The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Xianting Li - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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performance analysis of hybrid ground coupled heat pump system with multi functions
Energy Conversion and Management, 2015Co-Authors: Baolong Wang, Wei Wu, Xianting LiAbstract:Abstract Underground Thermal imBalance is a significant problem for ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems that serve predominately heated buildings in cold regions, which extract more heat from the ground and inject less heat, especially in buildings requiring domestic hot water (DHW). To solve this problem, a previously developed heat compensation unit with thermosyphon (HCUT) is integrated with a GCHP unit to build a hybrid GCHP system. To improve the energy savings of this hybrid GCHP system, the HCUT unit is set to have multiple functions (heat compensation, direct DHW and direct space heating) in this paper. To analyze the improved system performance, a hotel requiring air-conditioning and DHW is selected and simulated in three typical cold cities using the dynamic software DeST and TRNSYS. The results indicate that the hybrid GCHP system can maintain the underground Thermal Balance while keeping the indoor air temperature within the design range. Furthermore, the HCUT unit efficiently reduces the energy consumption via its multi-functional operations. Compared to the previous system that only used HCUT for heat compensation, adding the direct DHW function further saves 7.5–11.0% energy in heat compensation (HC) and DHW (i.e., 3.6–4.8% of the whole system). Simultaneously adding the direct DHW and space heating functions to the HCUT can save 9.8–12.9% energy in HC and DHW (i.e., 5.1–6.0% of the whole system). The hybrid GCHP system with a multi-functional HCUT provides more energy savings while maintaining the underground Thermal Balance in cold regions that demand both air-conditioning and DHW.
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Hybrid ground source absorption heat pump in cold regions: Thermal Balance keeping and borehole number reduction
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Abstract Thermal imBalance of ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) leads to cold accumulation in cold regions. Ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) can relieve the Thermal imBalance, but may cause heat accumulation in the warmer parts of cold regions. Hybrid GSAHP (HGSAHP) integrated with a cooling tower is proposed to solve this problem. Hourly simulations of single-effect HGSAHP and generator absorber heat exchange (GAX) cycle HGSAHP are conducted, and are compared with hybrid GSEHP (HGSEHP). Results show that the Thermal Balance can be well kept by HGSAHP, with imBalance ratio reduced from 60-80% to within 20%, and soil temperature variation staying within 3 ??C after 20 years' operation. Moreover, HGSAHPs are advantageous in heating mode and inferior to HGSEHP in cooling mode. The annual performance of GAX-cycle HGSAHP is very close to that of HGSEHP in Beijing, while being 17.5% higher than that of HGSEHP in colder regions like Shenyang. Compared with HGSEHP, the required borehole number and occupied land areas can be reduced by 37-52% by single-effect HGSAHP and reduced by 20-38% by GAX-cycle HGSAHP. Additionally, the lifecycle cost of GAX-cycle HGSAHP (coal) is the lowest, while GAX-cycle HGSAHP (gas) is cheaper than conventional HGSEHP (gas) assisted by an auxiliary boiler.
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Combining ground source absorption heat pump with ground source electrical heat pump for Thermal Balance, higher efficiency and better economy in cold regions
Renewable Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) and ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) have opposite characteristics on Thermal imBalance and primary energy efficiency (PEE) in cold regions: (1) GSEHP leads to cold accumulation while GSAHP may cause heat accumulation in the warmer part of cold regions; (2) GSEHP has higher PEEs in cooling mode while GSAHP has higher PEEs in heating mode. The hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP is proposed to counteract the disadvantages and combine the advantages. Different combinations of heating and cooling supply ratios contributed by GSAHP in a hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP can maintain good Thermal Balance with soil temperature variations within 0.2 °C/year. The influence of supply ratios on Thermal imBalance ratio (IR), annual primary energy efficiency (APEE) and economy are investigated to select some preferred configurations of GSAHP-GSEHP, which will be modeled and dynamically simulated over 20 years. Results show that a bigger heating supply ratio of GSAHP and a more negative IR contribute to higher APEEs and fewer boreholes within acceptable IRs of ±20%. Compared with GSEHP, the APEE enhancement is 10.9–34.6%, the energy saving rate is 9.8–25.7%, the lifecycle cost (coal) reduction is 3.7–22.0%, and the lifecycle cost (gas) reduction is 4.1–12.1%. The GSAHP-GSEHP maintains good soil Balance with high PEEs in cold regions.
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a potential solution for Thermal imBalance of ground source heat pump systems in cold regions ground source absorption heat pump
Renewable Energy, 2013Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Baolong Wang, Xianting LiAbstract:Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) are extensively used as renewable energy technology over the world. In heating-dominated buildings, the ground Thermal imBalance leads to the decrease of the soil temperature and deteriorates the heating performance. Compared with Ground Source Electrical Heat Pump (GSEHP), Ground Source Absorption Heat Pump (GSAHP) extracts less heat from the soil and rejects more heat to it, which can reduce the ground Thermal imBalance in cold regions. In this paper, applications of GSEHP and GSAHP in typical cities are comparatively analyzed based on Thermal Balance, soil temperature variation and energy efficiency. Results show that the Thermal Balance is well kept by GSAHP in severe cold cities, without obvious decrease of the soil temperature after 10 years of operation, and the Primary Energy Efficiency (PEE) of GSAHP is significantly higher than that of GSEHP. For buildings with heating load only, the average soil temperature of GSAHP can be 4–6°C higher than that of GSEHP, and the PEE can stay above 0.96 even in Harbin, the coldest city among analyzed typical cities. It can be concluded that GSAHP is advantageous over GSEHP on the point view of the average soil temperature and energy efficiency, which indicates that GSAHP may be a potential solution for ground Thermal imBalance of GSHP in cold regions.
Wei Wu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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performance analysis of hybrid ground coupled heat pump system with multi functions
Energy Conversion and Management, 2015Co-Authors: Baolong Wang, Wei Wu, Xianting LiAbstract:Abstract Underground Thermal imBalance is a significant problem for ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems that serve predominately heated buildings in cold regions, which extract more heat from the ground and inject less heat, especially in buildings requiring domestic hot water (DHW). To solve this problem, a previously developed heat compensation unit with thermosyphon (HCUT) is integrated with a GCHP unit to build a hybrid GCHP system. To improve the energy savings of this hybrid GCHP system, the HCUT unit is set to have multiple functions (heat compensation, direct DHW and direct space heating) in this paper. To analyze the improved system performance, a hotel requiring air-conditioning and DHW is selected and simulated in three typical cold cities using the dynamic software DeST and TRNSYS. The results indicate that the hybrid GCHP system can maintain the underground Thermal Balance while keeping the indoor air temperature within the design range. Furthermore, the HCUT unit efficiently reduces the energy consumption via its multi-functional operations. Compared to the previous system that only used HCUT for heat compensation, adding the direct DHW function further saves 7.5–11.0% energy in heat compensation (HC) and DHW (i.e., 3.6–4.8% of the whole system). Simultaneously adding the direct DHW and space heating functions to the HCUT can save 9.8–12.9% energy in HC and DHW (i.e., 5.1–6.0% of the whole system). The hybrid GCHP system with a multi-functional HCUT provides more energy savings while maintaining the underground Thermal Balance in cold regions that demand both air-conditioning and DHW.
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Hybrid ground source absorption heat pump in cold regions: Thermal Balance keeping and borehole number reduction
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Abstract Thermal imBalance of ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) leads to cold accumulation in cold regions. Ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) can relieve the Thermal imBalance, but may cause heat accumulation in the warmer parts of cold regions. Hybrid GSAHP (HGSAHP) integrated with a cooling tower is proposed to solve this problem. Hourly simulations of single-effect HGSAHP and generator absorber heat exchange (GAX) cycle HGSAHP are conducted, and are compared with hybrid GSEHP (HGSEHP). Results show that the Thermal Balance can be well kept by HGSAHP, with imBalance ratio reduced from 60-80% to within 20%, and soil temperature variation staying within 3 ??C after 20 years' operation. Moreover, HGSAHPs are advantageous in heating mode and inferior to HGSEHP in cooling mode. The annual performance of GAX-cycle HGSAHP is very close to that of HGSEHP in Beijing, while being 17.5% higher than that of HGSEHP in colder regions like Shenyang. Compared with HGSEHP, the required borehole number and occupied land areas can be reduced by 37-52% by single-effect HGSAHP and reduced by 20-38% by GAX-cycle HGSAHP. Additionally, the lifecycle cost of GAX-cycle HGSAHP (coal) is the lowest, while GAX-cycle HGSAHP (gas) is cheaper than conventional HGSEHP (gas) assisted by an auxiliary boiler.
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Combining ground source absorption heat pump with ground source electrical heat pump for Thermal Balance, higher efficiency and better economy in cold regions
Renewable Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) and ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) have opposite characteristics on Thermal imBalance and primary energy efficiency (PEE) in cold regions: (1) GSEHP leads to cold accumulation while GSAHP may cause heat accumulation in the warmer part of cold regions; (2) GSEHP has higher PEEs in cooling mode while GSAHP has higher PEEs in heating mode. The hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP is proposed to counteract the disadvantages and combine the advantages. Different combinations of heating and cooling supply ratios contributed by GSAHP in a hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP can maintain good Thermal Balance with soil temperature variations within 0.2 °C/year. The influence of supply ratios on Thermal imBalance ratio (IR), annual primary energy efficiency (APEE) and economy are investigated to select some preferred configurations of GSAHP-GSEHP, which will be modeled and dynamically simulated over 20 years. Results show that a bigger heating supply ratio of GSAHP and a more negative IR contribute to higher APEEs and fewer boreholes within acceptable IRs of ±20%. Compared with GSEHP, the APEE enhancement is 10.9–34.6%, the energy saving rate is 9.8–25.7%, the lifecycle cost (coal) reduction is 3.7–22.0%, and the lifecycle cost (gas) reduction is 4.1–12.1%. The GSAHP-GSEHP maintains good soil Balance with high PEEs in cold regions.
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a potential solution for Thermal imBalance of ground source heat pump systems in cold regions ground source absorption heat pump
Renewable Energy, 2013Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Baolong Wang, Xianting LiAbstract:Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) are extensively used as renewable energy technology over the world. In heating-dominated buildings, the ground Thermal imBalance leads to the decrease of the soil temperature and deteriorates the heating performance. Compared with Ground Source Electrical Heat Pump (GSEHP), Ground Source Absorption Heat Pump (GSAHP) extracts less heat from the soil and rejects more heat to it, which can reduce the ground Thermal imBalance in cold regions. In this paper, applications of GSEHP and GSAHP in typical cities are comparatively analyzed based on Thermal Balance, soil temperature variation and energy efficiency. Results show that the Thermal Balance is well kept by GSAHP in severe cold cities, without obvious decrease of the soil temperature after 10 years of operation, and the Primary Energy Efficiency (PEE) of GSAHP is significantly higher than that of GSEHP. For buildings with heating load only, the average soil temperature of GSAHP can be 4–6°C higher than that of GSEHP, and the PEE can stay above 0.96 even in Harbin, the coldest city among analyzed typical cities. It can be concluded that GSAHP is advantageous over GSEHP on the point view of the average soil temperature and energy efficiency, which indicates that GSAHP may be a potential solution for ground Thermal imBalance of GSHP in cold regions.
Baolong Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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performance analysis of hybrid ground coupled heat pump system with multi functions
Energy Conversion and Management, 2015Co-Authors: Baolong Wang, Wei Wu, Xianting LiAbstract:Abstract Underground Thermal imBalance is a significant problem for ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems that serve predominately heated buildings in cold regions, which extract more heat from the ground and inject less heat, especially in buildings requiring domestic hot water (DHW). To solve this problem, a previously developed heat compensation unit with thermosyphon (HCUT) is integrated with a GCHP unit to build a hybrid GCHP system. To improve the energy savings of this hybrid GCHP system, the HCUT unit is set to have multiple functions (heat compensation, direct DHW and direct space heating) in this paper. To analyze the improved system performance, a hotel requiring air-conditioning and DHW is selected and simulated in three typical cold cities using the dynamic software DeST and TRNSYS. The results indicate that the hybrid GCHP system can maintain the underground Thermal Balance while keeping the indoor air temperature within the design range. Furthermore, the HCUT unit efficiently reduces the energy consumption via its multi-functional operations. Compared to the previous system that only used HCUT for heat compensation, adding the direct DHW function further saves 7.5–11.0% energy in heat compensation (HC) and DHW (i.e., 3.6–4.8% of the whole system). Simultaneously adding the direct DHW and space heating functions to the HCUT can save 9.8–12.9% energy in HC and DHW (i.e., 5.1–6.0% of the whole system). The hybrid GCHP system with a multi-functional HCUT provides more energy savings while maintaining the underground Thermal Balance in cold regions that demand both air-conditioning and DHW.
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Hybrid ground source absorption heat pump in cold regions: Thermal Balance keeping and borehole number reduction
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Abstract Thermal imBalance of ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) leads to cold accumulation in cold regions. Ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) can relieve the Thermal imBalance, but may cause heat accumulation in the warmer parts of cold regions. Hybrid GSAHP (HGSAHP) integrated with a cooling tower is proposed to solve this problem. Hourly simulations of single-effect HGSAHP and generator absorber heat exchange (GAX) cycle HGSAHP are conducted, and are compared with hybrid GSEHP (HGSEHP). Results show that the Thermal Balance can be well kept by HGSAHP, with imBalance ratio reduced from 60-80% to within 20%, and soil temperature variation staying within 3 ??C after 20 years' operation. Moreover, HGSAHPs are advantageous in heating mode and inferior to HGSEHP in cooling mode. The annual performance of GAX-cycle HGSAHP is very close to that of HGSEHP in Beijing, while being 17.5% higher than that of HGSEHP in colder regions like Shenyang. Compared with HGSEHP, the required borehole number and occupied land areas can be reduced by 37-52% by single-effect HGSAHP and reduced by 20-38% by GAX-cycle HGSAHP. Additionally, the lifecycle cost of GAX-cycle HGSAHP (coal) is the lowest, while GAX-cycle HGSAHP (gas) is cheaper than conventional HGSEHP (gas) assisted by an auxiliary boiler.
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Combining ground source absorption heat pump with ground source electrical heat pump for Thermal Balance, higher efficiency and better economy in cold regions
Renewable Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) and ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) have opposite characteristics on Thermal imBalance and primary energy efficiency (PEE) in cold regions: (1) GSEHP leads to cold accumulation while GSAHP may cause heat accumulation in the warmer part of cold regions; (2) GSEHP has higher PEEs in cooling mode while GSAHP has higher PEEs in heating mode. The hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP is proposed to counteract the disadvantages and combine the advantages. Different combinations of heating and cooling supply ratios contributed by GSAHP in a hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP can maintain good Thermal Balance with soil temperature variations within 0.2 °C/year. The influence of supply ratios on Thermal imBalance ratio (IR), annual primary energy efficiency (APEE) and economy are investigated to select some preferred configurations of GSAHP-GSEHP, which will be modeled and dynamically simulated over 20 years. Results show that a bigger heating supply ratio of GSAHP and a more negative IR contribute to higher APEEs and fewer boreholes within acceptable IRs of ±20%. Compared with GSEHP, the APEE enhancement is 10.9–34.6%, the energy saving rate is 9.8–25.7%, the lifecycle cost (coal) reduction is 3.7–22.0%, and the lifecycle cost (gas) reduction is 4.1–12.1%. The GSAHP-GSEHP maintains good soil Balance with high PEEs in cold regions.
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a potential solution for Thermal imBalance of ground source heat pump systems in cold regions ground source absorption heat pump
Renewable Energy, 2013Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Baolong Wang, Xianting LiAbstract:Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) are extensively used as renewable energy technology over the world. In heating-dominated buildings, the ground Thermal imBalance leads to the decrease of the soil temperature and deteriorates the heating performance. Compared with Ground Source Electrical Heat Pump (GSEHP), Ground Source Absorption Heat Pump (GSAHP) extracts less heat from the soil and rejects more heat to it, which can reduce the ground Thermal imBalance in cold regions. In this paper, applications of GSEHP and GSAHP in typical cities are comparatively analyzed based on Thermal Balance, soil temperature variation and energy efficiency. Results show that the Thermal Balance is well kept by GSAHP in severe cold cities, without obvious decrease of the soil temperature after 10 years of operation, and the Primary Energy Efficiency (PEE) of GSAHP is significantly higher than that of GSEHP. For buildings with heating load only, the average soil temperature of GSAHP can be 4–6°C higher than that of GSEHP, and the PEE can stay above 0.96 even in Harbin, the coldest city among analyzed typical cities. It can be concluded that GSAHP is advantageous over GSEHP on the point view of the average soil temperature and energy efficiency, which indicates that GSAHP may be a potential solution for ground Thermal imBalance of GSHP in cold regions.
Wenxing Shi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hybrid ground source absorption heat pump in cold regions: Thermal Balance keeping and borehole number reduction
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Abstract Thermal imBalance of ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) leads to cold accumulation in cold regions. Ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) can relieve the Thermal imBalance, but may cause heat accumulation in the warmer parts of cold regions. Hybrid GSAHP (HGSAHP) integrated with a cooling tower is proposed to solve this problem. Hourly simulations of single-effect HGSAHP and generator absorber heat exchange (GAX) cycle HGSAHP are conducted, and are compared with hybrid GSEHP (HGSEHP). Results show that the Thermal Balance can be well kept by HGSAHP, with imBalance ratio reduced from 60-80% to within 20%, and soil temperature variation staying within 3 ??C after 20 years' operation. Moreover, HGSAHPs are advantageous in heating mode and inferior to HGSEHP in cooling mode. The annual performance of GAX-cycle HGSAHP is very close to that of HGSEHP in Beijing, while being 17.5% higher than that of HGSEHP in colder regions like Shenyang. Compared with HGSEHP, the required borehole number and occupied land areas can be reduced by 37-52% by single-effect HGSAHP and reduced by 20-38% by GAX-cycle HGSAHP. Additionally, the lifecycle cost of GAX-cycle HGSAHP (coal) is the lowest, while GAX-cycle HGSAHP (gas) is cheaper than conventional HGSEHP (gas) assisted by an auxiliary boiler.
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Combining ground source absorption heat pump with ground source electrical heat pump for Thermal Balance, higher efficiency and better economy in cold regions
Renewable Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) and ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) have opposite characteristics on Thermal imBalance and primary energy efficiency (PEE) in cold regions: (1) GSEHP leads to cold accumulation while GSAHP may cause heat accumulation in the warmer part of cold regions; (2) GSEHP has higher PEEs in cooling mode while GSAHP has higher PEEs in heating mode. The hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP is proposed to counteract the disadvantages and combine the advantages. Different combinations of heating and cooling supply ratios contributed by GSAHP in a hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP can maintain good Thermal Balance with soil temperature variations within 0.2 °C/year. The influence of supply ratios on Thermal imBalance ratio (IR), annual primary energy efficiency (APEE) and economy are investigated to select some preferred configurations of GSAHP-GSEHP, which will be modeled and dynamically simulated over 20 years. Results show that a bigger heating supply ratio of GSAHP and a more negative IR contribute to higher APEEs and fewer boreholes within acceptable IRs of ±20%. Compared with GSEHP, the APEE enhancement is 10.9–34.6%, the energy saving rate is 9.8–25.7%, the lifecycle cost (coal) reduction is 3.7–22.0%, and the lifecycle cost (gas) reduction is 4.1–12.1%. The GSAHP-GSEHP maintains good soil Balance with high PEEs in cold regions.
Tian You - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hybrid ground source absorption heat pump in cold regions: Thermal Balance keeping and borehole number reduction
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Abstract Thermal imBalance of ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) leads to cold accumulation in cold regions. Ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) can relieve the Thermal imBalance, but may cause heat accumulation in the warmer parts of cold regions. Hybrid GSAHP (HGSAHP) integrated with a cooling tower is proposed to solve this problem. Hourly simulations of single-effect HGSAHP and generator absorber heat exchange (GAX) cycle HGSAHP are conducted, and are compared with hybrid GSEHP (HGSEHP). Results show that the Thermal Balance can be well kept by HGSAHP, with imBalance ratio reduced from 60-80% to within 20%, and soil temperature variation staying within 3 ??C after 20 years' operation. Moreover, HGSAHPs are advantageous in heating mode and inferior to HGSEHP in cooling mode. The annual performance of GAX-cycle HGSAHP is very close to that of HGSEHP in Beijing, while being 17.5% higher than that of HGSEHP in colder regions like Shenyang. Compared with HGSEHP, the required borehole number and occupied land areas can be reduced by 37-52% by single-effect HGSAHP and reduced by 20-38% by GAX-cycle HGSAHP. Additionally, the lifecycle cost of GAX-cycle HGSAHP (coal) is the lowest, while GAX-cycle HGSAHP (gas) is cheaper than conventional HGSEHP (gas) assisted by an auxiliary boiler.
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Combining ground source absorption heat pump with ground source electrical heat pump for Thermal Balance, higher efficiency and better economy in cold regions
Renewable Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Wei Wu, Tian You, Xianting Li, Baolong Wang, Wenxing ShiAbstract:Ground source electrical heat pump (GSEHP) and ground source absorption heat pump (GSAHP) have opposite characteristics on Thermal imBalance and primary energy efficiency (PEE) in cold regions: (1) GSEHP leads to cold accumulation while GSAHP may cause heat accumulation in the warmer part of cold regions; (2) GSEHP has higher PEEs in cooling mode while GSAHP has higher PEEs in heating mode. The hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP is proposed to counteract the disadvantages and combine the advantages. Different combinations of heating and cooling supply ratios contributed by GSAHP in a hybrid GSAHP-GSEHP can maintain good Thermal Balance with soil temperature variations within 0.2 °C/year. The influence of supply ratios on Thermal imBalance ratio (IR), annual primary energy efficiency (APEE) and economy are investigated to select some preferred configurations of GSAHP-GSEHP, which will be modeled and dynamically simulated over 20 years. Results show that a bigger heating supply ratio of GSAHP and a more negative IR contribute to higher APEEs and fewer boreholes within acceptable IRs of ±20%. Compared with GSEHP, the APEE enhancement is 10.9–34.6%, the energy saving rate is 9.8–25.7%, the lifecycle cost (coal) reduction is 3.7–22.0%, and the lifecycle cost (gas) reduction is 4.1–12.1%. The GSAHP-GSEHP maintains good soil Balance with high PEEs in cold regions.
