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Patricia L. Mokhtarian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER AND OCCUPATION ON INDIVIDUAL PERCEPTIONS OF Telecommuting
2020Co-Authors: Patricia L. Mokhtarian, Michael N. Bagley, Lynn Hulse, Ilan SalomonAbstract:Accurate forecasts of the adoption and impacts of Telecommuting depend on an understanding of what motivates individuals to adopt Telecommuting, since those motivations will offer insight into who is likely to telecommute under what circumstances. Motivations for Telecommuting are likely to differ by various segments of society. In this study, the authors analyze gender and occupation differences in the perceptions of Telecommuting for 583 employees of the City of San Diego. Numerous differences are identified. Most broadly, women on average rated the advantages of Telecommuting more highly than men-both overall and within each occupation group. Women were more likely than men to cite family, personal benefits, and stress reduction as advantages of Telecommuting, and more likely to see the lack of visibility to management as a disadvantage. Clerical workers were more likely than managers or professionals to see the family, personal, and office stress-reduction benefits of Telecommuting as important, whereas managers and professionals were more likely to cite getting more work done as the most important advantage of Telecommuting. Reduced social interaction appeared to be of about equal concern to both clerical and professional/technical workers, and reduced professional interaction was of greatest concern to managers and professionals. Professionals were more likely than the other two job types to see the lack of visibility to management and the need for discipline as disadvantages.
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the seoul of alonso new perspectives on Telecommuting and residential location from south korea
Urban Geography, 2012Co-Authors: Seungnam Kim, Patricia L. Mokhtarian, Kunhyuck AhnAbstract:Although theoretical studies have contended that Telecommuting could cause residential relocation to peripheral areas, empirical evidence regarding this argument is scant and inconclusive. Moreover, previous studies have given little consideration to telecommuters' job locations. Using data from the 2006 Seoul Metropolitan Area Household Travel Survey, this study investigates the relationships between Telecommuting and residential location, considering job location. Regression results suggest that telecommuter households are indeed more likely to reside in outlying areas, consistent with theory. However, this does not necessarily mean that Telecommuting facilitates living in outlying areas, nor, conversely, that long commutes stimulate Telecommuting: causality cannot be established with these data. But contrary to both hypotheses, the result partially arises from the fact that firms allowing Telecommuting also tend to be located in peripheral areas, with telecommuters having shorter commute distances comp...
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does Telecommuting reduce vehicle miles traveled an aggregate time series analysis for the u s
2005Co-Authors: Sangho Choo, Patricia L. Mokhtarian, Ilan SalomonAbstract:This study examines the impact of Telecommuting on passenger vehicle- miles traveled (VMT) through a multivariate time series analysis of aggregate nationwide data spanning 1966-1999 for all variables except Telecommuting, and 1988-1998 for Telecommuting. The analysis was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, VMT (1966-1999) was modeled as a function of conventional variables representing economic activity, transportation price, transportation supply and socio-demographics. In the second stage, the residuals of the first stage (1988-1998) were modeled as a function of the number of telecommuters. We also assessed the change in annual VMT per telecommuter as well as VMT per Telecommuting occasion, for 1998. The models suggest that Telecommuting reduces VMT, with 94% confidence. Together with independent external evidence, the results suggest a reduction in annual VMT on the order of 0.8% or less. Even with impacts that small, when informally compared to similar reductions in VMT due to public transit ridership, Telecommuting appears to be far more cost-effective in terms of public sector expenditures.
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an empirical analysis of causality in the relationship between Telecommuting and residential and job relocation
University of California Davis. Institute of Transportation Studies. Research report, 2005Co-Authors: David T Ory, Patricia L. MokhtarianAbstract:This report presents an empirical examination of the causal relationship between Telecommuting and residential/job relocation and attempts to determine whether Telecommuting helps or hinders travel reduction policies. Data from a 10-year retrospective survey of 218 State of California workers, including current, former, and non-telecommuters, were used. Results suggest that, on average, those who are inspired to move because of Telecommuting are moving closer to work, while those who relocate far from work are afterwards inspired to telecommute. For job relocations, the results differed slightly, with both key casual groups relocating, on average, to jobs farther from home. Analysis of the stated importance of Telecommuting to specific residential relocations did not show a convincing effect toward more distant moves. Linear regression models of the change in one-way commute length following a residential relocation confirm that the beginning of a Telecommuting engagement following the move is associated with increases in commute length, whereas engagement before the move is not. The evidence supports the view that Telecommuting is ameliorating the negative transportation impacts of moves that occur for other reasons.
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An Empirical Analysis of Causality in the Relationship between Telecommuting and Residential and Job Relocation
2005Co-Authors: Patricia L. MokhtarianAbstract:Researchers have questioned whether the ability to telecommute is encouraging workers to relocate to more desirable residences farther from work, and in doing so, exacerbate sprawl and increase their net vehicle-miles traveled. The research presented here directly asks, is Telecommuting a “friend or foe” of travel-reducing policies? Given that telecommuters tend to have longer commutes than non-telecommuters, is the ability to telecommute prompting workers to move farther away from work? Or, does the ability to telecommute allow those who for other reasons have already chosen, or would in any case choose, to live in more distant locations to commute less frequently? These questions are addressed using data collected from more than 200 State of California workers, including current, former, and non-telecommuters. The survey inquired retrospectively about their residential and job relocations, as well as their Telecommuting engagements, over a ten-year period. The results indicate that, as expected, residential and job moves that are temporally associated with Telecommuting episodes tend to increase commute time and length compared to other moves – though the evidence is not statistically significant. Analyzing the temporal order of Telecommuting engagement and residential relocation, the data show that those who are Telecommuting and then move actually tend to relocate closer to their workplace, whereas those who begin Telecommuting following a residential relocation tended to have moved much farther from their workplace. For job relocations, the results differed slightly. Here, both key casual groups (those who are inferred to have their relocation caused by Telecommuting and those who are inferred to have their Telecommuting engagement caused by relocation) relocate, on average, to jobs farther from home. Analysis of the stated importance of Telecommuting to specific residential relocations did not show a convincing effect toward more distant moves. Linear regression models of the change in one-way commute length following a residential relocation confirm that the beginning of a Telecommuting engagement following the move is associated with increases in commute length, whereas engagement before the move is not. Thus, the evidence more strongly supports the positive view of Telecommuting, that it is ameliorating the negative transportation impacts of moves that occur for other reasons.
Ryuichi Kitamura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Telecommuting as a Transportation Planning Meaure: Initial Results of California Pilot Project
2011Co-Authors: Ryuichi Kitamura, Patrick Conroy, John Michael Nilles, David M. FlemingAbstract:The travel impact of home Telecommuting -- the performance of work at home possibly using telecommunications technology -- is evaluated using travel diary survey results from California's State Employee Telecommute Pilot Project. The data obtained from 185 state workers and their household members indicate that Telecommuting reduces working trips as expected, and no indication is present that Telecommuting induces new nonwork trips. In addition, the results suggest that family members of telecommuters may also reduce nonwork trips. The analysis offers strong empirical support for Telecommuting as a means to mitigate traffic congestion and improve air quality.
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Impact of Telecommuting on Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Household Travel - eScholarship
1992Co-Authors: Ram M. Pendyala, Konstandinos G. Goulias, Ryuichi KitamuraAbstract:A spatial and temporal analysis of travel diary data collected during the State of California Telecommuting Pilot project is performed to determine the impacts of Telecommuting on household travel behavior. The analysis is based on geocoded trip data where missing trips and trip attributes have been augmented to the extent possible. The results confirm the earlier finding that the Pilot Project telecommuters substantially reduced travel; on Telecommuting days, the telecommuters made virtually no commute trips, reduced peak-period trip making by 60%, vehicle miles traveled by 80%, and freeway use by 40%. The spatial analysis of the trip records has shown that the telecommuters chose non-work destinations that are closer to home; they exhibited contracted action spaces after the introduction of Telecommuting. Importantly, this contraction took place on both Telecommuting days and commuting days. The telecommuters distributed their trips over the day and avoided peak-period travel on Telecommuting days. Non-work trips, however, show similar patterns of temporal distribution on Telecommuting days and commuting days. Non-work trips continued to be made during the lunch period and late afternoon and evening hours. Telecommuter driving-age household members also exhibited contracted action spaces after the introduction of Telecommuting. In addition, they did not show any significant increase in automobile use after Telecommuting commenced.
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Impact of Telecommuting on spatial and temporal patterns of household travel
Transportation, 1991Co-Authors: Ram M. Pendyala, Konstandinos G. Goulias, Ryuichi KitamuraAbstract:A spatial and temporal analysis of travel diary data collected during the State of California Telecommuting Pilot project is performed to determine the impacts of Telecommuting on household travel behavior. The analysis is based on geocoded trip data where missing trips and trip attributes have been augmented to the extent possible. The results confirm the earlier finding that the Pilot Project telecommuters substantially reduced travel; on Telecommuting days, the telecommuters made virtually no commute trips, reduced peak-period trip making by 60%, vehicle miles traveled by 80%, and freeway use by 40%. The spatial analysis of the trip records has shown that the telecommuters chose non-work destinations that are closer to home; they exhibited contracted action spaces after the introduction of Telecommuting. Importantly, this contraction took place on both Telecommuting days and commuting days. The telecommuters distributed their trips over the day and avoided peak-period travel on Telecommuting days. Non-work trips, however, show similar patterns of temporal distribution on Telecommuting days and commuting days. Non-work trips continued to be made during the lunch period and late afternoon and evening hours. Telecommuter driving-age household members also exhibited contracted action spaces after the introduction of Telecommuting. In addition, they did not show any significant increase in automobile use after Telecommuting commenced.
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impact of Telecommuting on spatial and temporal patterns of household travel
Transportation, 1991Co-Authors: Ram M. Pendyala, Konstandinos G. Goulias, Ryuichi KitamuraAbstract:A spatial and temporal analysis of travel diary data collected during the State of California Telecommuting Pilot Project is performed to determine the impacts of Telecommuting on household travel behavior. The analysis is based on geocoded trip data where missing trips and trip attributes have been augmented to the extent possible. The results confirm the earlier finding that the Pilot Project telecommuters substantially reduced travel; on Telecommuting days, the telecommuters made virtually no commute trips, reduced peak-period trips by 60%, total distance traveled by 75%, and freeway miles by 90%. The spatial analysis of the trip records has shown that the telecommuters chose non-work destinations that are closer to home; they exhibited contracted action spaces after the introduction of Telecommuting. Importantly, this contraction took place on both Telecommuting days and commuting days. The telecommuters distributed their trips, over the day and avoided peak-period travel on Telecommuting days. Non-work trips, however, show similar patterns of temporal distribution on Telecommuting days and commuting days. Non-work trips continued to be made during the lunch period and late afternoon and evening hours.
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An Evaluation of Telecommuting As a Trip Reduction Measure
1991Co-Authors: Ryuichi Kitamura, Patricia L. Mokhtarian, Ram M. Pendyala, Konstandinos G. GouliasAbstract:Telecommuting, which is the performance of work at home or at a center close to home using telecommunications, has attracted growing interest among planners and researchers as a strategy for reducing travel demand. This paper investigates the potential of Telecommuting as a trip reduction measure, using data obtained from a Telecommuting pilot project involving State of California government employees. In this pilot project, a three-day trip diary was administreed, before and after Telecommuting began, to telecommuters, a control group, and driving-age household members of both groups. A sample of 219 "stayers" is analyzed in this paper. Findings include: Telecommuting leads to a substantial reduction in trip generation, vehicle-miles traveled, peak period travel, car use, and freeway travel. It does not lead to an increase in non-work trips.
Hamid-reza Asgari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Impacts of Telecommuting on Nonmandatory Activity Participation
Transportation Research Record, 2017Co-Authors: Hamid-reza AsgariAbstract:Telecommuting has been regarded as an alternative work arrangement that provides higher levels of resilience and flexibility for the workforce. To provide a robust estimation of Telecommuting activity, it is important to understand the extent of Telecommuting and the underlying factors that contribute to telecommuters’ decisions. One line of discussion in behavioral decisions (including Telecommuting) is the endogeneity issue, also referred to as simultaneity in cause and effect. The question is whether certain activity travel behaviors are the causes of Telecommuting adoption or telecommuters are manifesting such behaviors because they telecommute. For instance, are people traveling more or farther because of the higher spatial–temporal freedom brought by Telecommuting, or are they choosing to or having to telecommute because they already have those activity arrangements (e.g., take care of kids) in place. Exploring such interrelationships between the choice to telecommute, activity travel plans, and oth...
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Examination of the Impacts of Telecommuting on the Time Use of Nonmandatory Activities
Transportation Research Record, 2016Co-Authors: Hamid-reza Asgari, Yiman DuAbstract:How and to what extent Telecommuting engagement affects time allocation among nonmandatory activities are examined to help understand the impacts of Telecommuting on daily activity–travel patterns. Five categories of nonmandatory activities are considered: shopping, maintenance, discretionary, escort, and in-home shopping. The hypothesis is that Telecommuting relaxes the temporal and spatial constraints related to work activities at the regular workplace, and telecommuters may allocate some of the time budget to other nonmandatory activities, which may or may not lead to additional travel. The structural equations model approach is applied to capture the impacts of Telecommuting as well as the interactions among the nonmandatory activities. The activity durations by type along with the number of total daily trips are considered as endogenous (dependent) variables. By incorporating work hours at the regular workplace and daily Telecommuting hours as exogenous variables, the models can reveal how people may...
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Toward a Comprehensive Telecommuting Analysis Framework: Setting the Conceptual Outline
Transportation Research Record, 2015Co-Authors: Hamid-reza AsgariAbstract:The interest in Telecommuting has been continuous and growing because of its promising potential for reducing travel and improving air quality. Several research efforts have been accomplished in Telecommuting estimation and impact analysis of reductions in vehicle miles traveled as a result of Telecommuting. Although there is an extensive body of literature, most previous studies concentrated on the estimation of Telecommuting in terms of choice (whether to telecommute) and frequency (how often on a weekly or monthly basis). These studies failed to recognize that there were various forms of daily Telecommuting that would have had different impacts on daily activity patterns. This study aims to provide a comprehensive framework for Telecommuting behavior and impact analysis. There are several important features of the framework that are intended to fill the knowledge gaps in the field. First, the study provides an algorithm to identify major forms of Telecommuting activities (e.g., full time, part time). S...
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Choice, Frequency, and Engagement: Framework for Telecommuting Behavior Analysis and Modeling
Transportation Research Record, 2014Co-Authors: Hamid-reza Asgari, Xia Jin, Ali MohseniAbstract:This paper presents a multistage approach to the examination of Telecommuting behavior to establish a better framework for prediction of the likelihood and frequency of Telecommuting. The approach took into account three main aspects of Telecommuting behavior: (a) Telecommuting choice, which considered whether the respondents telecommuted on a regular basis; (b) Telecommuting frequency, which measured the intensity of Telecommuting on the basis of the number of hours that respondents telecommuted weekly; and (c) Telecommuting engagement, which focused on individuals' daily behavior. The hypothesis was that decisions on Telecommuting frequency were made as part of the household mobility arrangement beyond the daily choice framework and that once the frequency was known, the choice to engage in Telecommuting could be estimated with greater accuracy. A general framework was developed to reflect the various Telecommuting arrangements. Cluster analysis was applied to the data to identify proper frequency categ...
Ugo Lachapelle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Telecommuting and sustainable travel reduction of overall travel time increases in non motorised travel and congestion relief
Urban Studies, 2018Co-Authors: Ugo Lachapelle, Georges A. Tanguay, Lea NeumarkgaudetAbstract:Existing research has concluded that shares of Telecommuting are low but stable, increase with distance from the workplace and that Telecommuting may reduce commuting-related travel. Its effect on work and non-work travel are subject to rebound effects and, thus, still debated. Additionally, Telecommuting does not necessarily occur entirely at home. The paper studies Telecommuting’s potential as a sustainable mobility tool in Canada to reduce overall travel time and peak hour travel, and to increase non-motorised travel. Do types of Telecommuting arrangements have varying relationships with these studied travel patterns? Using time use data from the 2005 Canadian General Social Survey, studied outcomes are regressed on Telecommuting arrangements (all day home working, part-day home working and a combination of other locations and home and/or workplace) and other personal characteristics. Depending on Telecommuting arrangements and travel outcomes, results vary. Working from home is associated with decreas...
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Telecommuting and sustainable travel: Reduction of overall travel time, increases in non-motorised travel and congestion relief?
Urban Studies, 2017Co-Authors: Ugo Lachapelle, Georges A. Tanguay, Léa Neumark-gaudetAbstract:Existing research has concluded that shares of Telecommuting are low but stable, increase with distance from the workplace and that Telecommuting may reduce commuting-related travel. Its effect on work and non-work travel are subject to rebound effects and, thus, still debated. Additionally, Telecommuting does not necessarily occur entirely at home. The paper studies Telecommuting’s potential as a sustainable mobility tool in Canada to reduce overall travel time and peak hour travel, and to increase non-motorised travel. Do types of Telecommuting arrangements have varying relationships with these studied travel patterns? Using time use data from the 2005 Canadian General Social Survey, studied outcomes are regressed on Telecommuting arrangements (all day home working, part-day home working and a combination of other locations and home and/or workplace) and other personal characteristics. Depending on Telecommuting arrangements and travel outcomes, results vary. Working from home is associated with decreases in overall travel time by 14 minutes and increases in odds of non-motorised travel by 77%. Other forms of Telecommuting yield different results. Telecommuters may be more likely to avoid peak hours when they do take trips. Types of Telecommuting arrangements have different impacts on sustainable travel outcomes that should be considered depending on policy priorities.
Hani S. Mahmassani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Telecommuting ADOPTION: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND MODEL ESTIMATION
Transportation Research Record, 1997Co-Authors: Hani S. MahmassaniAbstract:The substitution of travel by telecommunications has long been advocated as an approach that might alleviate congestion on transportation facilities during peak periods. Among the various applications of telecommunications, Telecommuting is considered a promising substitute for work trips, the major determinants of traffic congestion and air pollution during peak hours. Although positive effects from Telecommuting have been demonstrated through small-scale pilot projects in the United States, systematic research is still limited, especially on the adoption of Telecommuting, which ultimately determines the magnitude of its impact. A framework of the Telecommuting adoption process is proposed, and a mathematical model of the employee's Telecommuting adoption process on the basis of a dynamic generalized ordinal probit model is developed. The framework identifies two principal factors in the decision process, employees and employers. Stated preferences for various Telecommuting programs are elicited from emp...
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Telecommuting Adoption: Conceptual Framework and Model Estimation
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1997Co-Authors: Jin-ru Yen, Hani S. MahmassaniAbstract:The substitution of travel by telecommunications has long been advocated as an approach that might alleviate congestion on transportation facilities during peak periods. Among the various applications of telecommunications, Telecommuting is considered a promising substitute for work trips, the major determinants of traffic congestion and air pollution during peak hours. Although positive effects from Telecommuting have been demonstrated through small-scale pilot projects in the United States, systematic research is still limited, especially on the adoption of Telecommuting, which ultimately determines the magnitude of its impact. A framework of the Telecommuting adoption process is proposed, and a mathematical model of the employee’s Telecommuting adoption process on the basis of a dynamic generalized ordinal probit model is developed. The framework identifies two principal factors in the decision process, employees and employers. Stated preferences for various Telecommuting programs are elicited from employees and used to estimate the adoption model. To address correlations among responses from the same individual, a general error structure is also specified in the model. Estimation results confirm that employee adoption is affected by his or her personal, household, and job characteristics; commuting trip attributes; attitudes toward Telecommuting; and the program design, defined on the basis of who assumes the additional costs of Telecommuting and the corresponding salary changes for the telecommuter.
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ENERGY CONSUMPTION IMPLICATIONS OF Telecommuting ADOPTION
1994Co-Authors: J-r Yen, Hani S. Mahmassani, Robert HermanAbstract:Telecommuting, advocated as a promising transportation management strategy, is intended to substitute a portion of physical commuting trips during peak hours by information flow, thereby reducing energy consumption and air pollution. This paper discusses the potential for energy savings from Telecommuting and its implications for the transportation planning process. Although several pilot Telecommuting projects have demonstrated a reduction in commuting trips, a network-wide assessment has not been reported in the literature, partly due to the lack of mathematical models to predict Telecommuting adoption. This paper applies recent Telecommuting adoption models to predict adoption.
