co-Authors: Hezron O Nyangito, Darrell S Mundy, Peter Zimmel, Jerry Namken, A W Mukhebi, James W Richardson, B. D. Perry
    Abstract:

    Abstract A whole farm simulation model termed the Technology Impact Evaluation System (TIES) was applied for assessing ex-ante financial and economic Impacts of immunization of diary cattle against East Coast fever (ECF) by the infection and treatment method (ITM). Data from two case study farms, one representing small farms (less than 8 ha) and the other relatively large farms (greater than 8 ha) in Kilifi District in the coastal region of Kenya, were used in the analysis. TIES accounted for the stochastic nature of crop and livestock enterprise yields and prices by estimating probability density distributions associated with these variables over a period of 10 years. Farmers' risk preference for alternative ECF control strategies was assessed through stochastic dominance analysis. Results showed that strategies for ECF control based on ITM were financially and economically more profitable than current acaricide-based control on both the small and the large farm. For instance, net farm income and benefit-cost ratio increased by a range of 32–37% and 46–62%, respectively, on the small farm and a range of 52–58% and 65–78%, respectively, on the large farm. The greater the reduction in the use of acaricides permitted by immunization the higher the level of profitability achieved, with other model parameters held constant. The net benefits from immunization appeared to be relatively greater on the large than on the small farm. The most economically preferred ECF control strategy on both farms (taking into account farmers' risk preference) was immunization with 75% reduction in the cost of acaricide use. The confidence premium (an estimation of the marginal value to the farmer of an additional immunized animal) was Kenya shillings (Kshs) 1771 (US$51.00, 1992) and Kshs 1750 (US$50.00) on the small and large farm, respectively.