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L. Wald - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Definitions and Terms of Reference in data fusion
1999Co-Authors: L. WaldAbstract:The concept of data fusion is easy to understand. However its exact meaning varies from one scientist to another. A working group, set up by the European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL) and the French Society for Electricity and Electronics (SEE, French affiliate of the IEEE), devoted most of its efforts to establish a lexicon or Terms of Reference, which is presented in this communication. A new definition of the data fusion is proposed which better fits the remote sensing domain. Data fusion should be seen as a framework, not merely as a collection of tools and means. This definition emphasizes the concepts and the fundamentals in remote sensing. The establishment of a lexicon or Terms of Reference allows the scientific community to express the same ideas using the same words, and also to disseminate their knowledge towards the industry and 'customers' communities. Moreover it is a sine qua non condition to set up clearly the concept of data fusion and the associated formal framework. Such a framework is mandatory for a better understanding of data fusion fundamentals and of its properties. It allows a better description and formalization of the potentials of synergy between the remote sensing data, and accordingly, a better exploitation of these data. Finally the introduction of the concept of data fusion into the remote sensing domain should raise the awareness of our colleagues on the whole chain ranging from the sensor to the decision, including the management, assessment and control of the quality of the information. The problem of alignment of the information to be fused is very difficult to tackle. It is a pre-requisite to any fusion process and should be considered with great care.
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Some Terms of Reference in data fusion
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1999Co-Authors: L. WaldAbstract:This paper discusses the needs for a concept and harmonized Terms\nof Reference in data fusion. Previously published definitions are\nanalyzed. A new definition of the data fusion is proposed which has been\nset within an European working group. Several definitions and Terms of\nReference are given which describe the information intervening in any\nproblem of data fusion
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A European proposal for Terms of Reference in data fusion
1998Co-Authors: L. WaldAbstract:Data fusion is a subject becoming increasingly relevant as scientists try to extract more and more information from remotely sensed data. Archives are growing, as well as the number of space missions devoted to Earth observation. It is generally correct to assume that improvements in Terms of classification error probability, rejection rate, and interpretation robustness, can only be achieved at the expenses of additional independent data delivered by more separate sensors. Sensor data fusion allows to formalise the combination of these measurements, as well as to monitor the quality of information in the course of the fusion process. A Special Group of Interest ‘data fusion' has been established jointly within the European Association of the Remote Sensing Laboratories (EARSeL) and the French Society for Electricity and Electronics (SEE). This Group has defined several major tasks to be handled in order to increase our understanding and use of data fusion. One of these tasks is the establishment of Terms of Reference that are accepted by both the scientific and the industrial communities at least in Europe. A definition of the data fusion is proposed, which allows to set up a conceptual approach to the fusion of Earth observation data by putting an emphasis on the framework and on the fundamentals in remote sensing underlying data fusion. Several other definitions are given which are useful to describe any problem of data fusion.
Gary L Freed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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national immunization advisory committees of the world health organization s european region
Vaccine, 2009Co-Authors: Margie C Andreae, Kara E Switalski, Leah M Abraham, Gary L FreedAbstract:Abstract This study sought to understand the prevalence, structure and decision-making process of national immunization advisory committees (IACs) among the 53 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s European region. of the 47 countries responding to the electronically administered questionnaire, 37 (72%) have an IAC. The majority of committees have a legislative basis while just over half have formal Terms of Reference. Fewer than half have experts in health economics. The vast majority of countries do not allow the public to attend committee meetings nor distribute publicly the minutes of their meetings. Countries should partner with financial experts early in the process of immunization policy decision-making and should examine their policies regarding conflicts of interest and public access to meetings, as financial strategy and public trust are essential to the successful implementation of new vaccines.
J Seuntjens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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calibration of low activity 192ir brachytherapy sources in Terms of Reference air kerma rate with large volume spherical ionization chambers
Physics in Medicine and Biology, 1992Co-Authors: F Verhaegen, E Van Dijk, Hubert Thierens, A H L Aalbers, J SeuntjensAbstract:An air kerma rate calibration method for low dose rate 192Ir brachytherapy sources was elaborated using three different large volume spherical ionization chambers (PTW LS-10, NE 2551, Exradin A6). To this end these chambers were calibrated for X-ray qualities in the energy range 35 keV to 305 keV and for 137Cs and 60Co gamma rays. The results of these measurements are used to derive mean weighted calibration factors for the photon radiation of 192Ir brachytherapy sources. Furthermore, the effect of the finite chamber size on the effective measuring point and the correction for the contribution of scattered radiation where studied. Measurements on the same sets of sources show that the ionization chambers and the methods used yield results for the Reference air kerma rates of 192Ir sources which agree within 0.42%.
Margie C Andreae - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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national immunization advisory committees of the world health organization s european region
Vaccine, 2009Co-Authors: Margie C Andreae, Kara E Switalski, Leah M Abraham, Gary L FreedAbstract:Abstract This study sought to understand the prevalence, structure and decision-making process of national immunization advisory committees (IACs) among the 53 member countries of the World Health Organization (WHO)’s European region. of the 47 countries responding to the electronically administered questionnaire, 37 (72%) have an IAC. The majority of committees have a legislative basis while just over half have formal Terms of Reference. Fewer than half have experts in health economics. The vast majority of countries do not allow the public to attend committee meetings nor distribute publicly the minutes of their meetings. Countries should partner with financial experts early in the process of immunization policy decision-making and should examine their policies regarding conflicts of interest and public access to meetings, as financial strategy and public trust are essential to the successful implementation of new vaccines.
Maurits Barendrecht - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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issues between company and community towards Terms of Reference for csr conflict management systems
Social Science Research Network, 2012Co-Authors: Austin Onuoha, Maurits BarendrechtAbstract:Business operations may have an adverse impact on the environment and on the livelihoods of the surrounding communities. For these relationships, often stretching over several generations, a governance structure and conflict resolution mechanisms are needed. Very general Terms of Reference for these can be found in the so-called Ruggie-Principles and in similar instruments. Many companies and states are now reviewing their conflict resolution mechanisms in the light of these standards for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). New mechanisms for dealing with grievances, dialogue and mediation are being set up. Increasingly, courts deal with such conflicts as well, which creates a demand for design of appropriate litigation procedures and case management. In this paper, we facilitate these processes by developing more concrete Terms of Reference for CSR conflict mechanisms (judicial or non-judicial). First, we list 20 types of issues that frequently cause conflicts and the characteristic interests of business and community members in these disputes. Then we analyze what is generally needed to solve these types of conflicts effectively, focusing on tasks, capabilities, timing and costs. We find that CSR creates many different conflict management needs, requiring a range of different capabilities. Most capabilities have to be available locally, but most of them have also to be linked to specialist services through internet or by bringing in expertise. Building conflict management capabilities thus requires substantial investments for companies, preferably at an early stage of setting up the operations. Once conflicts emerge, it is much more difficult (but not impossible) to bring in the credible and neutral third parties that are essential for conflict management. One reason for this is the ethical dilemma of funding of neutral interventions by the company once the situation has deteriorated.
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innovation of lower court procedures working from Terms of Reference
Social Science Research Network, 2011Co-Authors: Maurits BarendrechtAbstract:The Netherlands, like many other countries, has a system of local courts that mainly deal with the problems of individuals. The judges in these courts have developed rather effective and specialized procedures that deal with the problems of everyday life. One example is the procedure regarding termination of employment contracts. In this paper, I describe this procedure, using a perspective of dispute system design. Then I show how we can learn from such examples of successful procedures in order to improve access to justice. Until now, procedures have tended to develop in an uncoordinated way, in a process that may take decades. In order to stimulate innovation in a more targeted and systematic way, it is helpful to establish Terms of Reference for procedures that have to deal with specific types of conflicts. As examples, I discuss Terms of Reference for procedures regarding consumer complaints and for neighbor conflicts.
